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Scientific Approaches to Converting Religion

Year 2023, , 351 - 372, 31.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1240008

Abstract

In recent years, a great deal of research has been done on the patterns of conversion and conversion especially in Europe and America. Many members of a wide range of academic disciplines have taken an interest in this topic including anthropologists, historians, psychologists, sociologists, theologians, and those working in the field of psychotherapy. In our article, traditional and modern studies of conversion are reviewed by some selected researchers, and some of the main themes, models and metaphors they use are discussed. These approaches are very important in terms of their scope, range, claims, methods, topics, basic assumptions and internal consistency. According to this; one of the groundbreaking studies on the sociology of conversion is the famous article by J. Lofland & R. Stark entitled "Becoming a World-Saver: A Theory of Conversion to a Deviant Perspective (1965)". With this study there was a break from the pacifist approach to the activist approach in religious conversion studies. Roger Straus in his work titled "Religious Conversion as a Personal and Collective Accomplishment" (1979) is important in terms of handling religious conversion in an individual and group focus. James Richardson's "The Active vs. Passive Convert: Paradigm Conflict in Conversion/Recruitment Research” (1985) on the other hand, included the paradigm conflict between the concepts of active and passive conversion. Max Heirich's "Change of Heart: A Test of Some Wide Held Theories About Religious Conversion" (1997) has examined various theories of sociological transformation, questioning the validity of most current sociological transformation studies. In the study titled "The Sociology of Conversion" by Snow & Machalek in 1984, the subject of conversion within the scope of new religious movements was discussed, and why young people showed interest in these groups, how they were informed and their experiences were included. Again many studies to understand the transformation process have been guided by the "process model" of Lofland and Stark (1965). The Lofland & Stark model has been considered as a general model of the conversion process in studies. One of the last studies that deals with the subject of transformation from a sociological perspective; L. Rambo. L. Rambo made a valuable contribution to the field by presenting a seven-stage transformation process model

References

  • Gooren, H. (2010). Religious Conversion and Disaffiliation: Tracing Patterns of Change in Faith Practices, Palgrave Macmillan, United States.
  • Greil, A. L. & Rudy, D. R. (1984). ‘‘What Have We Learned from Process Models Of Conversion? An Examination of Ten Case Studies’’, Sociological Focus, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 305-323.
  • Greil, A. L. (1977). ‘‘Previous Dispositions and Conversion to Perspectives of Social and Religious Movements’’, Sociological Analysis, 1977, 38: 2, pp.115-125.
  • Heirich, M. (1997). ‘‘Change of Heart: A Test of Some Widely Held Theories about Religious Conversion’’, American Journal of Sociology, V. 83 No: 3: 653–680.
  • Jindra, I. W. (2014). New Model of Religious Conversion: Beyond Network Theory and Social Constructivism, Religion in the Americas Series, Brill.
  • Kirman, M. A. (2004). Din Değiştirme Olgusuna Sosyolojik Bir Yaklaşım, Dini Araştırmalar, Cilt: 6, S. 1.
  • Kling, D. W. (2014). ‘‘Conversion to Christianity’’, in the Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion, ed. by Rambo L. R. and Farhadian C. E., New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Köse, A. (2019). Neden İslam’ı Seçiyorlar: Müslüman Olan İngilizler Üzerine Psiko-Sosyolojik Bir İnceleme, İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık.
  • Lofland, J. & Stark, R. (1965). ‘‘Becoming a World-Saver: A Theory of Conversion to a Deviant Perspective’’, American Sociological Review, Vol. 30, No. 6, 862-875.
  • Lofland, J. (2017). Protest: Studies of Collective Behavior and Social Movements, Routledge, Third Avenue, New York.
  • Paloutzian, R. F. & Richardson, J. F. & Rambo, L. R. (1999). ‘‘Religious Conversion and Personality Change’’, Journal of Personality 67: 6, by Blackwell Publishers, USA.
  • Paloutzian, R. F. (2014). ‘‘Psychology of Religious Conversion and Spiritual Transformation’’, The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion Edited by Lewis R. Rambo and Charles E. F.
  • Rambo, L. R. & Steven C. B. (2011). ‘‘Psychology of Conversion and Spiritual Transformation’’, Pastoral Psychol, 61: 879-894.
  • Rambo, L. R. (1993). Understanding Religious Conversion, Yale University Press.
  • Rambo, L. R. (2010). ‘‘Conversion Studies, Pastoral Counseling, and Cultural Studies: Engaging and Embracing a New Paradigm’’, Pastoral Psychol, 59: 433–445.
  • Richardson, J. T. (1985). ‘‘The Active vs. Passive Convert: Paradigm Conflict in Conversion/Recruitment Research’’, Journal for The Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 163-179.
  • Snow, D. A. & Machalek, R. (1983). ‘‘As a Social Type, Sociological Theory’’, Vol. 1. 259-289.
  • Snow, D. A. & Machalek, R. (1984). ‘‘The Sociology of Conversion, Annual Review of Sociology’’, Vol. 10, pp. 167-190.
  • Snow, D. A. & Phillips, C. L. (1980). ‘’Lofland-Stark Conversion Model: A Critical Reassessment’’, Social Problems, Vol. 27, No. 4.
  • Straus, R. A. (1979). ‘‘Religious Conversion as a Personal and Collective Accomplishment’’, Sociological Analysis, Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 158-165, Published By: Oxford University Press.
  • Streib, H. & Keller, B. (2004). ‘‘Research Center for Biographical Studies in Contemporary Religion’’, University of Bielefeld, Vol: 26, No: 1, pp. 181-200, January, Germany.
  • William, J. (2014). Varieties of Religious Experience, October 17. [Ebook 621].
  • Yang, F. & Abel, A. (2014). ‘‘Sociology of Religious Conversion’’, In Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion, Edited by Rambo L. R. and Farhadian C. E., 140-296, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Din Değiştirme Konusunda Ortaya Konulan Bilimsel Yaklaşımlar

Year 2023, , 351 - 372, 31.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1240008

Abstract

Son yıllarda özellikle Avrupa ve Amerika’da din değiştirme ve dönüştürme kalıpları hakkında çok sayıda araştırma yapılmıştır. Antropologlar, tarihçiler, psikologlar, sosyologlar, teologlar ve psikoterapi alanında çalışanlar da dahil olmak üzere çok çeşitli akademik disiplinlerin birçok üyesi bu konuya ilgi göstermiştir. Makalemizde din değiştirmenin geleneksel ve modern çalışmaları, bazı seçilmiş araştırmacılar aracılığıyla gözden geçirilerek kullandıkları bazı temel temalar, modeller ve metaforlar ele alınmıştır. Bu yaklaşımlar; kapsamları, aralıkları, iddiaları, yöntemleri, konuları, temel varsayımları ve iç tutarlılıkları açısından oldukça önemlidir. Buna göre din değiştirme sosyolojisi üzerine çığır açan çalışmalardan biri, L. Lofland & R. Stark’ın ünlü makalesi ‘‘Becoming a World-Saver: A Theory of Conversion to a Deviant Perspective (1965)’’ başlığını taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmayla din değiştirme çalışmalarında pasifist yaklaşımdan aktivist yaklaşıma doğru bir kırılma gerçekleşmiştir. Roger Straus’ın, ‘‘Religious Conversion as a Personal and Collective Accomplishment’’ (1979) adlı çalışması din değiştirmeyi birey ve grup odaklı ele alması bakımından önemlidir. James Richardson’ın ‘‘The Active vs. Passive Convert: Paradigm Conflict in Conversion/ Recruitment Research’’ (1985) çalışması ise aktif ve pasif din değiştirme kavramları arasındaki paradigma çatışmasına yer vermiştir. Max Heirich’in ‘‘Change of Heart: A Test of Some Widely Held Theories About Religious Conversion’’ (1997) adlı çalışması çeşitli sosyolojik dönüşüm teorilerini incelemiş, mevcut sosyolojik dönüşüm çalışmasının çoğunun geçerliliğini sorgulamıştır. Snow & Machalek’in 1984 yılında yapmış olduğu ‘‘The Sociology of Conversion” adlı çalışmada yeni dini hareketler kapsamında din değiştirme konusu ele alınmış, gençlerin bu dini gruplara neden ilgi gösterdikleri, gruplardan nasıl haberdar oldukları ve bu gruplara katılımlarıyla ilgili olarak yaşadıkları deneyimlere yer verilmiştir. Yine dönüşüm sürecini anlamaya yönelik birçok araştırma Lofland & Stark’ın (1965) ‘‘süreç modeli’’ tarafından yönlendirilmiştir. Söz konusu model, bu tarz çalışmalarda din değiştirme sürecinin genel bir versiyonu olarak ele alınmıştır. Dönüşüm konusunu sosyolojik açıdan ele alan son çalışmalardan bir diğeri ise; Lewis Rambo’ya aittir. L. Rambo yedi aşamalı bir dönüşüm süreç modeli ortaya koyarak alana değerli bir katkı sağlamıştır

References

  • Gooren, H. (2010). Religious Conversion and Disaffiliation: Tracing Patterns of Change in Faith Practices, Palgrave Macmillan, United States.
  • Greil, A. L. & Rudy, D. R. (1984). ‘‘What Have We Learned from Process Models Of Conversion? An Examination of Ten Case Studies’’, Sociological Focus, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 305-323.
  • Greil, A. L. (1977). ‘‘Previous Dispositions and Conversion to Perspectives of Social and Religious Movements’’, Sociological Analysis, 1977, 38: 2, pp.115-125.
  • Heirich, M. (1997). ‘‘Change of Heart: A Test of Some Widely Held Theories about Religious Conversion’’, American Journal of Sociology, V. 83 No: 3: 653–680.
  • Jindra, I. W. (2014). New Model of Religious Conversion: Beyond Network Theory and Social Constructivism, Religion in the Americas Series, Brill.
  • Kirman, M. A. (2004). Din Değiştirme Olgusuna Sosyolojik Bir Yaklaşım, Dini Araştırmalar, Cilt: 6, S. 1.
  • Kling, D. W. (2014). ‘‘Conversion to Christianity’’, in the Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion, ed. by Rambo L. R. and Farhadian C. E., New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Köse, A. (2019). Neden İslam’ı Seçiyorlar: Müslüman Olan İngilizler Üzerine Psiko-Sosyolojik Bir İnceleme, İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık.
  • Lofland, J. & Stark, R. (1965). ‘‘Becoming a World-Saver: A Theory of Conversion to a Deviant Perspective’’, American Sociological Review, Vol. 30, No. 6, 862-875.
  • Lofland, J. (2017). Protest: Studies of Collective Behavior and Social Movements, Routledge, Third Avenue, New York.
  • Paloutzian, R. F. & Richardson, J. F. & Rambo, L. R. (1999). ‘‘Religious Conversion and Personality Change’’, Journal of Personality 67: 6, by Blackwell Publishers, USA.
  • Paloutzian, R. F. (2014). ‘‘Psychology of Religious Conversion and Spiritual Transformation’’, The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion Edited by Lewis R. Rambo and Charles E. F.
  • Rambo, L. R. & Steven C. B. (2011). ‘‘Psychology of Conversion and Spiritual Transformation’’, Pastoral Psychol, 61: 879-894.
  • Rambo, L. R. (1993). Understanding Religious Conversion, Yale University Press.
  • Rambo, L. R. (2010). ‘‘Conversion Studies, Pastoral Counseling, and Cultural Studies: Engaging and Embracing a New Paradigm’’, Pastoral Psychol, 59: 433–445.
  • Richardson, J. T. (1985). ‘‘The Active vs. Passive Convert: Paradigm Conflict in Conversion/Recruitment Research’’, Journal for The Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 163-179.
  • Snow, D. A. & Machalek, R. (1983). ‘‘As a Social Type, Sociological Theory’’, Vol. 1. 259-289.
  • Snow, D. A. & Machalek, R. (1984). ‘‘The Sociology of Conversion, Annual Review of Sociology’’, Vol. 10, pp. 167-190.
  • Snow, D. A. & Phillips, C. L. (1980). ‘’Lofland-Stark Conversion Model: A Critical Reassessment’’, Social Problems, Vol. 27, No. 4.
  • Straus, R. A. (1979). ‘‘Religious Conversion as a Personal and Collective Accomplishment’’, Sociological Analysis, Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 158-165, Published By: Oxford University Press.
  • Streib, H. & Keller, B. (2004). ‘‘Research Center for Biographical Studies in Contemporary Religion’’, University of Bielefeld, Vol: 26, No: 1, pp. 181-200, January, Germany.
  • William, J. (2014). Varieties of Religious Experience, October 17. [Ebook 621].
  • Yang, F. & Abel, A. (2014). ‘‘Sociology of Religious Conversion’’, In Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion, Edited by Rambo L. R. and Farhadian C. E., 140-296, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
There are 23 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sociology, Religious Studies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Sümeyye Asan 0000-0001-6551-5548

Publication Date March 31, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

APA Asan, S. (2023). Din Değiştirme Konusunda Ortaya Konulan Bilimsel Yaklaşımlar. İnsan Ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(1), 351-372. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1240008
İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi  Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.