Adaptation of the Social Presence Scale into Turkish: A Validity and Reliability Study

Yalın Kılıç Türel; Mustafa Alpsülün

doi:10.52911/itall.1605036

Adaptation of the Social Presence Scale into Turkish: A Validity and Reliability Study

Abstract

This study aims to adapt the Social Presence Scale (SPS), developed by Kizilcec et al. (2015), into Turkish to measure perceptions of social presence in online learning environments. Social presence refers to individuals' ability to perceive the physical or psychological presence of others in a digital environment, which plays a significant role in fostering interaction, motivation, and engagement in learning processes. The study evaluates the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the scale and its applicability in the Turkish context.The research was conducted with 221 associate degree students enrolled in a distance education program at a public university. The validity of the scale was tested using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), confirming its single-factor structure. Fit indices (χ²/df = 2.33, RMSEA = 0.065, CFI = 1.0) indicate a high level of model fit. Reliability analysis revealed a Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.918, demonstrating a high level of internal consistency.The findings indicate that the Turkish version of the SPS is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring social presence in online learning contexts. This scale will serve as a valuable tool for evaluating social presence perceptions and their impact on learning processes.

Keywords

Social Presence Perception , Instructor presence , Validity and Reliability , Scale Adaptation

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Social and Humanities Education (Excluding Economics, Business and Management)

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Yalın Kılıç Türel
0000-0002-0021-0484
Türkiye

Mustafa Alpsülün ^*
0000-0003-2928-218X
Türkiye

Early Pub Date

June 28, 2025

Publication Date

June 30, 2025

Submission Date

December 21, 2024

Acceptance Date

May 13, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 6 Number: 1

DOI

https://doi.org/10.52911/itall.1605036

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA54CC42HY

APA

Türel, Y. K., & Alpsülün, M. (2025). Adaptation of the Social Presence Scale into Turkish: A Validity and Reliability Study. Instructional Technology and Lifelong Learning, 6(1), 31-42. https://doi.org/10.52911/itall.1605036

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