PAZARLAMA YÖNETİMİ AÇISINDAN YAŞAM TARZI ARAŞTIRMALARININ SİSTEMATİK İNCELEMESİ ÜZERİNE BİR İÇERİK ANALİZİ

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışma pazarlama alanında daha önce çalışılmış yaşam tarzı araştırmalarının içeriğine dair bir çerçeve sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Yöntem: Araştırmada kullanılan yöntem kalitatif araştırma olup, veriler içerik analizi ile çözümlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışmanın anakütlesini sosyal bilimler ve özellikle pazarlama alanına ilişkin birçok dergiyi bünyesinde bulunduran EMERALDinsight, JSTOR, EBSCO, ScienceDirect, SAGEjournal, Wiley, Scopus, TR Dizin veri tabanlarında yer alan, yaşam tarzı ile ilgili akademik makaleler oluşturmaktadır. Makalelere erişebilme ve aynı zamanda zaman kısıtından dolayı bu çalışmada amaçlı örneklem yöntemi tercih edilmiştir. Bu kapsamda toplam 99 akademik makale incelenmiştir ve kategoriler oluşturularak analiz edilmiştir. Söz konusu kategoriler yaşam tarzı araştırmalarına dair makale türü, araştırma yöntemi, örneklem yöntemi, örneklem büyüklüğü, veri toplama aracı, veri analizi teknikleri, yaşam tarzı araştırmalarının kullanım amacı, yaşam tarzı boyutları, yaşam tarzı araştırmaları yapılan ülkeler olarak belirlenmiştir. Bulgular: Bu çalışma kapsamında ele alınan makalelerde, yaşam tarzı araştırmalarında en fazla faaliyetler, ilgiler ve fikirlerin (AIO) yaşam tarzı kavramı ile eşleştirilip ölçüldüğü görülmektedir. Ardından yaşam tarzı ile eşleştirilen kavram, tüketim olmaktadır. Bazı çalışmalarda değerler ya da değerler ile birlikte AIO ifadelerinin aynı anda yaşam tarzını ölçümlemek için kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Araştırma bulgularının yaşam tarzı çalışmalarına dair detaylı bilgi ve çerçeve sunması beklenmektedir. Özgünlük: Çalışmanın incelenen kategoriler çerçevesinde yaşam tarzına dair ele alınan boyutları göstererek yaşam tarzı araştırmalarına dair bir fikir sunması; ayrıca pazarlama alanında daha önce yapılan yaşam tarzı araştırmalarına yönelik bir içerik analizi ile çözümleme yapılmamış olması sebebi ile bu çalışmadan elde edilen bulguların literatüre katkıda bulunacağı söylenebilir.

Keywords

• Yaşam Tarzı
• İçerik Analizi
• Pazarlama

A CONTENT ANALYSIS ON SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF LIFESTYLE RESEARCH IN TERMS OF MARKETING MANAGEMENT

Abstract

Purpose:This paper aims to provide a framework for the content of previously studied lifestyle research in marketing. Method: The method used in the research is qualitative research. The data were analyzed by content analysis. The population of the study is the academic articles related to lifestyle, which are included in EMERALDinsight, JSTOR, EBSCO, ScienceDirect, SAGEjournal, Wiley, Scopus, TR Directory databases that contain many journals related to social sciences and especially marketing. The purposive sampling method was preferred in this study because of the accessibility to the articles and the time limitation. In this context, a total of 99 academic articles were examined and categories were analyzed. These categories were determined as the type of article about lifestyle research, research method, sampling method, sample size, data collection tool, data analysis techniques, the purpose of applying lifestyle research, lifestyle dimensions, countries where lifestyle researches are conducted. Findings: In the articles discussed within the scope of this study, it is seen that activities, interests and opinions (AIO expressions) are mostly matched with the concept of lifestyle in lifestyle studies. Then the concept that is matched with the lifestyle is consumption. In some studies, it is seen that AIO expressions together with values or only values are used to measure lifestyle. Research findings are expected to provide detailed information and a framework for lifestyle studies. Originality: It can be said that this study contributes to the literature in terms of providing an idea about lifestyle researches by showing dimensions related to lifestyle within the scope of the categories examined. In addition, it can be said that no analysis has been made with a content analysis for previous lifestyle researches in the field of marketing, therefore the findings obtained from this study will contribute to the literature.

Keywords

• Lifestyle
• Content Analysis
• Marketing Management.

References

1. Referans1 Adnan, A., Ahmad, A. ve Khan, M.N. (2017). Examining the role of consumer lifestyles on ecological behavior among young Indian consumers. Young Consumers. 18(4), s.348-377.
2. Referans2 Ahmad, N., Omar, A. ve Ramayah, T. (2010). Consumer lifestyles and online shopping continuance intention. Business strategy series.11(4), s.227-243.
3. Referans3 Allameh, E., Jozam, M.H., de Vries, B., Timmermans, H., Beetz, J. ve Mozaffar, F. (2012). The role of Smart Home in smart real estate. Journal of European Real Estate Research. 5(2), s.156-170.
4. Referans4 Allred, C.R., Smith, S.M. ve Swinyard, W.R. (2006). E‐shopping lovers and fearful conservatives: a market segmentation analysis. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management. 34(4/5), s.308-333.
5. Referans5 Andreasen, A.R. (1984). Life status changes and changes in consumer preferences and satisfaction. Journal of Consumer Research, 11(3), s.784-794.
6. Referans6 Barlés‐Arizón, M.J., Fraj‐Andrés, E. Ve Matute‐Vallejo, J. (2010). Identification of the profiles of women who take holiday decisions. Tourism review. 65(1), s.4-17.
7. Referans7 Bekin, C., Carrigan, M. ve Szmigin, I. (2005). Defying marketing sovereignty: Voluntary simplicity at new consumption communities. Qualitative Market Research: an international journal. 8(4), s.413-429.
8. Referans8 Bernay, E.K. (1971). Life Style Analysis As A Basis For Media Selection, Attitude Research Reaches New Heights. Ed. Charles W. King ve Douglas J. Tigert. American Marketing Association. s.189-195.

9. Referans9 Bernthal, M.J., Crockett, D. ve Rose, R.L. (2005). Credit cards as lifestyle facilitators. Journal of consumer research, 32(1), s.130-145.
10. Referans10 Brunner, T.A. ve Siegrist, M. (2011). Lifestyle determinants of wine consumption and spending on wine. International Journal of Wine Business Research. 23(3), s.210-220.
11. Referans11 Bruwer, J. ve Li, E. (2017). Domain-specific market segmentation using a latent class mixture modelling approach and wine-related lifestyle (WRL) algorithm. European Journal of Marketing. 51(9/10), s.1552-1576.
12. Referans12 Bruwer, J., Roediger, B. ve Herbst, F. (2017). Domain-specific market segmentation: a wine-related lifestyle (WRL) approach. Asia pacific journal of marketing and logistics. 29(1), s.4-26.
13. Referans13 Chan, J.K.C. ve Leung, L. (2005). Lifestyles, reliance on traditional news media and online news adoption. New Media & Society, 7(3), s.357-382.
14. Referans14 Chen, M.F. (2009). Attitude toward organic foods among Taiwanese as related to health consciousness, environmental attitudes, and the mediating effects of a healthy lifestyle. British Food Journal. 111(2), s.165-178.
15. Referans15 Chernev, A., Hamilton, R. ve Gal, D. (2011). Competing for consumer identity: Limits to self-expression and the perils of lifestyle branding. Journal of Marketing, 75(3), s.66-82.
16. Referans16 Chieh‐Wen, S., Shen, M.J. ve Chen, M. C. (2008). Special interest tour preferences and voluntary simplicity lifestyle. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research. 2(4), s.389-409.
17. Referans17 Choi, J. ve Zhao, J. (2014). Consumers' behaviors when eating out- Does eating out change consumers’ intention to eat healthily?. British Food Journal. 116(3), s.494-509. Referans18 Chouk, I. ve Mani, Z. (2019). Factors for and against resistance to smart services: role of consumer lifestyle and ecosystem related variables. Journal of Services Marketing. 33(4), s.449-462.
18. Referans19 Damijanić, A.T. (2019). Wellness and healthy lifestyle in tourism settings. Tourism Review. 74(4), s.978-989.
19. Referans20 Díaz, A., Gómez, M., Molina, A. ve Santos, J. (2018). A segmentation study of cinema consumers based on values and lifestyle. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 41, s.79-89.
20. Referans21 Divine, R.L. ve Lepisto, L. (2005). Analysis of the healthy lifestyle consumer. Journal of Consumer marketing. 22(5), s.275-283.
21. Referans22 Dzogbenuku, R.K. ve Kumi, D.K. (2018). Exploring the key drivers of internet behaviour among the youth of emerging markets. Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication. 67(8/9), s.486-509.
22. Referans23 Englis, B.G. ve Solomon, M.R. (1995). To be and not to be: Lifestyle imagery, reference groups, and the clustering of America. Journal of Advertising, 24(1), s.13-28.
23. Referans24 Erciş, A., Ünal, S. ve Can, P. (2007). Yaşam tarzlarının satın alma karar süreci üzerindeki rolü. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 21(2), s.281-311.
24. Referans25 Fraj, E. ve Martinez, E. (2006). Environmental values and lifestyles as determining factors of ecological consumer behaviour: an empirical analysis. Journal of Consumer Marketing. 23(3), s.133-144.
25. Referans26 Geraghty, S. ve Torres, A.M. (2009). The Irish wine market: a market segmentation study. International Journal of Wine Business Research. 21(2), s.143-154.
26. Referans27 Ghvanidze, S., Velikova, N., Dodd, T. ve Oldewage-Theron, W. (2017). A discrete choice experiment of the impact of consumers’ environmental values, ethical concerns, and health consciousness on food choices-A cross-cultural analysis. British Food Journal. 119(4), s.863-881.
27. Referans28 Giles, E.L.ve Brennan, M. (2015). Changing the lifestyles of young adults. Journal of Social Marketing. 5(3), s.206-225.
28. Referans29 Goetzke, B.I., ve Spiller, A. (2014). Health-improving lifestyles of organic and functional food consumers. British Food Journal. 116(3), s.510-526.
29. Referans30 Gonzalez, A.M. ve Bello, L. (2002). The construct “lifestyle” in market segmentation-The behaviour of tourist consumers. European journal of marketing. 26(1/2), s.51-85.
30. Referans31 Grénman, M., Hakala, U. ve Mueller, B. (2019). Wellness branding: insights into how American and Finnish consumers use wellness as a means of self-branding. Journal of Product & Brand Management. 28(4), s.462-474.
31. Referans32 Grunert, K.G., Brunso, K. ve Bisp, S. (1993). Food-Related Life Style: Development of a Cross-Culturally Valid Instrument for Market Surveillance. Århus. Denmark: MAPP.
32. Referans33 He, Y., Zou, D. ve Jin, L. (2010). Exploiting the goldmine: a lifestyle analysis of affluent Chinese consumers. Journal of Consumer Marketing. 27(7), s.615-628.
33. Referans34 Henry, P. (2006). Magnetic points for lifestyle shaping: the contribution of self‐fulfillment, aspirations, and capabilities. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal. 9(2), s.170-180.
34. Referans35 Holt, D.B. (1997). Poststructuralist lifestyle analysis: Conceptualizing the social patterning of consumption in postmodernity. Journal of Consumer research, 23(4), s.326-350.
35. Referans36 Hopkins, C.D., Roster, C.A. ve Wood, C.M. (2006). Making the transition to retirement: appraisals, post‐transition lifestyle, and changes in consumption patterns. Journal of Consumer Marketing. 23(2), s.87-99.
36. Referans37 Hsu, J.L. ve Chang, K.M. (2008). Purchase of clothing and its linkage to family communication and lifestyles among young adults. Journal of fashion marketing and management: An international journal. 12(2), s.147-163.
37. Referans38 Hunting, A. ve Conroy, D. (2018). Spirituality, stewardship and consumption: new ways of living in a material world. Social Responsibility Journal. 14(2), s.255-273.
38. Referans39 Hur, W.M., Kim, H.K. ve Park, J. (2010). Food-and situation-specific lifestyle segmentation of kitchen appliance market. British Food Journal. 112(3), s.294-305.
39. Referans40 Ittaqullah, N., Madjid, R., Suleman, N.R.. (2020). The Effects Of Mobile Marketing, Discount, And Lifestyle On Consumers’ Impulse Buying Behavior In Online Marketplace. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 9(3), s.1569-1577.
40. Referans41 Jiuan, T.S., Wirtz, J., Jung, K. ve Keng, K.A. (2001). Singaporeans' attitudes towards work, pecuniary adherence, materialism, feminism, environmental consciousness, and media credibility. Singapore Management Review, 23(1), s.59-59.
41. Referans42 Johnson, T. ve Bruwer, J. (2003). An empirical confirmation of wine‐related lifestyle segments in the Australian wine market. International Journal of Wine Marketing. 15(1), s.5-33.
42. Referans43 Kahle, L.R. ve Valette-Florence, P. (2011). Marketplace Lifestyles in an Age of Social Media: Theory and Methods, M.E. Sharpe.
43. Referans44 Kang, J.Y.M. (2019). What drives omnichannel shopping behaviors?. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal. 23(2), s.224-238.
44. Referans45 Kartajaya, H., Iqbal, M., Alfisyahr, R., Devita, L.D.R. ve Ismail, T. (2019). Segmenting Islamic fashion lifestyle on Indonesian woman. Research Journal of Textile and Apparel. 23(4), s.306-322.
45. Referans46 Kesic, T.ve Piri‐Rajh, S. (2003). Market segmentation on the basis of food‐related lifestyles of Croatian families. British Food Journal. 105(3), s.162-174.
46. Referans47 Kim, S.H., Kim, H.B. ve Kim, W.G. (2003). Impacts of senior citizens’ lifestyle on their choices of elderly housing. Journal of Consumer Marketing. 20(3), s.210-226.
47. Referans48 Kohli, H.S., Khandai, S. ve Gulla, A. (2020). Smartphone Operating System Preference Based On Different Personality & Lifestyle Traits Of The Consumer, Internatıonal Journal Of Scıentıfıc & Technology Research, 9(2), s.2444-2449.
48. Referans49 Kraisornsuthasinee, S. ve Swierczek, F.W. (2018). Beyond consumption: the promising contribution of voluntary simplicity. Social Responsibility Journal. 14(1), s.80-95.
49. Referans50 Krishnan, J. (2011). Lifestyle-A tool for understanding buyer behavior. International Journal of Economics and Management, 5(1), s.283-298.
50. Referans51 Kucukemiroglu, O. (1999). Market segmentation by using consumer lifestyle dimensions and ethnocentrism- An Empirical Study. European Journal of Marketing. 33(5/6), s.470-487.
51. Referans52 Kwon, J., Wirtz, J., Tan, S.J. ve Kau, A.K. (1999). The Seven Faces of Singaporeans: a Typology of Singapore consumers and their aspirations and life satisfaction. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 16(2), s.229-248.
52. Referans53 Langer, J. (1984). Changing demographics: Stimulus for new product ideas. Journal of Consumer Marketing.s.35-43.
53. Referans54 Lastovicka, J.L. (1982). On the validation of lifestyle traits: a review and illustration. Journal of Marketing Research, 19(1), s.126-138.
54. Referans55 Lastovicka, J.L., Murry Jr, J.P., Joachimsthaler, E.A., Bhalla, G. ve Scheurich, J. (1987). A lifestyle typology to model young male drinking and driving. Journal of Consumer Research, 14(2), s.257-263.
55. Referans56 Lawson, R. ve Todd, S. (2002). Consumer lifestyles: a social stratification perspective. Marketing theory, 2(3), s.295-307.
56. Referans57 Lazer, W. (1963). Life style concepts and marketing. in Toward Scientific Marketing. Ed. Stephen A. Greyser, Chicago. IL: American Marketing Association. s.130-139.
57. Referans58 Lee, H. (2019). The effect of anti-consumption lifestyle on consumer’s attitude and purchase intention toward commercial sharing systems. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics. 31(5), s.1422-1441.
58. Referans59 Leonard-Barton, D. (1981). Voluntary simplicity lifestyles and energy conservation. Journal of Consumer Research, 8(3), s.243-252.
59. Referans60 Leung, L. (1998). Lifestyles and the use of new media technology in urban China. Telecommunications Policy, 22(9), s.781-790.
60. Referans61 Lifestyle, C. (1987). Sweeteners... and The Lifestyle Revolution. British Food Journal, 55.
61. Referans62 Lin, C.F. (2002). Segmenting customer brand preference: demographic or psychographic. Journal of Product & Brand Management. 11(4), s.249-268.
62. Referans63 Lucian, R. (2017). How Brazilians shop? An investigation of Brazilians’ consumer values, lifestyles and mindset. International Journal of Emerging Markets. 12(2), s.238-262.
63. Referans64 Miles, M.B. ve Huberman, A.M. (1994). An Expanded Sourcebook Qualitative Data Analysis. Thousand Oaks, California. 2nd Edition. Sage Publications. Inc.
64. Referans65 Montero-Vicente, L., Roig-Merino, B., Buitrago-Vera, J.ve Sigalat-Signes, E. (2019). Characterisation of fresh fruit consumption in Spain based on food-related lifestyle. British Food Journal. 121(12), s.3307-3320.
65. Referans66 Moore, D.G. (1963). Life Styles in mobile Suburbia. Toward Scientific Marketing. Proceedings of the Winter Conference of the American Marketing Association. Boston. Ed. Stephen A. Greyser. Yrd. Ed. Harvard Business Review. Harvard University. s.151-163.
66. Referans67 Nair, S.R. (2018). Analyzing the relationship between store attributes, satisfaction, patronage-intention and lifestyle in food and grocery store choice behavior. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management.46(1), s.70-89.
67. Referans68 Ni, H. (2009). Consumers’ lifestyle research and product development. In 2009 IEEE 10th International Conference on Computer-Aided Industrial Design & Conceptual Design. s.1259-1262.
68. Referans69 Nijmeijer, M., Worsley, A. ve Astill, B. (2004). An exploration of the relationships between food lifestyle and vegetable consumption. British Food Journal. 106(7), s.520-533.
69. Referans70 Nikolić, A., Uzunović, M. ve Spaho, N. (2014). Lifestyle pattern underlying organic and traditional food consumption. British Food Journal. 116(11), s.1748-1766.
70. Referans71 Oates, B., Shufeldt, L. ve Vaught, B. (1996). A psychographic study of the elderly and retail store attributes. Journal of consumer marketing. 13(6), s.14-27.
71. Referans72 Ong, H.B. ve Choon, S.W. (2018). Urban lifestyle in the Klang Valley. International Journal of Social Economics. 45(3), s.508-523.
72. Referans73 Qing, P., Lobo, A.ve Chongguang, L. (2012). The impact of lifestyle and ethnocentrism on consumers' purchase intentions of fresh fruit in China. Journal of Consumer Marketing. 29(1), s.43-51.
73. Referans74 Orth, U.R., Wolf, M.M. ve Dodd, T.H. (2005). Dimensions of wine region equity and their impact on consumer preferences. Journal of Product & Brand Management. 14(2), s.88-97.
74. Referans75 Özgen, P. ve Yeşiloğlu, H. (2015). Organik Gıda Müşterilerinin Tüketim Davranışlarının Yaşam Tarzı Değişkeni Çerçevesinde İncelenmesi. Gazi Universitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakultesi Dergisi, 17(2), s.197.
75. Referans76 Özgül, E. (2010). Tüketicilerin Değer Yapıları, Gönüllü Sade Yaşam Tarzı ve Sürdürülebilir Tüketim Üzerindeki Etkileri. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(2), s.117-150.
76. Referans77 Pandey, S. ve Chawla, D. (2016). Using qualitative research for establishing content validity of e-lifestyle and website quality constructs. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal. 19(3), s.339-356.
77. Referans78 Patton, M.Q. (2002). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods. Sage Publications. Thousand Oaks. California. 3rd Edition.
78. Referans79 Reynolds, F.D., Crask, M.R. ve Wells, W.D. (1977). The Modem Feminine. Journal of Marketing. s.38-45.
79. Referans80 Riley, M. (1994). Marketing eating out. British Food Journal. 96(10), s.15-18.
80. Referans81 Sadiq, M.A., Rajeswari, B. ve Ansari, L. (2020). Segmentation of Indian shoppers in the context of organic foods. South Asian Journal of Business Studies. 9(2), s.167-192.
81. Referans82 Santisi, G., Platania, S. ve Hichy, Z. (2014). A lifestyle analysis of young consumers: a study in Italian context. Young Consumers: Insight and Ideas for Responsible Marketers, 15(1), s.94-104.
82. Referans83 Savelli, E., Francioni, B. ve Curina, I. (2020). Healthy lifestyle and food waste behavior. Journal of Consumer Marketing. 37(2), s.148-159.
83. Referans84 Shama, A. (1985). The voluntary simplicity consumer. Journal of Consumer Marketing. 2(4), s.57-63.
84. Referans85 Shim, S., Gehrt, K. ve Lotz, S. (2001). Export implications for the Japanese fruit market: fruit‐specific lifestyle segments. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management. 29(6), s.298-314.
85. Referans86 Shufeldt, L., Oates, B. ve Vaught, B. (1998). Is lifestyle an important factor in the purchase of OTC drugs by the elderly?. Journal of Consumer Marketing. 15(2), s.111-124.
86. Referans87 Sığrı, Ü. (2018). Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım A.Ş. Birinci Baskı. İstanbul.
87. Referans88 Sony, A. ve Ferguson, D. (2017). Unlocking consumers’ environmental value orientations and green lifestyle behaviors-A key for developing green offerings in Thailand. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration. 9(1), s.37-53.
88. Referans89 Sorce, P., Tyler, P.R. ve Loomis, L.M. (1989). Lifestyles of older Americans. Journal of consumer marketing. 6(3), s.53-63.
89. Referans90 Sun, T., Horn, M. ve Merritt, D. (2004). Values and lifestyles of individualists and collectivists: a study on Chinese, Japanese, British and US consumers. Journal of consumer marketing. 21(5), s.318-331.
90. Referans91 Sung, H. ve Jeon, Y. (2009). A profile of Koreans: who purchases fashion goods online?. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal. 13(1), s.79-97.
91. Referans92 Sung, J. ve Woo, H. (2019). Investigating male consumers’ lifestyle of health and sustainability (LOHAS) and perception toward slow fashion. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 49, s.120-128.
92. Referans93 Tam, J.L. ve Tai, S.H. (1998). Research note: The psychographic segmentation of the female market in Greater China. International Marketing Review. 15(1), s.61-77.
93. Referans94 Thach, E.C. ve Olsen, J.E. (2004). The search for new wine consumers: Marketing focus on consumer lifestyle or lifecycle. International Journal of Wine Marketing. 16(3), s.44-57.
94. Referans95 Thomas, J.B. ve Peters, C.L.O. (2009). Silver seniors-Exploring the self-concept, lifestyles, and apparel consumption of women over age 65. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management. 37(12), s.1018-1040.
95. Referans96 Thompson, C.J. (1996). Caring consumers: Gendered consumption meanings and the juggling lifestyle. Journal of consumer research, 22(4), s.388-407.
96. Referans97 Tigert, D.J. (1971). A research project in creative advertising through life style analysis. Attitude Research Reaches New Heights. Ed. Charles W. King ve Douglas J. Tigert. American Marketing Association. s.223-227.
97. Referans98 Todd, S., Lawson, R. ve Faris, F. (1998). A lifestyle analysis of New Zealand customers. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 10(3), s.30-47.
98. Referans99 Tong, D.Y.K., Tong, X.F. ve Yin, E. (2012). Young consumers' views of infused soft drinks innovation. Young Consumers. 13(4), s.392-406.
99. Referans100 Umunnakwe, J. E., Ekweozor, I. ve Umunnakwe, B. A. (2019). Impact of lifestyle scenarios on household wastes in Port Harcourt. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal. 30(4), s.864-889.
100. Referans101 Vanden Abeele, M.M. (2014). Mobile lifestyles: Conceptualizing heterogeneity in mobile youth culture. new media & society, 18(6), s.1-19.
101. Referans102 Von Normann, K. (2009). The impact of lifestyles and food knowledge on the food patterns of German children. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 33(4), s.382-391.
102. Referans103 Vyncke, P. (2002). Lifestyle segmentation from attitudes, interests and opinions, to values, aesthetic styles, life visions and media preferences. European Journal of Communication. 17(4). s.445-463.
103. Referans104 Wahlen, S. ve Laamanen, M. (2015). Consumption, lifestyle and social movements. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 39(5), s.397-403.
104. Referans105 Wei, R. (2006). Lifestyles and new media: Adoption and use of wireless communication technologies in China. New media & society, 8(6), s.991-1008.
105. Referans106 Wind, Y. (1971). Life style analysis: A new approach. Marketing in Motion. Ed. Fred C. Allvin. Chicago: American Marketing Association, s.302-305.
106. Referans107 Yabin, W. ve Li, J. (2020). Segmentation of China’s online wine market based on the wine-related lifestyle. British Food Journal. 122(8), s.2385-2401.
107. Referans108 Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, H. (2011). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. 8. Baskı. Seçkin Yayıncılık. Ankara.
108. Referans109 Yıldırım, F. ve Çengel, Ö. (2013). A Research Over The Relationship Between Fast Food Consumption And Consumer's Values and Lifestyles in Turkey. AJIT-e, 4(10), s.7.
109. Referans110 Yıldırım, Y. (2017). Kolayda, Beğenmeli Ve Lüks Malların Tercihinin Değerler ve Yaşam Tarzı Gruplarına Göre Farkını Belirlemeye Yönelik Çalışma. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 15(1), s.41-62.
110. Referans111 Yu, C.S. (2011). Construction and validation of an e‐lifestyle instrument. Internet Research. 21(3), s.214-235.