İNOVATİF (YENİLİKÇİ) İNSAN KAYNAKLARI UYGULAMALARININ YENİLİK KÜLTÜRÜNE ETKİSİ

Abstract

21. Yüzyıl işletmeleri, hızlı teknoloji ve çevresel değişimlere uyum sağlamak için yenilikçi olmalıdır. İşletmelerin bu karakteri kazanması, örgüte dair yenilikçi uygulama, yaklaşım ve normların çalışanlar tarafından benimsenmesi ile ilgilidir. Bu aslında, yenilikçi değerleri vurgulayan bir kültürün günlük yaşamın bir parçası hâline getirilmesi olup; yenilikçi insan kaynakları uygulamaları, çalışanın bu sürece uyumunu hızlandırmaktadır. Bu araştırmanın amacı; yenilikçi insan kaynakları uygulamalarının yenilik kültürüne etkisini incelemektir. Bu amaçla Capital en büyük 500 listesinde yer alan on beş işletmede pratikte kullanılan yenilikçi insan kaynakları uygulamalarını tespit etmek için, yarı yapılandırılmış mülâkat ve bu uygulamaların yenilik kültürüne etkisini ölçmek için, seksen işletmede anket yapılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde; İK uygulamaları, “yürütme, farkındalık ve tatmin” boyutları altına yerleştirilerek, korelasyon ve regresyon uygulanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda; “yürütme ve farkındalığın” yenilik kültürü üzerinde doğrudan bir etkiye sahip olmadığı;” tatminin”, yenilik kültürünü pozitif ve anlamlı olarak etkilediği tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

• Yenilik Kültürü
• Yenilikçi İnsan Kaynakları Uygulamaları
• Yenilikçilik

THE EFFECT OF INNOVATIVE HUMAN RESOURCES’ PRACTICES ON INNOVATION CULTURE

Abstract

21st Century businesses need to be innovative to adapt to rapid technologicaly and environmental changes. The fact that businesses acquire this character depends on the adoption of innovative practices, approaches and norms of the organization by the employees. This actually makes a culture into a part of daily life, which emphasizes innovative values and innovative human resources practices speed up employees’ compliance. This research aims to; examine the effect of innovative human resources practices on innovation culture. With this aim, semi-structured interviews were conducted to measure the innovative human resources practices in fifteen businesses in the Capital 500 list; also eighty businesses were surveyed to measure the impact of these practices on innovation culture. In the analysis of the data; HR applications were grouped under the dimensions “executive, awareness and satisfaction” and correlation and regression analysis were applied. As a result of the research; it has been determined that “executive and awareness” do not directly impact the innovation culture and “satisfaction” has a significant and positive effect on the innovation culture.

Keywords

• Innovation Culture
• Innovative Human Resources Practices
• Innovation

References

1. Ahmed, P. K. (1998). Culture and climate for innovation. European Journal of Innovation Management,1(1), 30-43.
2. Agarwala, T. (2003). Innovative human resource practices and organizational commitment: An empirical investigation. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 14(2), 175-197.
3. Augustine, N., & Euchner, J. (2013). Building a culture of innovation: An ınterview with norm augustine. Research-Technology Management, 56(6), 17-22.
4. Akgeyik, T., Dolgun, U., Çiftçi, B., Özler, D.E., Kağnıcıoğlu, D., Özbek, M.F.,Çolak, A. & Serinkan, C. (2011). İnsan kaynakları yönetimi (2. Baskı). İstanbul: Ekin Yayınları.
5. Altun, Ş. (2011). Doğanın inovasyonu (1. Baskı). İstanbul: Elma Yayınevi.
6. Amabıle, T. (1988). A model of creativity and ınnovation in organizations. Reseaarch in Organizational Behavior, 10,123-167.
7. Ángel, P.O. & Sánchez, L.S. (2009). Research and development manager’s adaptation of firm’s H.R.M. practices. R & D Management, 39(3), 271-290.
8. Ardıç, K. & Döven, M. (2004). Türkiye’de insan kaynakları uygulamalarının değerlendirilmesi: Amasya ili çevresinde bir uygulama. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 69-83.

9. Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F. & Schaufeli, W.B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 499-512.
10. Boisnier, A., & Chatman, J. A. (2003). Cultures and subcultures in dynamic organizations. In E. Mannix, & R. Peterson (Eds.), The Dynamic Organization (Pp. 87–114). Mahwah, Nj: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
11. Buchanan, D. & A. Huczynski (1997). Organizational behaviour. London: Prentice Hall Inc.
12. Camelo-Ordaz, C., Fernández-Alles, M. D., & Valle-Cabrera, R. (2008). Top management team's vision and human resources management practices in innovative Spanish companies. The International Journal of Human Resource Management,, 19(4), 620-638.
13. Cantin, F., & Thom, N. (1996). Organisationsarbeit in der Schweiz: Profil von Organisierenden in Wirtschaft und Verwaltung (Vol. 3). SGO Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Organisation.
14. Chandler, G. N., Keller, C., & Lyon, D. W. (2000). Unraveling the determinants and consequences of an innovation-supportive organizational culture. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 25(1), 59-76.
15. Chen, T. Y., Chang, P. L., & Yeh, C. W. (2003). The study of career needs, career development programmes and job satisfaction levels of R&D personnel: the case of Taiwan. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 14(6), 1001-1026.
16. Claver, E., Llopis Garcia, J. D. & Molina, H. (1998). Organizational culture for ınnovation and new technological behavior. Journal of High Technology Management Research, 9 (1), 55-68.
17. Cleveland, J. N., Murphy, K. R., & Williams, R. E. (1989). Multiple uses of performance appraisal: Prevalence and correlates. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(1), 130.
18. Collins, C. J. & K. D. Clark (2003). Strategic human resource practices, top management team social networks and firm performance: The role of human resource in creating organizational competitive advantage. Academy of Management Journal, 46 (6), 740– 751.
19. Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D. P. (1991). A conceptual model of entrepreneurship as firm behavior. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16(1), 7-26.
20. Damanpour, F. (1991). Organizational innovation: A meta-analysis of effects of determinants and moderators. Academy of Management Journal, 34(3), 555-590.
21. De Luque, Sully, M., & Javidan, M. (2004). Uncertainty avoidance. In culture, leadership and organizations. The globe study of 62 societies. CA: Sage Publications.
22. Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., de Jonge, J., & Janssen, P. P. (2001). Burnout and engagement at work as a function of demands and control. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 27(4).
23. Dobni, C. B. (2008). Measuring innovation culture in organizations: The development of a generalized ınnovation culture construct using exploratory factor analysis European journal of innovation management, 11(4), 539-559.
24. Dobson, W., & Safarian, A. E. (2008). The transition from imitation to innovation: An enquiry into China's evolving institutions and firm capabilities. Journal of Asian Economics, 19(4), 301-311.
25. Drucker, P. (1999). 21.yüzyıiçin yönetim tartışmaları (çev. İ. Bahçıvangil ve G. Gorbon). İstanbul: Epsilon Yayıncılık.
26. Erdoğan, İ. (1991). İşletmelerde davranış. İstanbul: İşletme Fakültesi Yayını.
27. Eren, H. & A. Kılıç (2013). Örgütlerde yenilikçilik ortamı: özellikle bir sektör olarak savunma sanayinde durum. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 27 (3), 221-244.
28. Flander, A. (1965). The fawley productivity agreements: A case study of management and collective bargaining. Review By: H. S. Kirkaldy. The Economic Journal, 75 ( 297), 187-189.
29. Greenberg, J. & R.A. Baron (1995). Behaviour in organizations: Understanding and managing human side of work. London: Prentice Hall.
30. Gümüş, M. (1995). İşgücüne nitelik kazandıracak bir politika olarak ortaöğretim düzeyindeki mesleki-teknik eğitim ve uygulama sonuçları, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Çalışma Ekonomisi ve Endüstri İlişkileri Anabilim Dalı, İzmir.
31. Hammer, M., & Champy, J. (1997). Değişim mühendisliği iş idaresinde devrim için bir manifesto (çev. Sinem Gül). İstanbul: Sabah Kitapları.
32. Hannan, M. T., & Freeman, J. (1977). The population ecology of organizations. American Journal of Sociology, 82(5), 929-964.
33. Hauser, M. (1998). Organisational culture and innovativeness of firms-an integrative view. International Journal of Technology Management, 16(1-3), 239-255.
34. Hewitt-Dundas, N. (2006). Resource and capability constraints to innovation in small and large plants. Small Business Economics, 26(3), 257-277.
35. Hofstede, G. (1984). Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values (Vol. 5). London: Sage Publications.
36. Hornsby, J. S., Kuratko, D. F., & Zahra, S. A. (2002). Middle managers' perception of the internal environment for corporate entrepreneurship: Assessing a measurement scale. Journal of business Venturing, 17(3), 253-273.
37. Hurley, R. F. (1995). Group culture and its effect on innovative productivity. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 12(1-2), 57-75.
38. Hurley, R. F., & Hult, G. T. M. (1998). Innovation, market orientation, and organizational learning: an integration and empirical examination. Journal of Marketing, 62(3), 42-54.
39. Ichniowskı, C., Shaw, K., & Prennushi, G. (1997). The effects of human resource management practice on productivity. American Economic Review, 87 (3), 291-313.
40. Jaruzelski, B., & Katzenbach, J. (2012). Building a culture that energizes innovation: creating an innovation culture is notoriously difficult. Here are some fresh insights and a roadmap for tackling the culture conundrum. Financial Executive, 28(2), 32-36.
41. Jiang, K., Lepak, D. P., Hu, J., & Baer, J. C. (2012). How does human resource management influence organizational outcomes? A meta-analytic investigation of mediating mechanisms. Academy of Management Journal, 55(6), 1264-1294.
42. Jiménez‐Jiménez, D., & Sanz‐Valle, R. (2005). Innovation and human resource management fit: an empirical study. International Journal of Manpower, 26(4), 364-381.
43. Judge, W. Q., Fryxell, G. E., & Dooley, R. S. (1997). The new task of R&D management: creating goal-directed communities for innovation. California Management Review, 39(3), 72-85.
44. Jucevıčıus, G. (2007). Innovation culture: Constable universality of the concept. Kaunas University of Tecnology, Social Sciences, 4(58).
45. Kao, John (1989). Entrepreneurship, creativity and organization, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs.
46. Khazanchi, S., Lewis, M. W., & Boyer, K. K. (2007). Innovation-supportive culture: The impact of organizational values on process innovation. Journal of Operations Management, 25(4), 871-884.
47. Lado, A. A., & Wilson, M. C. (1994). Human resource systems and sustained competitive advantage: A competency-based perspective. Academy of Management Review, 19(4), 699-727.
48. Laka-Mathebula, M. R. (2005). Modelling the relationship between organizational commitment, leadership style, human resources management practices and organizational trust, Doctoral Dissertation, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
49. Laursen, K., & Foss, N. J. (2003). New human resource management practices, complementarities and the impact on innovation performance. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 27(2), 243-263.
50. Ling, T. C., & Nasurdin, A. M. (2010). Human resource management practices and organizational innovation: An empirical study in Malaysia. Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR), 26(4).
51. Lonti, Z., & Verma, A. (2003). The determinants of flexibility and innovation in the government workplace: Recent evidence from Canada. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 13(3), 283-309.
52. Looise, J. K., & Van Riemsdijk, M. (2004). Innovating organisations and HRM: A conceptual framework. Management Revue, 15 (3), 277-287.
53. Luecke, Richard (2011). İş dünyasında yenilik ve yaratıcılık (çev.Turan Parlak). İstanbul: İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
54. Martin, J., & Siehl, C. (1983). Organizational culture and counterculture: An uneasy symbiosis. Organizational Dynamics, 12(2), 52-64.
55. Martins, E. C., & Terblanche, F. (2003). Building organisational culture that stimulates creativity and innovation. European journal of innovation management, 6(1), 66-74.
56. McLaughlin, P., Bessant, J., & Smart, P. (2005). Developing an organizational culture that facilitates radical innovation in a mature small to medium sized company: emergent findings, International Journal of Technology Management, 44, 298-323.
57. McLean, L. D. (2005). Organizational culture’s influence on creativity and innovation: A review of the literature and implications for human resource development. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 7(2), 226-246.
58. McElwee, G., & Warren, L. (2000). TQM and HRM in Growing Organizations. Journal of Strategic Change, 9(7), 427-435.
59. Menzel, H. C., Aaltio, I., & Ulijn, J. M. (2007). On the way to creativity: Engineers as intrapreneurs in organizations. Technovation, 27(12), 732-743.
60. Michie, J., & Sheehan, M. (2003). Labour market deregulation,‘flexibility’and innovation. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 27(1), 123-143.
61. Morris, M. H., & Jones, F. F. (1993). Human resource management practices and corporate entrepreneurship: An empirical assessment from the USA. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 4(4), 873-896.
62. Naranjo-Valencia, J. C., Sanz-Valle, R., & Jimenez, D. J. (2010). Organizational culture as determinant of product innovation. European Journal of Innovation Management, 13(4), 466–480.
63. O'Reilly III, C. A., Chatman, J., & Caldwell, D. F. (1991). People and organizational culture: A profile comparison approach to assessing person-organization fit. Academy of Management Journal, 34(3), 487-516.
64. Perdomo-Ortiz, J., Gonzalez-Benito, J., & Galende, J. (2009). An analysis of the relationship between total quality management-based human resource management practices and innovation. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(5), 1191-1218.
65. Saatcioglu, O. Y., & Ozmen, O. N. (2010). Analyzing the barriers encountered in innovation process through interpretive structural modelling: Evidence from Turkey. Yonetim Ve Ekonomi, 17(2), 207-225.
66. Peçen, Ü., & Nihat, K. A. Y. A. (2012). Amerika Birleşik Devletleri firmalarında insan kaynakları yönetimi uygulamaları, organizasyonel iklim ve organizasyonel yenilikçilik düzeyi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 14(1), 95-111.
67. Perkmann, M., & Spicer, A. (2014). How emerging organizations take form: The role of imprinting and values in organizational bricolage. Organization Science, 25(6), 1785-1806.
68. Rosinski, P. (2003). Coaching Across Cultures: New tools for leveraging national. Corporate & Professional Differences, London Yarmouth, Maine.
69. Sadullah, Ö., Uyargil, C., Acar, A.C., Özçelik, A.O., Dündar, G., Ataay, İ.D., Adal, Z. & Tüzüner, L. (2013). İnsan kaynakları yönetimi (6. Baskı). İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
70. Sargut, S. (2010). Kültürler arası farklılaşma ve yönetim (2. Baskı). Ankara: İmge Kitapevi.
71. Schumpeter, J. (1934). The theory of economic development. New York: Oxford University Press.
72. Shipton, H., West, M. A., Dawson, J., Birdi, K., & Patterson, M. (2006). HRM as a predictor of innovation. Human resource management journal, 16(1), 3-27.
73. Smillie, I., Hailey, J., & Hailey, J. M. (2001). Managing for change: Leadership, strategy, and management in Asian NGOs. London: Earthscan.
74. Smith, B. N., Hornsby, J. S., & Shirmeyer, R. (1996). Current trends in performance appraisal: An examination of managerial practice. SAM Advanced Management Journal, 61(3), 10.
75. Som, A. (2006). Bracing for MNC competition through innovative HRM practices: The way ahead for Indian firms. Thunderbird International Business Review, 48(2), 207-237. Som, A. (2008). Organization Redesign and Innovative HRM. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
76. Sonnentag, S., & Frese, M. (2002). Performance concepts and performance theory. Psychological management of individual performance, 23(1), 3-25
77. Steele, J., & Murray, M. (2004). Creating, supporting and sustaining a culture of innovation. Engineering, construction and architectural Management, 11 (5).
78. Şekerli, Ö. G. E. B., & Gerede, E. (2011). Kültürün ekip kaynak yönetimine etkileri ve Türk pilotların Hofstede kültür boyutları açısından durumları. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources, 13(1), 17-38.
79. Tidd, J. (2001). Innovation management in context: environment, organization and performance. International journal of management reviews, 3(3), 169-183. Trott, Paul (2008). Innovation management and new product development. Newyork: Prentice Hall.
80. Yıldırım, A. Ş., & Şimşek, V. E. H.(2008). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları.
81. Walsworth, S., & Verma, A. (2007). Globalization, human resource practices and innovation: Recent evidence from the Canadian workplace and employee survey. Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 46(2), 222-240.
82. Wang, C. L., & Ahmed, P. K. (2004). The development and validation of the organisational innovativeness construct using confirmatory factor analysis. European journal of innovation management.
83. Wiener, Y., & Vardi, Y. (1990). Relationships between organizational culture and individual motivation—a conceptual integration. Psychological Reports, 67(1), 295-306. Wright, P. M., Snell, S. A., & Dyer, L. (2005). New models of strategic HRM in a global context. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(6), 875-881. Zangwıll, W.I. (1993). Lightning strategies for innovation. New York: Lexington Books.
84. Zenger, T. R., & Hesterly, W. S. (1997). The disaggregation of corporations: Selective intervention, high-powered incentives, and molecular units. Organization Science, 8(3), 209-222.
85. Zhao, S. (2008). Application of human capital theory in China in the context of the knowledge economy. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(5), 802-817.