An analysis of inward and outward foreign direct investments in the light of the development of the eclectic paradigm

Year 2024, Volume: 23 Issue: 51, 2194 - 2223, 28.12.2024

Muhammed Fatih Yücel , Murat Çemberci

https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.1560504

Abstract

Increasing hyper-competitiveness due to globalisation has started to reorganise internationalisation processes. This has necessitated a rethinking of explanatory theories over time. The most cited study in the literature to define the concept of FDI, which is the last stage of international trade, and to evaluate its effects on stakeholders is the eclectic paradigm. Explanations are made through the theories that constitute the holism of the eclectic paradigm. The aim of the study is to analyse the development process of the eclectic paradigm and to examine whether outward FDI is a process that comes after inward FDI or a strategic tool for developed and developing countries. A qualitative theoretical comparative analysis was conducted on the basis of a systematic literature review. Focusing on the advantages of Dunning's eclectic paradigm, it compares the effects of inward and outward FDI on gross domestic product per capita at the macro level with empirical findings. With increasing global competitiveness, it has been stated that the needs of countries that want to gain or maintain a competitive advantage can be met through reverse knowledge spillovers after outward foreign direct invesments in search of strategic assets by planning the exclusion effect instead of waiting for foreign companies to invest in the home country and teach the local ecosystem. The argument that outward orientation is a process that follows inward orientation according to the way of investment development is not preferred in the practices of developing countries. There is no updated study comparing inward and outward FDI within the eclectic paradigm. By emphasising the investment development path, it has been stated that outward FDI can be a strategic development tool for developing countries.

Keywords

Eclectic Paradigm, Inward FDI, Outward FDI, Technological Knowledge Spillover, Sustainable Development

Eklektik paradigmanın gelişimi ışığında içe dönük ve dışa dönük doğrudan yabancı yatırımların incelenmesi

Abstract

Globalleşmeyle artan aşırı rekabetçilik, uluslararasılaşma süreçlerini yeniden organize etmeye başlamıştır. Bu durum, açıklayıcı teorilerin zaman içinde yeniden düşünülmesi gerekliliğini ortaya koymuştur. Uluslararası ticaretin son evresi olan doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar kavramını tanımlamak ve paydaşlara etkilerini değerlendirmek için literatürde en çok atıf alan çalışma, eklektik paradigmadır. Eklektik paradigmanın bütüncüllüğünü oluşturan teoriler üzerinden açıklama yapılmaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı, yabancı literatürde yer alan doğrudan yabancı yatırımın türleri ve onu açıklamaya çalışan eklektik paradigmanın gelişim sürecini inceleyerek dışa dönük doğrudan yabancı yatırımların, yatırım geliştirme yolunda ifade edildiği gibi içe dönük doğrudan yabancı yatırımlardan sonra gelen bir süreç mi yoksa gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler için stratejik bir araç mı olduğunu karşılaştırma yaparak incelemektir. Sistematik literatür inceleme çalışması temelinde nitel teorik karşılaştırmalı inceleme yapılmıştır. Dunning’in eklektik paradigmasındaki avantajlara odaklanarak, içe dönük ve dışa dönük doğrudan yabancı yatırımların kişi başına gayrisafi yurtiçi hasıla üzerindeki etkilerini makro düzeyde karşılaştırmaktadır. Gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler arasındaki farklılıkları değerlendirmek için ampirik bulgular incelenmiştir. Artan global rekabetçilikle birlikte, ülkelerin gelişmişlik farkını kapatmak için, yabancı şirketlerin yerel ekosisteme bilgi aktarmasını beklemek yerine, yerel şirketlerin yabancı ülkelere stratejik varlık arayışıyla yatırım yaparak tersine bilgi yayılımı sağlamasının önemi ifade edilmiştir. Yatırım geliştirme yolunda ifade edildiği gibi dışa dönük doğrudan yabancı yatırımların içe dönük yatırımlardan sonra gelmesi gerektiği savı, gelişmekte olan ülkelerce genellikle benimsenmemektedir. Eklektik paradigma çerçevesinde içe dönük ve dışa dönük doğrudan yabancı yatırımların karşılaştırıldığı güncellenmiş bir çalışma mevcut değildir. Yatırım geliştirme yoluna vurgu yapılarak dışa dönük doğrudan yabancı yatırımların, içe dönükten sonra gelen bir süreç olarak tanımlanması yerine sıçrama tahtası özelliğiyle stratejik bir araç da olabileceği ifade edilmiştir.

Keywords

Eklektik paradigma, içe dönük doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar, dışa dönük doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar, teknolojik bilgi yayılımı, sürdürülebilir kalkınma

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