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ULUS MARKALAŞMASININ DEĞİŞEN EKONOMİK BOYUTLARI VE ÜLKELERE KATTIĞI DEĞER

Year 2022, Volume: 21 Issue: 45, 1113 - 1136, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.1095634

Abstract

Amaç: Ülkelerin belirlenen ekonomik boyutlarda dünya sıralamalarını oluşturarak, ulus marka sıralaması ile karşılaştırılması, etkilendiği noktaların belirlenmesi, boyutların birbiri ile olan ilişkilerini ortaya çıkararak yeni bir ulus marka sıralaması oluşturulması ve değerli bir ulus markasının ülkeler için oluşturduğu katkıları belirlemektir.
Yöntem: Ulus markası ile belirlenen ekonomik değişkenleri arasındaki ilişkinin araştırılmasında, Min-Max normalizasyon yöntemi ile Pearson ve Spearman’s Rank Korelasyon testlerinden yararlanılmıştır. Brand Finance 2020 Ulus Marka Sıralaması bağımlı değişken, ikincil veri kaynaklarından elde edilen gayri safi yurt içi hasıla, doğrudan yabancı yatırım, dış ticaret, ihracat birim değeri turizm gelirleri ve ülkeyi gelen turist sayısı, “Dünyanın En Değerli Global 500 Markası” içinde yer alan ülke marka sayısı ile dünyanın en saygın ülkeleri sıralaması bağımsız değişkenler olarak belirlenmiştir. Değişkenlere ait veriler 2019-2020 yıllarını kapsamaktadır.
Bulgular: Elde edilen bulgular kapsamında ulus markasının, gayri safi yurt içi hasıla, doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar, ihracat, turizm gelirleri ve ülkeye gelen turist sayısı, “Dünyanın En Değerli Global 500 Markası” listesi içinde yer alan ülke marka sayısı ile pozitif yönlü önemli düzeyde ilişkili olduğu, dünyanın en saygın ülkeleri sıralaması pozitif yönde düşük önemde bir ilişki olduğu, ihracat birim değeri ile ilişkili olmadığı görülmüştür. Oluşturulan yeni ulus marka sıralaması ile Brand Finance Nation Brand 2020 sıralaması karşılaştırılması sonucunda ise belirlenen ekonomik göstergeler ile ulus markası arasında ortaya çıkan pozitif yönlü önemli ilişkilerin sıralamayı etkilediği belirlenmiştir.
Özgünlük: Literatürü incelediğimizde ulus markalaşması kavramının genel olarak kamu diplomasisi, ülke imajı, ülke marka kişiliği, turizm, ülke tanıtım filmleri ile küreselleşme olguları çerçevesinde incelendiği ve ekonomik boyutları da göz önüne alarak yapılan çalışmalar sınırlı olduğu görülmüş olup anılan bu durumun araştırmayı farklı kılan özellik olduğu düşünülmektedir.

References

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  • Anholt, S. (2005). Anholt nation brands index: how does the world see America? Journal Of Advertising Research, Vol. 45 No. 3, P: 296-304.
  • Anholt, S. (2011). Yerlerin Markalaşması : Kimlik, İmaj ve İtibar. İstanbul: İstanbul Ticaret Odası Yayınları .
  • Clifton, R. (2014). Markalar ve Markalaşma. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • D’Astous, A., & Boujbel, L. (2007). Positioning countries on personality dimensions: scale development and implications for country marketing. Journal of Business Research, Vol. 60 No. 3, pp. 231-239.
  • Dinnie, K. (2008). Nation Branding Concepts, Issues, Practice. Oxford: Elsevier.
  • Dinnie, K., Melewar, T. C., Seidenfuss, K., & Musa, G. (2010). Nation branding and integrated marketing communications: an ASEAN perspective. International Marketing Review, Vol. 27 No. 4, pp. 388-403.
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  • Fan, Y. (2010). Branding the nation: Towards. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy Vol. 6,, 97-103.
  • Fetscherin, M. (2010). The Determinants And Measurement Of A Country Brand: The Country Brand Strength Index. International Marketing Review, Vol. 27 No. 4 P.466-479.
  • Gilmore, F. (2002). A country—can it be repositioned? Spain—the success story of country branding. Brand Management, Vol 9, No: 4-5 pp. 281-293.
  • Hakala, U., Lemmetyinen, A., & Kantola, S. P. (2013). Country image as a nation-branding tool. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Vol. 31 No. 5, pp. 538-556.
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  • He, J., Wang, C. L., & Wu, Y. (2021). Building the connection between nation and commercial brand:an integrative review and future research directions. International Marketing Review, Vol.38 No.1 pp.19-35.
  • Herrero-Crespo, A., Gutiérrez, H. S., & Garcia-Salmones, M. (2016). Influence of country image on country brand equity: application to higher education services. International Marketing Review, Vol. 33 No. 5, pp. 691-714.
  • Heslop, L. A., Nadeau, J., & o'Reilly, N. (2010). China and the Olympics: Views of insiders and outsiders. International Marketing Review , 27(4):404-433.
  • Hollis, N. (2011). Küresel Marka: Dünya Pazarında Kalıcı Marka Değeri Yaratma Ve Geliştirme Yöntemleri. İstanbul: Brandage Yayınları - İstanbul Ticaret Odası.
  • K. Aktuğlu, I. (2018). Marka Yönetimi: Güçlü ve Başarılı Markalar İçin Temel İlkeler. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Kaneva, N. (2011). Nation Branding: Toward an Agenda for Critical Research. International Journal of Communication, 5/ 117-141.
  • Kang, M., & Yang, S. U. (2010). Comparing effects of country reputation and the overall corporate reputations of a country on international consumers' product attitudes and purchase intentions. Corporate Reputation Review, Vol. 13 No. 1, pp. 52-62.
  • Kavaratris, M., & Hatch, M. j. (2013). The dynamics of place brands: An identity-based approach to place branding theory. Marketing Theory, 69-86 13(1).
  • Kerrigan, F., Shivanandan, J., & Hede, A. M. (2012). Nation branding: a critical appraisal of incredible India. Journal of Macromarketing, Vol. 32 No. 3, pp. 319-327.
  • Kim, Y., Shim, S., & Dinnie, K. (2013). The dimensions of nation brand personality: a study of nine countries. Corporate Reputation Review, Vol. 16 No. 1, pp. 34-47.
  • Kotler , P., & Gertner, D. (2002). Country as Brand, Product, and Beyond: A Place Marketing and Brand Management Perspective. Journal of Brand Management, Vol.9 No:4/5 P:249-261.
  • Lahrech, A., Alabdulwahab, S., & Bouayach, S. (2020). Nation Branding and How It Is Related to Foreign Direct Investment Inflows. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Vol.10(2), pp. 248-255.
  • Mrugank, T. V., & Kohli, C. S. ( 1996). Brand origin: conceptualization. JOURNAL OF CONSUMER MARKETING, VOL. 13 NO. 3 27-42. Nas, A. (2017). Ulus Markalama Dünyadan Örneklerle Kuram ve Uygulama. İstanbul: Kriter Yayınevi.
  • O’Shaughnessy, J., & O’Shaughnessy, N. (2000). Treating the nation as a brand: some neglected issues. Journal of Macromarketing, Vol. 20 No. 1, pp. 56-64.
  • Olins, W. (2002). Branding the nation—the historical context. Brand Management, Vol 9, No:4-5, pp. 241-248.
  • Osei, C., & Gbadamosi, A. (2011). "Rebranding Africa”. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 284-304.
  • Papadopoulos, N., & Heslop, L. (2002). Country equity and country branding: Problems and prospects. Brand Management, Vol 9 No:4-5, 294-314.
  • Papadopoulos, N., Hamzaoui-Essoussi, L., & Banna, A. E. (2016). Nation branding for foreign direct investment: an integrative review and directions for research and strategy. Journal of Product & Brand Management, Vol. 25 No. 7, pp. 615-628.
  • Papadopoulos, P., & Elliot, S. (2016). Of product and tourism destinations: an integrative,cross-national study of place image. Journal of Business Research, Vol.69 No:3 S: 1157-1165.
  • Paswan, A., Kulkami, S., & Ganesh, G. (2003). Loyalty towards the country, the state and the service brands. Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 10 No. 3, pp. 233-251.
  • Porter, M. E. (2011). Rekabet Üzerine. (K. Tanrıyar, Çev.) İstanbul: Harward Business School Publishing Corporation.
  • Rojas-Mendez, J. (2013). The nation brand molecule. Journal of Product and Brand Management, Vol. 22 No. 7, pp. 462-472.
  • Rojas-Méndez, J., Papadopoulos, N., & Alwan, M. (2015). Testing self-congruity theory in the context of nation brand personality. Journal of Product and Brand Management, Vol. 24 No. 1,pp. 18-27.
  • Rojas-Méndez, J., Papadopoulos, N., & Murphy, S. A. (2013). Measuring and positioning nation brands: a comparative brand personality approach. Corporate Reputation Review, Vol. 16 No. 1,pp. 48-65.
  • Steenkamp, J.-B. (2021). Building strong nation brands. International Marketing Review, Vol.38 No.1 pp.6-18.
  • Sun, Q., & Paswan, A. K. (2011). Country branding using product quality. Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 19 No. 2, pp. 143-157.
  • Sun, Q., Paswan, A. K., & Tieslau, M. A. (2016). Country Resources, Country Image, and Exports: Country Branding and International Marketing Implications. Journal of Global Marketing , 29:4 P:233-246.
  • Triandafyllidou, A. (1998). National identity and the 'other',. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 593-612.
  • Whetten, D., & Mackey, A. (2002). A Social Actor Conception of Organizational Identity and Its Implications for the Study of Organizational Reputation. Business & Society, 393-414.
  • Yousaf, S., & Li, H. (2015). Social identity, collective self-esteem and country reputation: the case of Pakistan. Journal of Product & Brand Management , Vol.24 No.4 pp. 299-411.
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THE CHANGING ECONOMIC DIMENSION OF NATION BRANDING AND THE VALUE ADDED TO COUNTRIES

Year 2022, Volume: 21 Issue: 45, 1113 - 1136, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.1095634

Abstract

Purpose : To create a world ranking of the countries within the pre-determined economic dimensions to compare it with the nation brand ranking, to determine the points influenced from the dimensions, to create a new nation brand ranking by revealing the correlations among the dimensions and to determine the contributions of the nation brand for the countries.
Method : Min-Max normalization method and Pearson and Spearman's Rank Correlation tests were conducted to investigate the relationship between the nation brand and the pre-determined economic variables. While the Brand Finance 2020 Nation Brand Ranking is the dependent variable; the independent variables gathered from the secondary data sources are gross domestic product, foreign direct investment, foreign trade, export unit value, tourism receipts and the number of tourists arrivals to the country, the number of country brands in the "World's Most Valuable Global 500 Brands" list and the ranking of the most reputable countries in the world were determined as independent variables. The data of the variables cover the years from 2019 to 2020.
Findings: It demonstrate that the nation brand is positively correlated with gross domestic product, foreign direct investments, exports, tourism receipts, the number of tourists arrivals, the number of country brands included in the "World's Most Valuable Global 500 Brands” list while it has a low-positive correlation with the most reputable countries and has any correlation with the export-unit value. Because of the comparison of the newly created nation brand with the Brand Finance Nation Brand 2020 it was determined that, the positive relations between the determined economic indicators and the nation brand affected the ranking.
Originality: The concept of nation branding is generally examined within the framework of public diplomacy, country image, country brand personality, tourism, tourism movies and globalization. Thus, the studies carried out with regard to the economic dimensions are limited and this particular feature distinguish this study from the other academic studies

References

  • Anholt, S. (1998). Nation -brands of the twe nty-first century. The Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 5 Number 6 pp.395-406.
  • Anholt, S. (2005). Anholt nation brands index: how does the world see America? Journal Of Advertising Research, Vol. 45 No. 3, P: 296-304.
  • Anholt, S. (2011). Yerlerin Markalaşması : Kimlik, İmaj ve İtibar. İstanbul: İstanbul Ticaret Odası Yayınları .
  • Clifton, R. (2014). Markalar ve Markalaşma. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • D’Astous, A., & Boujbel, L. (2007). Positioning countries on personality dimensions: scale development and implications for country marketing. Journal of Business Research, Vol. 60 No. 3, pp. 231-239.
  • Dinnie, K. (2008). Nation Branding Concepts, Issues, Practice. Oxford: Elsevier.
  • Dinnie, K., Melewar, T. C., Seidenfuss, K., & Musa, G. (2010). Nation branding and integrated marketing communications: an ASEAN perspective. International Marketing Review, Vol. 27 No. 4, pp. 388-403.
  • Fan, Y. (2006). Branding the nation: what is being branded? Journal of Vacation Marketing, Vol:12 P:5-14.
  • Fan, Y. (2010). Branding the nation: Towards. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy Vol. 6,, 97-103.
  • Fetscherin, M. (2010). The Determinants And Measurement Of A Country Brand: The Country Brand Strength Index. International Marketing Review, Vol. 27 No. 4 P.466-479.
  • Gilmore, F. (2002). A country—can it be repositioned? Spain—the success story of country branding. Brand Management, Vol 9, No: 4-5 pp. 281-293.
  • Hakala, U., Lemmetyinen, A., & Kantola, S. P. (2013). Country image as a nation-branding tool. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Vol. 31 No. 5, pp. 538-556.
  • Hao, A., Paul, J., Trott, S., Guo, C., & Wu, H.-H. (2019). Two decades of research on nation branding: a review and future research agenda. International Marketing Review, Vol. 38 No. 1, 46-69.
  • He, J., Wang, C. L., & Wu, Y. (2021). Building the connection between nation and commercial brand:an integrative review and future research directions. International Marketing Review, Vol.38 No.1 pp.19-35.
  • Herrero-Crespo, A., Gutiérrez, H. S., & Garcia-Salmones, M. (2016). Influence of country image on country brand equity: application to higher education services. International Marketing Review, Vol. 33 No. 5, pp. 691-714.
  • Heslop, L. A., Nadeau, J., & o'Reilly, N. (2010). China and the Olympics: Views of insiders and outsiders. International Marketing Review , 27(4):404-433.
  • Hollis, N. (2011). Küresel Marka: Dünya Pazarında Kalıcı Marka Değeri Yaratma Ve Geliştirme Yöntemleri. İstanbul: Brandage Yayınları - İstanbul Ticaret Odası.
  • K. Aktuğlu, I. (2018). Marka Yönetimi: Güçlü ve Başarılı Markalar İçin Temel İlkeler. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Kaneva, N. (2011). Nation Branding: Toward an Agenda for Critical Research. International Journal of Communication, 5/ 117-141.
  • Kang, M., & Yang, S. U. (2010). Comparing effects of country reputation and the overall corporate reputations of a country on international consumers' product attitudes and purchase intentions. Corporate Reputation Review, Vol. 13 No. 1, pp. 52-62.
  • Kavaratris, M., & Hatch, M. j. (2013). The dynamics of place brands: An identity-based approach to place branding theory. Marketing Theory, 69-86 13(1).
  • Kerrigan, F., Shivanandan, J., & Hede, A. M. (2012). Nation branding: a critical appraisal of incredible India. Journal of Macromarketing, Vol. 32 No. 3, pp. 319-327.
  • Kim, Y., Shim, S., & Dinnie, K. (2013). The dimensions of nation brand personality: a study of nine countries. Corporate Reputation Review, Vol. 16 No. 1, pp. 34-47.
  • Kotler , P., & Gertner, D. (2002). Country as Brand, Product, and Beyond: A Place Marketing and Brand Management Perspective. Journal of Brand Management, Vol.9 No:4/5 P:249-261.
  • Lahrech, A., Alabdulwahab, S., & Bouayach, S. (2020). Nation Branding and How It Is Related to Foreign Direct Investment Inflows. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Vol.10(2), pp. 248-255.
  • Mrugank, T. V., & Kohli, C. S. ( 1996). Brand origin: conceptualization. JOURNAL OF CONSUMER MARKETING, VOL. 13 NO. 3 27-42. Nas, A. (2017). Ulus Markalama Dünyadan Örneklerle Kuram ve Uygulama. İstanbul: Kriter Yayınevi.
  • O’Shaughnessy, J., & O’Shaughnessy, N. (2000). Treating the nation as a brand: some neglected issues. Journal of Macromarketing, Vol. 20 No. 1, pp. 56-64.
  • Olins, W. (2002). Branding the nation—the historical context. Brand Management, Vol 9, No:4-5, pp. 241-248.
  • Osei, C., & Gbadamosi, A. (2011). "Rebranding Africa”. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 284-304.
  • Papadopoulos, N., & Heslop, L. (2002). Country equity and country branding: Problems and prospects. Brand Management, Vol 9 No:4-5, 294-314.
  • Papadopoulos, N., Hamzaoui-Essoussi, L., & Banna, A. E. (2016). Nation branding for foreign direct investment: an integrative review and directions for research and strategy. Journal of Product & Brand Management, Vol. 25 No. 7, pp. 615-628.
  • Papadopoulos, P., & Elliot, S. (2016). Of product and tourism destinations: an integrative,cross-national study of place image. Journal of Business Research, Vol.69 No:3 S: 1157-1165.
  • Paswan, A., Kulkami, S., & Ganesh, G. (2003). Loyalty towards the country, the state and the service brands. Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 10 No. 3, pp. 233-251.
  • Porter, M. E. (2011). Rekabet Üzerine. (K. Tanrıyar, Çev.) İstanbul: Harward Business School Publishing Corporation.
  • Rojas-Mendez, J. (2013). The nation brand molecule. Journal of Product and Brand Management, Vol. 22 No. 7, pp. 462-472.
  • Rojas-Méndez, J., Papadopoulos, N., & Alwan, M. (2015). Testing self-congruity theory in the context of nation brand personality. Journal of Product and Brand Management, Vol. 24 No. 1,pp. 18-27.
  • Rojas-Méndez, J., Papadopoulos, N., & Murphy, S. A. (2013). Measuring and positioning nation brands: a comparative brand personality approach. Corporate Reputation Review, Vol. 16 No. 1,pp. 48-65.
  • Steenkamp, J.-B. (2021). Building strong nation brands. International Marketing Review, Vol.38 No.1 pp.6-18.
  • Sun, Q., & Paswan, A. K. (2011). Country branding using product quality. Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 19 No. 2, pp. 143-157.
  • Sun, Q., Paswan, A. K., & Tieslau, M. A. (2016). Country Resources, Country Image, and Exports: Country Branding and International Marketing Implications. Journal of Global Marketing , 29:4 P:233-246.
  • Triandafyllidou, A. (1998). National identity and the 'other',. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 593-612.
  • Whetten, D., & Mackey, A. (2002). A Social Actor Conception of Organizational Identity and Its Implications for the Study of Organizational Reputation. Business & Society, 393-414.
  • Yousaf, S., & Li, H. (2015). Social identity, collective self-esteem and country reputation: the case of Pakistan. Journal of Product & Brand Management , Vol.24 No.4 pp. 299-411.
  • İnternet Kaynakları https://www.unwto.org/country-profile-inbound-tourism adresinden alındı. Erişim:16.11.2021
  • https://www.forbes.com/sites/vickyvalet/2019/10/15/the-worlds-most-reputable-countries2019/?sh=32edfc114cb8 adresinden alındı. Erişim:13.11.2021
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  • https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ST.INT.ARVL?most_recent_value_desc=true adresinden alındı. Erişim:06.11.2021
  • https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true adresinden alındı. Erişim:06.11.2021
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Didem Zeynep Bayazıt 0000-0003-3884-7349

Ayşe Kara 0000-0003-3462-1713

Figen Yıldırım 0000-0002-9247-2245

Early Pub Date December 30, 2022
Publication Date December 30, 2022
Submission Date April 4, 2022
Acceptance Date September 16, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 21 Issue: 45

Cite

APA Bayazıt, D. Z., Kara, A., & Yıldırım, F. (2022). ULUS MARKALAŞMASININ DEĞİŞEN EKONOMİK BOYUTLARI VE ÜLKELERE KATTIĞI DEĞER. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(45), 1113-1136. https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.1095634