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Multiple Screen Addiction Scale: Validity and Reliability Study

Year 2021, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 1 - 17, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.52911/itall.796758

Abstract

In daily life, university students spend a significant part of their time in front of screens such as phones, tablets, computers and televisions, as in the general public. Individuals' multi-screen experiences may tend to get out of control and turn into a kind of behavioral addiction. Therefore, in this study, it is aimed to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool that can be used in determining the multiple screen addiction levels of university students. For this purpose, the multiscreen addiction form created within the framework of DSM-V criteria and the literature was applied to 216 students. The collected data were analyzed by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). As a result of EFA, a structure with 15 items and 3 factors was formed. There are 8 items in Compulsive Behavior dimension, 3 items in Loss of Control dimension and 4 items in Excessive Screen Time dimension. The factor structure determined by EFA was tested with CFA and it was determined that the factor structure was suitable. The internal consistency coefficients of the scale were found to be between .70 and .92. Both monothetic and polythetic formats were used as addiction criteria. It was determined that 4.63% of the participants within the monothetic criterion and 50% of the participants within the framework of the polythetic criterion were multiple screen addicts.

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®): American Psychiatric Pub.
  • Balhara, Y. P. S., Verma, K., & Bhargava, R. (2018). Screen time and screen addiction: Beyond gaming, social media and pornography-A case report. Asian journal of psychiatry, 35, 77.
  • Bianchi, A., & Phillips, J. G. (2005). Psychological predictors of problem mobile phone use. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 8(1), 39-51.
  • Bölükbaşı-Macit, Z., & Kavafoğlu, S. (2019). Screen: Subject of all Information Technology Addiction. Middle Black Sea Journal of Health Science, 5(3), 293-301.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2002). Faktör analizi: Temel kavramlar ve ölçek geliştirmede kullanımı. Kuram ve Uygulamada Egitim Yönetimi Dergisi, 8(4), 470-483.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2018). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı istatistik, arastırma deseni SPSS uygulamaları ve yorum [Data analysis handbook for social sciences statistics, research pattern spss applications and ınterpretation]. (24 ed.). Pegem Academy Publishing.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç-Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2017). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri [Scientific research methods] (23 ed.). Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Cha, S.-S., & Seo, B.-K. (2018). Smartphone use and smartphone addiction in middle school students in Korea: Prevalence, social networking service, and game use. Health psychology open, 5(1), 2055102918755046.
  • Chang, F.-C., Chiu, C.-H., Chen, P.-H., Miao, N.-F., Chiang, J.-T., & Chuang, H.-Y. (2018). Computer/mobile device screen time of children and their eye care behavior: the roles of risk perception and parenting. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 21(3), 179-186.
  • Chen, S.-H., Weng, L.-J., Su, Y.-J., Wu, H.-M., & Yang, P.-F. (2003). Development of a Chinese Internet addiction scale and its psychometric study. Chinese Journal of Psychology.
  • Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2007). Research Methods in Education (6 ed.).
  • Din, N. F. N., & Isam, H. (2019). Teenagers’ Identity Exposure From Screen Addiction In Social Media. Jurnal Psikologi Malaysia, 33(1).
  • Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS: Sage publications.
  • Griffiths, M. (2005). A ‘components’ model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. Journal of Substance use, 10(4), 191-197.
  • Gürbüz, S., & Şahin, F. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Jun, S., & Choi, E. (2015). Academic stress and Internet addiction from general strain theory framework. Computers in Human Behavior, 49, 282-287.
  • Kardaras, N. (2016). Glow kids: How screen addiction is hijacking our kids-and how to break the trance: St. Martin's Press.
  • Khalili-Mahani, N., Smyrnova, A., & Kakinami, L. (2019). To each stress its own screen: a cross-sectional survey of the patterns of stress and various screen uses in relation to self-admitted screen addiction. Journal of medical Internet research, 21(4), e11485.
  • Kwon, M., Kim, D.-J., Cho, H., & Yang, S. (2013). The smartphone addiction scale: development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PloS one, 8(12), e83558.
  • Kwon, M., Lee, J.-Y., Won, W.-Y., Park, J.-W., Min, J.-A., Hahn, C., . . . Kim, D.-J. (2013). Development and validation of a smartphone addiction scale (SAS). PloS one, 8(2), e56936.
  • Lin, T. T. C., Kononova, A., & Chiang, Y.-H. (2019). Screen addiction and media multitasking among American and Taiwanese users. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 1-10.
  • Lin, Y.-H., Chang, L.-R., Lee, Y.-H., Tseng, H.-W., Kuo, T. B., & Chen, S.-H. (2014). Development and validation of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI). PloS one, 9(6), e98312.
  • Lucena, J. M. S. d., Cheng, L. A., Cavalcante, T. L. M., Silva, V. A. d., & Farias Júnior, J. C. d. (2015). Prevalence of excessive screen time and associated factors in adolescents. Revista Paulista de Pediatria, 33(4), 407-414.
  • Mozafarian, N., Motlagh, M. E., Heshmat, R., Karimi, S., Mansourian, M., Mohebpour, F., . . . Kelishadi, R. (2017). Factors associated with screen time in Iranian children and adolescents: The CASPIAN-IV study. International journal of preventive medicine, 8.
  • Sarıtepeci, M. Beklenti-Değer Teorisini Temel Alan Başarı Motivasyonu Ölçeğini Uyarlama Çalışması [Adaptation study of the achievement motivation scale based on value-expectancy theory]. Uluslararası Eğitim Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 4(1), 28-40. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/uebt/issue/37056/396404.
  • Sarojini, K., Gayathri, R., & Priya, V. V. (2019). Awareness of screen dependency disorder among information technology professionals–A survey. Drug Invention Today, 12(3).
  • Seaward, B. L. (2020). Digital Screen Time: The New Social Addiction. Alternative and Complementary Therapies, 26(2), 64-66.
  • Seçer, İ. (2013). SPSS ve LISREL ile pratik veri analizi: Analiz ve raporlaştırma. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Statista. (2019). Daily online video usage in selected countries 2018. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/319688/daily-online-video-usage/
  • Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (Vol. 5): Pearson Boston, MA.
  • We Are Social, H. (2020). Digital in 2017: Global overview. Retrieved from https://wearesocial-net.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/common/reports/digital-2020/digital-2020-global.pdf
  • Yildiz Durak, H. (2019). Investigation of nomophobia and smartphone addiction predictors among adolescents in Turkey: Demographic variables and academic performance. The Social Science Journal, 56(4), 492-517.
  • Yildiz Durak, H. & Saritepeci, M. (2019). Modeling the effect of new media literacy levels and social media usage status on problematic internet usage behaviours among high school students. Education and Information Technologies, 24(4), 2205-2223.
  • Young, K. S. (1998). Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 1(3), 237-244.

Multiple Screen Addiction Scale: Validity and Reliability Study

Year 2021, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 1 - 17, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.52911/itall.796758

Abstract

Günlük yaşamda toplumun genelinde olduğu gibi üniversite öğrencileri de zamanlarının önemli bir bölümünü telefon, tablet, bilgisayar, televizyon gibi ekranların başında geçirmektedir. Bireylerin çoklu ekran deneyimleri kontrolden çıkma eğilimi gösterebilmekte ve bir tür davranışsal bağımlılığa dönüşebilmektedir. Bundan dolayı bu çalışmada üniversite öğrencilerinin çoklu ekran bağımlılığı düzeylerinin belirlenmesinde kullanılabilecek geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda DSM-V kriterleri ve literatür çerçevesinde oluşturulan çoklu ekran bağımlılığı formu 216 öğrenciye uygulanmıştır. Toplanan veriler açımlayıcı faktör analizi (AFA) ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) ile çözümlenmiştir. AFA sonucunda 15 madde ve 3 faktörlü bir yapı oluşmuştur. Compulsive Behavior boyutunda 8, Loss of Control boyutunda 3 ve Excessive Screen Time boyutunda 4 madde bulunmaktadır. AFA ile belirlenen faktör yapısı DFA ile test edilmiş ve faktör yapısının uygun olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Faktör yapısının uygunluğu belirlenen ölçeğin iç tutarlık katsayıları .70-.92 arasında bulunmuştur. Bağımlılık ölçütü olarak hem monotetik hem de polietik format kullanılmıştır. Monotetik ölçüt kapsamında katılımcıların %4.63’ü, polietik ölçüt çerçevesinde ise katılımcıların %50’sinin çoklu ekran bağımlısı olduğu belirlenmiştir.

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®): American Psychiatric Pub.
  • Balhara, Y. P. S., Verma, K., & Bhargava, R. (2018). Screen time and screen addiction: Beyond gaming, social media and pornography-A case report. Asian journal of psychiatry, 35, 77.
  • Bianchi, A., & Phillips, J. G. (2005). Psychological predictors of problem mobile phone use. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 8(1), 39-51.
  • Bölükbaşı-Macit, Z., & Kavafoğlu, S. (2019). Screen: Subject of all Information Technology Addiction. Middle Black Sea Journal of Health Science, 5(3), 293-301.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2002). Faktör analizi: Temel kavramlar ve ölçek geliştirmede kullanımı. Kuram ve Uygulamada Egitim Yönetimi Dergisi, 8(4), 470-483.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2018). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı istatistik, arastırma deseni SPSS uygulamaları ve yorum [Data analysis handbook for social sciences statistics, research pattern spss applications and ınterpretation]. (24 ed.). Pegem Academy Publishing.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç-Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2017). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri [Scientific research methods] (23 ed.). Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Cha, S.-S., & Seo, B.-K. (2018). Smartphone use and smartphone addiction in middle school students in Korea: Prevalence, social networking service, and game use. Health psychology open, 5(1), 2055102918755046.
  • Chang, F.-C., Chiu, C.-H., Chen, P.-H., Miao, N.-F., Chiang, J.-T., & Chuang, H.-Y. (2018). Computer/mobile device screen time of children and their eye care behavior: the roles of risk perception and parenting. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 21(3), 179-186.
  • Chen, S.-H., Weng, L.-J., Su, Y.-J., Wu, H.-M., & Yang, P.-F. (2003). Development of a Chinese Internet addiction scale and its psychometric study. Chinese Journal of Psychology.
  • Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2007). Research Methods in Education (6 ed.).
  • Din, N. F. N., & Isam, H. (2019). Teenagers’ Identity Exposure From Screen Addiction In Social Media. Jurnal Psikologi Malaysia, 33(1).
  • Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS: Sage publications.
  • Griffiths, M. (2005). A ‘components’ model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. Journal of Substance use, 10(4), 191-197.
  • Gürbüz, S., & Şahin, F. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Jun, S., & Choi, E. (2015). Academic stress and Internet addiction from general strain theory framework. Computers in Human Behavior, 49, 282-287.
  • Kardaras, N. (2016). Glow kids: How screen addiction is hijacking our kids-and how to break the trance: St. Martin's Press.
  • Khalili-Mahani, N., Smyrnova, A., & Kakinami, L. (2019). To each stress its own screen: a cross-sectional survey of the patterns of stress and various screen uses in relation to self-admitted screen addiction. Journal of medical Internet research, 21(4), e11485.
  • Kwon, M., Kim, D.-J., Cho, H., & Yang, S. (2013). The smartphone addiction scale: development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PloS one, 8(12), e83558.
  • Kwon, M., Lee, J.-Y., Won, W.-Y., Park, J.-W., Min, J.-A., Hahn, C., . . . Kim, D.-J. (2013). Development and validation of a smartphone addiction scale (SAS). PloS one, 8(2), e56936.
  • Lin, T. T. C., Kononova, A., & Chiang, Y.-H. (2019). Screen addiction and media multitasking among American and Taiwanese users. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 1-10.
  • Lin, Y.-H., Chang, L.-R., Lee, Y.-H., Tseng, H.-W., Kuo, T. B., & Chen, S.-H. (2014). Development and validation of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI). PloS one, 9(6), e98312.
  • Lucena, J. M. S. d., Cheng, L. A., Cavalcante, T. L. M., Silva, V. A. d., & Farias Júnior, J. C. d. (2015). Prevalence of excessive screen time and associated factors in adolescents. Revista Paulista de Pediatria, 33(4), 407-414.
  • Mozafarian, N., Motlagh, M. E., Heshmat, R., Karimi, S., Mansourian, M., Mohebpour, F., . . . Kelishadi, R. (2017). Factors associated with screen time in Iranian children and adolescents: The CASPIAN-IV study. International journal of preventive medicine, 8.
  • Sarıtepeci, M. Beklenti-Değer Teorisini Temel Alan Başarı Motivasyonu Ölçeğini Uyarlama Çalışması [Adaptation study of the achievement motivation scale based on value-expectancy theory]. Uluslararası Eğitim Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 4(1), 28-40. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/uebt/issue/37056/396404.
  • Sarojini, K., Gayathri, R., & Priya, V. V. (2019). Awareness of screen dependency disorder among information technology professionals–A survey. Drug Invention Today, 12(3).
  • Seaward, B. L. (2020). Digital Screen Time: The New Social Addiction. Alternative and Complementary Therapies, 26(2), 64-66.
  • Seçer, İ. (2013). SPSS ve LISREL ile pratik veri analizi: Analiz ve raporlaştırma. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Statista. (2019). Daily online video usage in selected countries 2018. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/319688/daily-online-video-usage/
  • Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (Vol. 5): Pearson Boston, MA.
  • We Are Social, H. (2020). Digital in 2017: Global overview. Retrieved from https://wearesocial-net.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/common/reports/digital-2020/digital-2020-global.pdf
  • Yildiz Durak, H. (2019). Investigation of nomophobia and smartphone addiction predictors among adolescents in Turkey: Demographic variables and academic performance. The Social Science Journal, 56(4), 492-517.
  • Yildiz Durak, H. & Saritepeci, M. (2019). Modeling the effect of new media literacy levels and social media usage status on problematic internet usage behaviours among high school students. Education and Information Technologies, 24(4), 2205-2223.
  • Young, K. S. (1998). Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 1(3), 237-244.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Other Fields of Education
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Mustafa Sarıtepeci 0000-0002-6984-0652

Publication Date June 30, 2021
Submission Date September 18, 2020
Acceptance Date November 24, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Sarıtepeci, M. (2021). Multiple Screen Addiction Scale: Validity and Reliability Study. Instructional Technology and Lifelong Learning, 2(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.52911/itall.796758

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