Orta Doğu’da Karmaşık İttifaklar ve Sürüklenme: İsrail-İran Savaşı

Abdullah Erboğa

doi:10.15869/itobiad.1825478

Research Article

Year 2026, Volume: 15 Issue: 1 , 399 - 418 , 31.03.2026

Abdullah Erboğa

https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1825478

https://izlik.org/JA63DK99DA

Abstract

References

Aljazeera. (2025). Russia and Iran presidents sign partnership treaty in Moscow. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/17/russia-and-iran-presidents-sign-partnership-treaty-in-moscow
Alptekin, H. (2025). Türkiye’nin Grand Stratejisi: Kavramsal Bir Giriş. İstanbul: Paradigma Yayınları.
Azizi, H. (2025). Strategic Transactionalism: The Iran-Russia Partnership. The Middle East Council on Global Affairs. Issue Brief. https://mecouncil.org/publication/strategic-transactionalism-the-iran-russia-partnership/
BBC. (2016). US approves record $38bn Israel military aid deal. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-37345444
BBC. (2025). İran'ın Katar'daki ABD üssüne füze saldırısı hakkında neler biliyoruz? https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/cvg9rkw8ngwo
Beach, D., & Pedersen, R. B. (2013). Process tracing methods: foundation and guidelines. University of Michigan Press.
Beckley, M. (2015). The Myth of Entangling Alliances: Reassessing the Security Risks of U.S. Defense Pacts. International Security, 39(4), 7–48.
Beckley, M. (2018). Unrivaled: Why America Will Remain the World’s Sole Superpower. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
Bennett, A., & Checkel, J. T. (2015). Process tracing: From philosophical roots to best practices. In A. Bennett & J. T. Checkel (Eds.), Process Tracing: From Metaphor to Analytic Tool (pp. 3–38). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brooks, S. G., & Wohlforth, W. C. (2015). The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers in the Twenty-first Century: China’s Rise and the Fate of America’s Global Position. International Security, 40(3), 7–53. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/ISEC_a_00225
Brooks, S. G. & W. C. Wohlforth. (2016). America Abroad: The United States’ Global Role in the 21st Century. New York: Oxford University Press.
Christensen, T. J., & Snyder, J. (1990). Chain gangs and passed bucks: predicting alliance patterns in multipolarity. International Organization, 44(2), 137–168.
Chughtai, Alia. (2025). Visualising 12 days of the Israel-Iran Conflict. Aljazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/6/26/visualising-12-days-of-the-israel-iran-conflict
Çetin, İ., & Akçapa, M. (2024). Soğuk Savaş Sonrası İran-Rusya İlişkileri: Teşvik Edici Ve Sınırlandırıcı Faktörler. İran Çalışmaları Dergisi, 8(1), 53-79. https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.1429178
Davidson, J. W. (2020). America's Entangling Alliances: 1778 to the Present. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
Dumbrell, J. (2009). Clinton's Foreign Policy: Between the Bushes, 1992-2000 (1st ed.). Routledge.
Fabian, E. (2025) Medical officials say 28 people were killed, over 3,000 wounded by Iranian missiles during Conflict. Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/medical-officials-say-28-people-were-killed-over-3000-wounded-by-iranian-missiles-during-conflict/
Fromkin, D. (1970). Entangling Alliances. Foreign Affairs, 48(4), 688–700.
Gartner, H. (2001). Small States and Alliances. In Reiter, E. & Gartner, H. (eds) Small States and Alliances. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Güneylioğlu, M. (2023). The Russia-Iran Alignment in the Middle East: The Main Dynamics and Limits of the Bilateral Security Cooperation. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 23(1), 50-62. https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.1170448
Hird, K. and Fitzpatrick, K. (2025). The Russia-Iran Coalition Deepens. Institute for the Study of War. Washington.
Horton, J., Sargeant, P. and King, R. L. (2025). ABD, İran'daki nükleer tesisleri nasıl vurdu? BBC Türkçe. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/cp86ne0r1mno
Kortunov, A. (2025). The Middle East Escalation: a View From Moscow. Russian International Affairs Council. https://russiancouncil.ru/en/analytics-and-comments/analytics/the-middle-east-escalation-a-view-from-moscow/
Kozhanov, N. (2025). Five Principles of Russia’s New Middle East Policy. Riddle. https://ridl.io/five-principles-of-russia-s-new-middle-east-policy/
Kuchins, A.C. (2015). Mismatched Partners: US-Russia Relations after the Cold War. In: Cadier, D., Light, M. (eds) Russia’s Foreign Policy. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Kaplan, Amy. (2018). Our American Israel: The Story of an Entangled Alliance. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press
Lake, David A. (1999). Entangling Relations: American Foreign Policy in Its Century. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Lind, J. (2024). Back to Bipolarity: How China's Rise Transformed the Balance of Power. International Security; 49 (2): 7–55. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00494
Liska, G. (1968). Nations in Alliance: The Limits of Interdependence. Second edition. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
Little, D. J. (2014). Impatient Crusaders: The Making of America’s Informal Empire in the Middle East. In F. Costigliola & M. J. Hogan (Eds.), America in the World: The Historiography of American Foreign Relations since 1941 (pp. 212–235). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mandelbaum, M. (1981). The Nuclear Revolution: International Politics Before and After Hiroshima. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mallett, E., & Juneau, T. (2023). A Neoclassical Realist Theory of Overbalancing. Global Studies Quarterly, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/isagsq/ksad023
Margoev, A. (2024). Long Time No Strategic Partnership: Sources of (In)Coherence Between Russia and Iran. In Vladimir Orlov & Elena Karnaukhova (Eds). Security Index Yearbook Vol.1 2024-2025 Global Edition. https://pircenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Security-Index-Yearbook-2024-2025-by-PIRMGIMO-Vol.1.pdf
Mearsheimer, John J. & Walt, Stephen M. (2007). The Israel Lobby and US Foreign Policy. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Mearsheimer, John J. (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
Miller, B. (2007). States, Nations, and the Great Powers: The Sources of Regional War and Peace. Cambridge University Press.
Morgenthau, H. J. (1954). Politics among nations: the struggle for power and peace. Knopf.
Pancevski, B. (2025). Putin Says Russia Continuing Nuclear Power Cooperation With Iran. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/iran-israel-conflict-news/card/putin-says-russia-continuing-nuclear-power-cooperation-with-iran-HA48nfLPfRq4OluJKizN
Posen, B. R. (2014). Restraint: A New Foundation for U.S. Grand Strategy. Cornell University Press.
Pisciotta, B. (2020). Russian revisionism in the Putin era: an overview of post-communist military interventions in Georgia, Ukraine, and Syria. Italian Political Science Review, 50(1), 87–106.
Saltzman, I. (2024). Israel and the United States, In J. Peters & R. G. Pinfold (Eds.), Routledge Handbook on Israel’s Foreign Relations, ss.167-179, London and New York: Routledge.
Sharp, C. M. (2025). U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel: Overview and Developments since October 7, 2023. (CRS Report No. RL33222). Congressional Research Service. Updated May 28, 2025.
Schweller, R. L. (1994). Bandwagoning for Profit: Bringing the Revisionist State Back. International Security, 19, 72-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2539149
Schweller, Randall L. (1998). Deadly Imbalances: Tripolarity and Hitler's Strategy of World Conquest. New York: Columbia University Press.
Schonberg, Karl K. (2009). Constructing 21st Century U.S. Foreign Policy: Identity, Ideology, and America’s World Role in a New Era. New York: Palgrave Macmillian.
Shamala, R.A. (2025). Iran, Russia sign $25B deal to build 4 nuclear power plants in southern Iran. Anadolu Agency. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/iran-russia-sign-25b-deal-to-build-4-nuclear-power-plants-in-southern-iran/3700057
Snyder, G. H. (1984). The Security Dilemma in Alliance Politics. World Politics, 36(4), 461–495.
Snyder, G. H. (1997). Alliance Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Wolfers, Arnold. (1962). Discord and Collaboration: Essays on International Politics. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press.
Tabatabai, A. M. (2020). No Conquest, No Defeat: Iran’s National Security Strategy. New York: Oxford University Press.
Tal, D. (2022). The Making of an Alliance: The Origins and Development of the US–Israel Relationship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tazmini, G. (2023). Power Couple: Russian-Iranian Alignment in the Middle East. I.B. Tauris Bloomsbury Publishing.
U.S. Department of State. (2025). U.S. Security Cooperation with Israel. https://www.state.gov/u-s-security-cooperation-with-israel
Vasiliev, A. (2018). Russia’s Middle East Policy: From Lenin to Putin. New York: Routledge.
Walt, S. M. (1987). The origins of alliances. Cornell University Press.
Walt, S. M. (2009). Alliances in a Unipolar World. World Politics, 61(1), 86–120.
Waltz, K. (1979). Theory of International Politics. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Year 2026, Volume: 15 Issue: 1 , 399 - 418 , 31.03.2026

Abdullah Erboğa

https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1825478

https://izlik.org/JA63DK99DA

Abstract

References

Aljazeera. (2025). Russia and Iran presidents sign partnership treaty in Moscow. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/17/russia-and-iran-presidents-sign-partnership-treaty-in-moscow
Alptekin, H. (2025). Türkiye’nin Grand Stratejisi: Kavramsal Bir Giriş. İstanbul: Paradigma Yayınları.
Azizi, H. (2025). Strategic Transactionalism: The Iran-Russia Partnership. The Middle East Council on Global Affairs. Issue Brief. https://mecouncil.org/publication/strategic-transactionalism-the-iran-russia-partnership/
BBC. (2016). US approves record $38bn Israel military aid deal. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-37345444
BBC. (2025). İran'ın Katar'daki ABD üssüne füze saldırısı hakkında neler biliyoruz? https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/cvg9rkw8ngwo
Beach, D., & Pedersen, R. B. (2013). Process tracing methods: foundation and guidelines. University of Michigan Press.
Beckley, M. (2015). The Myth of Entangling Alliances: Reassessing the Security Risks of U.S. Defense Pacts. International Security, 39(4), 7–48.
Beckley, M. (2018). Unrivaled: Why America Will Remain the World’s Sole Superpower. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
Bennett, A., & Checkel, J. T. (2015). Process tracing: From philosophical roots to best practices. In A. Bennett & J. T. Checkel (Eds.), Process Tracing: From Metaphor to Analytic Tool (pp. 3–38). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brooks, S. G., & Wohlforth, W. C. (2015). The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers in the Twenty-first Century: China’s Rise and the Fate of America’s Global Position. International Security, 40(3), 7–53. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/ISEC_a_00225
Brooks, S. G. & W. C. Wohlforth. (2016). America Abroad: The United States’ Global Role in the 21st Century. New York: Oxford University Press.
Christensen, T. J., & Snyder, J. (1990). Chain gangs and passed bucks: predicting alliance patterns in multipolarity. International Organization, 44(2), 137–168.
Chughtai, Alia. (2025). Visualising 12 days of the Israel-Iran Conflict. Aljazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/6/26/visualising-12-days-of-the-israel-iran-conflict
Çetin, İ., & Akçapa, M. (2024). Soğuk Savaş Sonrası İran-Rusya İlişkileri: Teşvik Edici Ve Sınırlandırıcı Faktörler. İran Çalışmaları Dergisi, 8(1), 53-79. https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.1429178
Davidson, J. W. (2020). America's Entangling Alliances: 1778 to the Present. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
Dumbrell, J. (2009). Clinton's Foreign Policy: Between the Bushes, 1992-2000 (1st ed.). Routledge.
Fabian, E. (2025) Medical officials say 28 people were killed, over 3,000 wounded by Iranian missiles during Conflict. Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/medical-officials-say-28-people-were-killed-over-3000-wounded-by-iranian-missiles-during-conflict/
Fromkin, D. (1970). Entangling Alliances. Foreign Affairs, 48(4), 688–700.
Gartner, H. (2001). Small States and Alliances. In Reiter, E. & Gartner, H. (eds) Small States and Alliances. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Güneylioğlu, M. (2023). The Russia-Iran Alignment in the Middle East: The Main Dynamics and Limits of the Bilateral Security Cooperation. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 23(1), 50-62. https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.1170448
Hird, K. and Fitzpatrick, K. (2025). The Russia-Iran Coalition Deepens. Institute for the Study of War. Washington.
Horton, J., Sargeant, P. and King, R. L. (2025). ABD, İran'daki nükleer tesisleri nasıl vurdu? BBC Türkçe. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/cp86ne0r1mno
Kortunov, A. (2025). The Middle East Escalation: a View From Moscow. Russian International Affairs Council. https://russiancouncil.ru/en/analytics-and-comments/analytics/the-middle-east-escalation-a-view-from-moscow/
Kozhanov, N. (2025). Five Principles of Russia’s New Middle East Policy. Riddle. https://ridl.io/five-principles-of-russia-s-new-middle-east-policy/
Kuchins, A.C. (2015). Mismatched Partners: US-Russia Relations after the Cold War. In: Cadier, D., Light, M. (eds) Russia’s Foreign Policy. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Kaplan, Amy. (2018). Our American Israel: The Story of an Entangled Alliance. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press
Lake, David A. (1999). Entangling Relations: American Foreign Policy in Its Century. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Lind, J. (2024). Back to Bipolarity: How China's Rise Transformed the Balance of Power. International Security; 49 (2): 7–55. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00494
Liska, G. (1968). Nations in Alliance: The Limits of Interdependence. Second edition. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
Little, D. J. (2014). Impatient Crusaders: The Making of America’s Informal Empire in the Middle East. In F. Costigliola & M. J. Hogan (Eds.), America in the World: The Historiography of American Foreign Relations since 1941 (pp. 212–235). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mandelbaum, M. (1981). The Nuclear Revolution: International Politics Before and After Hiroshima. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mallett, E., & Juneau, T. (2023). A Neoclassical Realist Theory of Overbalancing. Global Studies Quarterly, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/isagsq/ksad023
Margoev, A. (2024). Long Time No Strategic Partnership: Sources of (In)Coherence Between Russia and Iran. In Vladimir Orlov & Elena Karnaukhova (Eds). Security Index Yearbook Vol.1 2024-2025 Global Edition. https://pircenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Security-Index-Yearbook-2024-2025-by-PIRMGIMO-Vol.1.pdf
Mearsheimer, John J. & Walt, Stephen M. (2007). The Israel Lobby and US Foreign Policy. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Mearsheimer, John J. (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
Miller, B. (2007). States, Nations, and the Great Powers: The Sources of Regional War and Peace. Cambridge University Press.
Morgenthau, H. J. (1954). Politics among nations: the struggle for power and peace. Knopf.
Pancevski, B. (2025). Putin Says Russia Continuing Nuclear Power Cooperation With Iran. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/iran-israel-conflict-news/card/putin-says-russia-continuing-nuclear-power-cooperation-with-iran-HA48nfLPfRq4OluJKizN
Posen, B. R. (2014). Restraint: A New Foundation for U.S. Grand Strategy. Cornell University Press.
Pisciotta, B. (2020). Russian revisionism in the Putin era: an overview of post-communist military interventions in Georgia, Ukraine, and Syria. Italian Political Science Review, 50(1), 87–106.
Saltzman, I. (2024). Israel and the United States, In J. Peters & R. G. Pinfold (Eds.), Routledge Handbook on Israel’s Foreign Relations, ss.167-179, London and New York: Routledge.
Sharp, C. M. (2025). U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel: Overview and Developments since October 7, 2023. (CRS Report No. RL33222). Congressional Research Service. Updated May 28, 2025.
Schweller, R. L. (1994). Bandwagoning for Profit: Bringing the Revisionist State Back. International Security, 19, 72-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2539149
Schweller, Randall L. (1998). Deadly Imbalances: Tripolarity and Hitler's Strategy of World Conquest. New York: Columbia University Press.
Schonberg, Karl K. (2009). Constructing 21st Century U.S. Foreign Policy: Identity, Ideology, and America’s World Role in a New Era. New York: Palgrave Macmillian.
Shamala, R.A. (2025). Iran, Russia sign $25B deal to build 4 nuclear power plants in southern Iran. Anadolu Agency. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/iran-russia-sign-25b-deal-to-build-4-nuclear-power-plants-in-southern-iran/3700057
Snyder, G. H. (1984). The Security Dilemma in Alliance Politics. World Politics, 36(4), 461–495.
Snyder, G. H. (1997). Alliance Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Wolfers, Arnold. (1962). Discord and Collaboration: Essays on International Politics. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press.
Tabatabai, A. M. (2020). No Conquest, No Defeat: Iran’s National Security Strategy. New York: Oxford University Press.
Tal, D. (2022). The Making of an Alliance: The Origins and Development of the US–Israel Relationship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tazmini, G. (2023). Power Couple: Russian-Iranian Alignment in the Middle East. I.B. Tauris Bloomsbury Publishing.
U.S. Department of State. (2025). U.S. Security Cooperation with Israel. https://www.state.gov/u-s-security-cooperation-with-israel
Vasiliev, A. (2018). Russia’s Middle East Policy: From Lenin to Putin. New York: Routledge.
Walt, S. M. (1987). The origins of alliances. Cornell University Press.
Walt, S. M. (2009). Alliances in a Unipolar World. World Politics, 61(1), 86–120.
Waltz, K. (1979). Theory of International Politics. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Year 2026, Volume: 15 Issue: 1 , 399 - 418 , 31.03.2026

Abdullah Erboğa

https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1825478

https://izlik.org/JA63DK99DA

Abstract

References

Aljazeera. (2025). Russia and Iran presidents sign partnership treaty in Moscow. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/17/russia-and-iran-presidents-sign-partnership-treaty-in-moscow
Alptekin, H. (2025). Türkiye’nin Grand Stratejisi: Kavramsal Bir Giriş. İstanbul: Paradigma Yayınları.
Azizi, H. (2025). Strategic Transactionalism: The Iran-Russia Partnership. The Middle East Council on Global Affairs. Issue Brief. https://mecouncil.org/publication/strategic-transactionalism-the-iran-russia-partnership/
BBC. (2016). US approves record $38bn Israel military aid deal. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-37345444
BBC. (2025). İran'ın Katar'daki ABD üssüne füze saldırısı hakkında neler biliyoruz? https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/cvg9rkw8ngwo
Beach, D., & Pedersen, R. B. (2013). Process tracing methods: foundation and guidelines. University of Michigan Press.
Beckley, M. (2015). The Myth of Entangling Alliances: Reassessing the Security Risks of U.S. Defense Pacts. International Security, 39(4), 7–48.
Beckley, M. (2018). Unrivaled: Why America Will Remain the World’s Sole Superpower. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
Bennett, A., & Checkel, J. T. (2015). Process tracing: From philosophical roots to best practices. In A. Bennett & J. T. Checkel (Eds.), Process Tracing: From Metaphor to Analytic Tool (pp. 3–38). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brooks, S. G., & Wohlforth, W. C. (2015). The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers in the Twenty-first Century: China’s Rise and the Fate of America’s Global Position. International Security, 40(3), 7–53. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/ISEC_a_00225
Brooks, S. G. & W. C. Wohlforth. (2016). America Abroad: The United States’ Global Role in the 21st Century. New York: Oxford University Press.
Christensen, T. J., & Snyder, J. (1990). Chain gangs and passed bucks: predicting alliance patterns in multipolarity. International Organization, 44(2), 137–168.
Chughtai, Alia. (2025). Visualising 12 days of the Israel-Iran Conflict. Aljazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/6/26/visualising-12-days-of-the-israel-iran-conflict
Çetin, İ., & Akçapa, M. (2024). Soğuk Savaş Sonrası İran-Rusya İlişkileri: Teşvik Edici Ve Sınırlandırıcı Faktörler. İran Çalışmaları Dergisi, 8(1), 53-79. https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.1429178
Davidson, J. W. (2020). America's Entangling Alliances: 1778 to the Present. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
Dumbrell, J. (2009). Clinton's Foreign Policy: Between the Bushes, 1992-2000 (1st ed.). Routledge.
Fabian, E. (2025) Medical officials say 28 people were killed, over 3,000 wounded by Iranian missiles during Conflict. Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/medical-officials-say-28-people-were-killed-over-3000-wounded-by-iranian-missiles-during-conflict/
Fromkin, D. (1970). Entangling Alliances. Foreign Affairs, 48(4), 688–700.
Gartner, H. (2001). Small States and Alliances. In Reiter, E. & Gartner, H. (eds) Small States and Alliances. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Güneylioğlu, M. (2023). The Russia-Iran Alignment in the Middle East: The Main Dynamics and Limits of the Bilateral Security Cooperation. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 23(1), 50-62. https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.1170448
Hird, K. and Fitzpatrick, K. (2025). The Russia-Iran Coalition Deepens. Institute for the Study of War. Washington.
Horton, J., Sargeant, P. and King, R. L. (2025). ABD, İran'daki nükleer tesisleri nasıl vurdu? BBC Türkçe. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/cp86ne0r1mno
Kortunov, A. (2025). The Middle East Escalation: a View From Moscow. Russian International Affairs Council. https://russiancouncil.ru/en/analytics-and-comments/analytics/the-middle-east-escalation-a-view-from-moscow/
Kozhanov, N. (2025). Five Principles of Russia’s New Middle East Policy. Riddle. https://ridl.io/five-principles-of-russia-s-new-middle-east-policy/
Kuchins, A.C. (2015). Mismatched Partners: US-Russia Relations after the Cold War. In: Cadier, D., Light, M. (eds) Russia’s Foreign Policy. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Kaplan, Amy. (2018). Our American Israel: The Story of an Entangled Alliance. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press
Lake, David A. (1999). Entangling Relations: American Foreign Policy in Its Century. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Lind, J. (2024). Back to Bipolarity: How China's Rise Transformed the Balance of Power. International Security; 49 (2): 7–55. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00494
Liska, G. (1968). Nations in Alliance: The Limits of Interdependence. Second edition. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
Little, D. J. (2014). Impatient Crusaders: The Making of America’s Informal Empire in the Middle East. In F. Costigliola & M. J. Hogan (Eds.), America in the World: The Historiography of American Foreign Relations since 1941 (pp. 212–235). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mandelbaum, M. (1981). The Nuclear Revolution: International Politics Before and After Hiroshima. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mallett, E., & Juneau, T. (2023). A Neoclassical Realist Theory of Overbalancing. Global Studies Quarterly, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/isagsq/ksad023
Margoev, A. (2024). Long Time No Strategic Partnership: Sources of (In)Coherence Between Russia and Iran. In Vladimir Orlov & Elena Karnaukhova (Eds). Security Index Yearbook Vol.1 2024-2025 Global Edition. https://pircenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Security-Index-Yearbook-2024-2025-by-PIRMGIMO-Vol.1.pdf
Mearsheimer, John J. & Walt, Stephen M. (2007). The Israel Lobby and US Foreign Policy. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Mearsheimer, John J. (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
Miller, B. (2007). States, Nations, and the Great Powers: The Sources of Regional War and Peace. Cambridge University Press.
Morgenthau, H. J. (1954). Politics among nations: the struggle for power and peace. Knopf.
Pancevski, B. (2025). Putin Says Russia Continuing Nuclear Power Cooperation With Iran. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/iran-israel-conflict-news/card/putin-says-russia-continuing-nuclear-power-cooperation-with-iran-HA48nfLPfRq4OluJKizN
Posen, B. R. (2014). Restraint: A New Foundation for U.S. Grand Strategy. Cornell University Press.
Pisciotta, B. (2020). Russian revisionism in the Putin era: an overview of post-communist military interventions in Georgia, Ukraine, and Syria. Italian Political Science Review, 50(1), 87–106.
Saltzman, I. (2024). Israel and the United States, In J. Peters & R. G. Pinfold (Eds.), Routledge Handbook on Israel’s Foreign Relations, ss.167-179, London and New York: Routledge.
Sharp, C. M. (2025). U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel: Overview and Developments since October 7, 2023. (CRS Report No. RL33222). Congressional Research Service. Updated May 28, 2025.
Schweller, R. L. (1994). Bandwagoning for Profit: Bringing the Revisionist State Back. International Security, 19, 72-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2539149
Schweller, Randall L. (1998). Deadly Imbalances: Tripolarity and Hitler's Strategy of World Conquest. New York: Columbia University Press.
Schonberg, Karl K. (2009). Constructing 21st Century U.S. Foreign Policy: Identity, Ideology, and America’s World Role in a New Era. New York: Palgrave Macmillian.
Shamala, R.A. (2025). Iran, Russia sign $25B deal to build 4 nuclear power plants in southern Iran. Anadolu Agency. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/iran-russia-sign-25b-deal-to-build-4-nuclear-power-plants-in-southern-iran/3700057
Snyder, G. H. (1984). The Security Dilemma in Alliance Politics. World Politics, 36(4), 461–495.
Snyder, G. H. (1997). Alliance Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Wolfers, Arnold. (1962). Discord and Collaboration: Essays on International Politics. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press.
Tabatabai, A. M. (2020). No Conquest, No Defeat: Iran’s National Security Strategy. New York: Oxford University Press.
Tal, D. (2022). The Making of an Alliance: The Origins and Development of the US–Israel Relationship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tazmini, G. (2023). Power Couple: Russian-Iranian Alignment in the Middle East. I.B. Tauris Bloomsbury Publishing.
U.S. Department of State. (2025). U.S. Security Cooperation with Israel. https://www.state.gov/u-s-security-cooperation-with-israel
Vasiliev, A. (2018). Russia’s Middle East Policy: From Lenin to Putin. New York: Routledge.
Walt, S. M. (1987). The origins of alliances. Cornell University Press.
Walt, S. M. (2009). Alliances in a Unipolar World. World Politics, 61(1), 86–120.
Waltz, K. (1979). Theory of International Politics. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Entangling Alliances and Entrapment in the Middle East: Israel-Iran War

Year 2026, Volume: 15 Issue: 1 , 399 - 418 , 31.03.2026

Abdullah Erboğa

https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1825478

https://izlik.org/JA63DK99DA

Abstract

This study focuses on the concepts of entanglement and entrapment, and attempts to analyze the behavior of the super/great powers allied with the parties involved in the Israel-Iran War (2025). The research question of the study is: why did the US face the threat of entrapment by siding with its ally Israel, while Russia did not enter the war despite its alliance with Iran? It is crucial to reveal how the risks of entanglement and entrapment arise in alliance relations and how states respond when faced with these risks. In Middle Eastern alliance politics, the commitments of great powers to their allies influence the stability and instability of the region. Explaining the stance of the super/great powers in the Israel-Iran War will both reveal the extent of the systemic impact in the Middle East and help understand the causes of entanglement and entrapment in alliances. In addition, process tracing and case analysis, which are frequently used in qualitative research, were used in the study. It is important to note that the U.S., which has adopted an isolationist grand strategy, has been forced to entrap itself in war due to its entangling alliances with Israel. However, Russia, which has avoided defense commitments towards Iran, appears not to be being entrapped in war. This article attempts to explain the entrapment of states into war through the variables of polarity and alliance commitments. In conclusion, the study finds that structural conditions and the legal basis of alliances are decisive in the entrapment.

Keywords

Entangling Alliances , Entrapment , U.S. , Russia , Israel-Iran War.

References

Aljazeera. (2025). Russia and Iran presidents sign partnership treaty in Moscow. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/17/russia-and-iran-presidents-sign-partnership-treaty-in-moscow
Alptekin, H. (2025). Türkiye’nin Grand Stratejisi: Kavramsal Bir Giriş. İstanbul: Paradigma Yayınları.
Azizi, H. (2025). Strategic Transactionalism: The Iran-Russia Partnership. The Middle East Council on Global Affairs. Issue Brief. https://mecouncil.org/publication/strategic-transactionalism-the-iran-russia-partnership/
BBC. (2016). US approves record $38bn Israel military aid deal. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-37345444
BBC. (2025). İran'ın Katar'daki ABD üssüne füze saldırısı hakkında neler biliyoruz? https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/cvg9rkw8ngwo
Beach, D., & Pedersen, R. B. (2013). Process tracing methods: foundation and guidelines. University of Michigan Press.
Beckley, M. (2015). The Myth of Entangling Alliances: Reassessing the Security Risks of U.S. Defense Pacts. International Security, 39(4), 7–48.
Beckley, M. (2018). Unrivaled: Why America Will Remain the World’s Sole Superpower. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
Bennett, A., & Checkel, J. T. (2015). Process tracing: From philosophical roots to best practices. In A. Bennett & J. T. Checkel (Eds.), Process Tracing: From Metaphor to Analytic Tool (pp. 3–38). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brooks, S. G., & Wohlforth, W. C. (2015). The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers in the Twenty-first Century: China’s Rise and the Fate of America’s Global Position. International Security, 40(3), 7–53. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/ISEC_a_00225
Brooks, S. G. & W. C. Wohlforth. (2016). America Abroad: The United States’ Global Role in the 21st Century. New York: Oxford University Press.
Christensen, T. J., & Snyder, J. (1990). Chain gangs and passed bucks: predicting alliance patterns in multipolarity. International Organization, 44(2), 137–168.
Chughtai, Alia. (2025). Visualising 12 days of the Israel-Iran Conflict. Aljazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/6/26/visualising-12-days-of-the-israel-iran-conflict
Çetin, İ., & Akçapa, M. (2024). Soğuk Savaş Sonrası İran-Rusya İlişkileri: Teşvik Edici Ve Sınırlandırıcı Faktörler. İran Çalışmaları Dergisi, 8(1), 53-79. https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.1429178
Davidson, J. W. (2020). America's Entangling Alliances: 1778 to the Present. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
Dumbrell, J. (2009). Clinton's Foreign Policy: Between the Bushes, 1992-2000 (1st ed.). Routledge.
Fabian, E. (2025) Medical officials say 28 people were killed, over 3,000 wounded by Iranian missiles during Conflict. Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/medical-officials-say-28-people-were-killed-over-3000-wounded-by-iranian-missiles-during-conflict/
Fromkin, D. (1970). Entangling Alliances. Foreign Affairs, 48(4), 688–700.
Gartner, H. (2001). Small States and Alliances. In Reiter, E. & Gartner, H. (eds) Small States and Alliances. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Güneylioğlu, M. (2023). The Russia-Iran Alignment in the Middle East: The Main Dynamics and Limits of the Bilateral Security Cooperation. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 23(1), 50-62. https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.1170448
Hird, K. and Fitzpatrick, K. (2025). The Russia-Iran Coalition Deepens. Institute for the Study of War. Washington.
Horton, J., Sargeant, P. and King, R. L. (2025). ABD, İran'daki nükleer tesisleri nasıl vurdu? BBC Türkçe. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/cp86ne0r1mno
Kortunov, A. (2025). The Middle East Escalation: a View From Moscow. Russian International Affairs Council. https://russiancouncil.ru/en/analytics-and-comments/analytics/the-middle-east-escalation-a-view-from-moscow/
Kozhanov, N. (2025). Five Principles of Russia’s New Middle East Policy. Riddle. https://ridl.io/five-principles-of-russia-s-new-middle-east-policy/
Kuchins, A.C. (2015). Mismatched Partners: US-Russia Relations after the Cold War. In: Cadier, D., Light, M. (eds) Russia’s Foreign Policy. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Kaplan, Amy. (2018). Our American Israel: The Story of an Entangled Alliance. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press
Lake, David A. (1999). Entangling Relations: American Foreign Policy in Its Century. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Lind, J. (2024). Back to Bipolarity: How China's Rise Transformed the Balance of Power. International Security; 49 (2): 7–55. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00494
Liska, G. (1968). Nations in Alliance: The Limits of Interdependence. Second edition. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
Little, D. J. (2014). Impatient Crusaders: The Making of America’s Informal Empire in the Middle East. In F. Costigliola & M. J. Hogan (Eds.), America in the World: The Historiography of American Foreign Relations since 1941 (pp. 212–235). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mandelbaum, M. (1981). The Nuclear Revolution: International Politics Before and After Hiroshima. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mallett, E., & Juneau, T. (2023). A Neoclassical Realist Theory of Overbalancing. Global Studies Quarterly, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/isagsq/ksad023
Margoev, A. (2024). Long Time No Strategic Partnership: Sources of (In)Coherence Between Russia and Iran. In Vladimir Orlov & Elena Karnaukhova (Eds). Security Index Yearbook Vol.1 2024-2025 Global Edition. https://pircenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Security-Index-Yearbook-2024-2025-by-PIRMGIMO-Vol.1.pdf
Mearsheimer, John J. & Walt, Stephen M. (2007). The Israel Lobby and US Foreign Policy. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Mearsheimer, John J. (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
Miller, B. (2007). States, Nations, and the Great Powers: The Sources of Regional War and Peace. Cambridge University Press.
Morgenthau, H. J. (1954). Politics among nations: the struggle for power and peace. Knopf.
Pancevski, B. (2025). Putin Says Russia Continuing Nuclear Power Cooperation With Iran. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/iran-israel-conflict-news/card/putin-says-russia-continuing-nuclear-power-cooperation-with-iran-HA48nfLPfRq4OluJKizN
Posen, B. R. (2014). Restraint: A New Foundation for U.S. Grand Strategy. Cornell University Press.
Pisciotta, B. (2020). Russian revisionism in the Putin era: an overview of post-communist military interventions in Georgia, Ukraine, and Syria. Italian Political Science Review, 50(1), 87–106.
Saltzman, I. (2024). Israel and the United States, In J. Peters & R. G. Pinfold (Eds.), Routledge Handbook on Israel’s Foreign Relations, ss.167-179, London and New York: Routledge.
Sharp, C. M. (2025). U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel: Overview and Developments since October 7, 2023. (CRS Report No. RL33222). Congressional Research Service. Updated May 28, 2025.
Schweller, R. L. (1994). Bandwagoning for Profit: Bringing the Revisionist State Back. International Security, 19, 72-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2539149
Schweller, Randall L. (1998). Deadly Imbalances: Tripolarity and Hitler's Strategy of World Conquest. New York: Columbia University Press.
Schonberg, Karl K. (2009). Constructing 21st Century U.S. Foreign Policy: Identity, Ideology, and America’s World Role in a New Era. New York: Palgrave Macmillian.
Shamala, R.A. (2025). Iran, Russia sign $25B deal to build 4 nuclear power plants in southern Iran. Anadolu Agency. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/iran-russia-sign-25b-deal-to-build-4-nuclear-power-plants-in-southern-iran/3700057
Snyder, G. H. (1984). The Security Dilemma in Alliance Politics. World Politics, 36(4), 461–495.
Snyder, G. H. (1997). Alliance Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Wolfers, Arnold. (1962). Discord and Collaboration: Essays on International Politics. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press.
Tabatabai, A. M. (2020). No Conquest, No Defeat: Iran’s National Security Strategy. New York: Oxford University Press.
Tal, D. (2022). The Making of an Alliance: The Origins and Development of the US–Israel Relationship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tazmini, G. (2023). Power Couple: Russian-Iranian Alignment in the Middle East. I.B. Tauris Bloomsbury Publishing.
U.S. Department of State. (2025). U.S. Security Cooperation with Israel. https://www.state.gov/u-s-security-cooperation-with-israel
Vasiliev, A. (2018). Russia’s Middle East Policy: From Lenin to Putin. New York: Routledge.
Walt, S. M. (1987). The origins of alliances. Cornell University Press.
Walt, S. M. (2009). Alliances in a Unipolar World. World Politics, 61(1), 86–120.
Waltz, K. (1979). Theory of International Politics. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Orta Doğu’da Karmaşık İttifaklar ve Sürüklenme: İsrail-İran Savaşı

Year 2026, Volume: 15 Issue: 1 , 399 - 418 , 31.03.2026

Abdullah Erboğa

https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1825478

https://izlik.org/JA63DK99DA

Abstract

Bu çalışma, birbirine dolanan karmaşık ittifak ilişkilerinin (entanglement) ve savaşa sürüklenme (entrapment) riskinin nedenlerini inceleyerek İsrail-İran savaşında (2025) tarafların müttefikleri olan büyük güçlerin davranışlarını açıklamaya çalışmaktadır. Çalışmanın araştırma sorusu şudur: neden ABD, 2025 Haziran’ında müttefiki İsrail’in yanında yer alarak savaşa sürüklenirken, Rusya müttefiki İran’ın peşinden savaşa dahil olmadı? İttifak ilişkilerinde karmaşıklık ve sürüklenme riskinin nasıl meydana geldiği ve devletlerin bu risklerle karşılaştığında nasıl davrandıklarının ortaya konulması ittifak teorilerinde sıkça tartışılan bir konu olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Özellikle büyük güçler ve zayıf devletler arasındaki ittifak ilişkileri üzerinde geniş bir literatür bulunmaktadır. Devletlerin ittifak siyasetlerine dair en sık çalışılan alanlardan birisi de şüphesiz Orta Doğu’dur. Orta Doğu ittifak politikalarında büyük güçlerin müttefiklerine olan taahhütlerinin bölgenin istikrar ve istikrarsızlığını doğrudan etkilediğini belirtmek gerekir. İsrail ve İran arasında Haziran 2025’te yaşanan ve on iki gün süren savaşta büyük güçlerin tutumunu açıklamak bir yandan Orta Doğu’daki sistemik etkinin boyutunu ortaya koymaya diğer taraftan ittifaklardaki karmaşıklığın ve sürüklenmenin sebeplerini anlamaya yardımcı olacaktır. Bununla birlikte çalışmada nitel araştırmalarda sıkça kullanılan süreç takibi ve vaka analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Son dönemde İzolasyonist grand stratejiye yönelmesine rağmen ABD, İsrail ile karmaşık ittifakı nedeniyle savaşa sürüklenirken, İran’a yönelik savunma taahhütlerinden kaçınan Rusya’nın savaşa sürüklenmediği görülmektedir. Bu çalışma, kutupluluk ve yükümlülük değişkenleri üzerinden devletlerin savaşa sürüklenmelerini açıklamaya çalışmaktadır. Uluslararası sistemin tek kutuplu, çift kutuplu ve çok kutuplu yapısının ittifak ortaklarının müttefiklerine yaklaşımlarını nasıl etkilediği ve böylelikle İsrail-İran savaşında tarafların müttefikleri olan ABD ve Rusya’nın savaşa neden dahil olup olmadıkları izah edilecektir. Neticede uluslararası sistemin yapısal şartlarının ve ittifak yükümlülüklerinin savaşa sürüklenmede belirleyici oldukları bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır.

Keywords

Karmaşık İttifaklar , Sürüklenme , ABD , Rusya , İsrail-İran Savaşı.

References

Aljazeera. (2025). Russia and Iran presidents sign partnership treaty in Moscow. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/17/russia-and-iran-presidents-sign-partnership-treaty-in-moscow
Alptekin, H. (2025). Türkiye’nin Grand Stratejisi: Kavramsal Bir Giriş. İstanbul: Paradigma Yayınları.
Azizi, H. (2025). Strategic Transactionalism: The Iran-Russia Partnership. The Middle East Council on Global Affairs. Issue Brief. https://mecouncil.org/publication/strategic-transactionalism-the-iran-russia-partnership/
BBC. (2016). US approves record $38bn Israel military aid deal. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-37345444
BBC. (2025). İran'ın Katar'daki ABD üssüne füze saldırısı hakkında neler biliyoruz? https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/cvg9rkw8ngwo
Beach, D., & Pedersen, R. B. (2013). Process tracing methods: foundation and guidelines. University of Michigan Press.
Beckley, M. (2015). The Myth of Entangling Alliances: Reassessing the Security Risks of U.S. Defense Pacts. International Security, 39(4), 7–48.
Beckley, M. (2018). Unrivaled: Why America Will Remain the World’s Sole Superpower. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
Bennett, A., & Checkel, J. T. (2015). Process tracing: From philosophical roots to best practices. In A. Bennett & J. T. Checkel (Eds.), Process Tracing: From Metaphor to Analytic Tool (pp. 3–38). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brooks, S. G., & Wohlforth, W. C. (2015). The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers in the Twenty-first Century: China’s Rise and the Fate of America’s Global Position. International Security, 40(3), 7–53. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/ISEC_a_00225
Brooks, S. G. & W. C. Wohlforth. (2016). America Abroad: The United States’ Global Role in the 21st Century. New York: Oxford University Press.
Christensen, T. J., & Snyder, J. (1990). Chain gangs and passed bucks: predicting alliance patterns in multipolarity. International Organization, 44(2), 137–168.
Chughtai, Alia. (2025). Visualising 12 days of the Israel-Iran Conflict. Aljazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/6/26/visualising-12-days-of-the-israel-iran-conflict
Çetin, İ., & Akçapa, M. (2024). Soğuk Savaş Sonrası İran-Rusya İlişkileri: Teşvik Edici Ve Sınırlandırıcı Faktörler. İran Çalışmaları Dergisi, 8(1), 53-79. https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.1429178
Davidson, J. W. (2020). America's Entangling Alliances: 1778 to the Present. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
Dumbrell, J. (2009). Clinton's Foreign Policy: Between the Bushes, 1992-2000 (1st ed.). Routledge.
Fabian, E. (2025) Medical officials say 28 people were killed, over 3,000 wounded by Iranian missiles during Conflict. Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/medical-officials-say-28-people-were-killed-over-3000-wounded-by-iranian-missiles-during-conflict/
Fromkin, D. (1970). Entangling Alliances. Foreign Affairs, 48(4), 688–700.
Gartner, H. (2001). Small States and Alliances. In Reiter, E. & Gartner, H. (eds) Small States and Alliances. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Güneylioğlu, M. (2023). The Russia-Iran Alignment in the Middle East: The Main Dynamics and Limits of the Bilateral Security Cooperation. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 23(1), 50-62. https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.1170448
Hird, K. and Fitzpatrick, K. (2025). The Russia-Iran Coalition Deepens. Institute for the Study of War. Washington.
Horton, J., Sargeant, P. and King, R. L. (2025). ABD, İran'daki nükleer tesisleri nasıl vurdu? BBC Türkçe. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/cp86ne0r1mno
Kortunov, A. (2025). The Middle East Escalation: a View From Moscow. Russian International Affairs Council. https://russiancouncil.ru/en/analytics-and-comments/analytics/the-middle-east-escalation-a-view-from-moscow/
Kozhanov, N. (2025). Five Principles of Russia’s New Middle East Policy. Riddle. https://ridl.io/five-principles-of-russia-s-new-middle-east-policy/
Kuchins, A.C. (2015). Mismatched Partners: US-Russia Relations after the Cold War. In: Cadier, D., Light, M. (eds) Russia’s Foreign Policy. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Kaplan, Amy. (2018). Our American Israel: The Story of an Entangled Alliance. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press
Lake, David A. (1999). Entangling Relations: American Foreign Policy in Its Century. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Lind, J. (2024). Back to Bipolarity: How China's Rise Transformed the Balance of Power. International Security; 49 (2): 7–55. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00494
Liska, G. (1968). Nations in Alliance: The Limits of Interdependence. Second edition. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
Little, D. J. (2014). Impatient Crusaders: The Making of America’s Informal Empire in the Middle East. In F. Costigliola & M. J. Hogan (Eds.), America in the World: The Historiography of American Foreign Relations since 1941 (pp. 212–235). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mandelbaum, M. (1981). The Nuclear Revolution: International Politics Before and After Hiroshima. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mallett, E., & Juneau, T. (2023). A Neoclassical Realist Theory of Overbalancing. Global Studies Quarterly, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/isagsq/ksad023
Margoev, A. (2024). Long Time No Strategic Partnership: Sources of (In)Coherence Between Russia and Iran. In Vladimir Orlov & Elena Karnaukhova (Eds). Security Index Yearbook Vol.1 2024-2025 Global Edition. https://pircenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Security-Index-Yearbook-2024-2025-by-PIRMGIMO-Vol.1.pdf
Mearsheimer, John J. & Walt, Stephen M. (2007). The Israel Lobby and US Foreign Policy. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Mearsheimer, John J. (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
Miller, B. (2007). States, Nations, and the Great Powers: The Sources of Regional War and Peace. Cambridge University Press.
Morgenthau, H. J. (1954). Politics among nations: the struggle for power and peace. Knopf.
Pancevski, B. (2025). Putin Says Russia Continuing Nuclear Power Cooperation With Iran. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/iran-israel-conflict-news/card/putin-says-russia-continuing-nuclear-power-cooperation-with-iran-HA48nfLPfRq4OluJKizN
Posen, B. R. (2014). Restraint: A New Foundation for U.S. Grand Strategy. Cornell University Press.
Pisciotta, B. (2020). Russian revisionism in the Putin era: an overview of post-communist military interventions in Georgia, Ukraine, and Syria. Italian Political Science Review, 50(1), 87–106.
Saltzman, I. (2024). Israel and the United States, In J. Peters & R. G. Pinfold (Eds.), Routledge Handbook on Israel’s Foreign Relations, ss.167-179, London and New York: Routledge.
Sharp, C. M. (2025). U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel: Overview and Developments since October 7, 2023. (CRS Report No. RL33222). Congressional Research Service. Updated May 28, 2025.
Schweller, R. L. (1994). Bandwagoning for Profit: Bringing the Revisionist State Back. International Security, 19, 72-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2539149
Schweller, Randall L. (1998). Deadly Imbalances: Tripolarity and Hitler's Strategy of World Conquest. New York: Columbia University Press.
Schonberg, Karl K. (2009). Constructing 21st Century U.S. Foreign Policy: Identity, Ideology, and America’s World Role in a New Era. New York: Palgrave Macmillian.
Shamala, R.A. (2025). Iran, Russia sign $25B deal to build 4 nuclear power plants in southern Iran. Anadolu Agency. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/iran-russia-sign-25b-deal-to-build-4-nuclear-power-plants-in-southern-iran/3700057
Snyder, G. H. (1984). The Security Dilemma in Alliance Politics. World Politics, 36(4), 461–495.
Snyder, G. H. (1997). Alliance Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Wolfers, Arnold. (1962). Discord and Collaboration: Essays on International Politics. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press.
Tabatabai, A. M. (2020). No Conquest, No Defeat: Iran’s National Security Strategy. New York: Oxford University Press.
Tal, D. (2022). The Making of an Alliance: The Origins and Development of the US–Israel Relationship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tazmini, G. (2023). Power Couple: Russian-Iranian Alignment in the Middle East. I.B. Tauris Bloomsbury Publishing.
U.S. Department of State. (2025). U.S. Security Cooperation with Israel. https://www.state.gov/u-s-security-cooperation-with-israel
Vasiliev, A. (2018). Russia’s Middle East Policy: From Lenin to Putin. New York: Routledge.
Walt, S. M. (1987). The origins of alliances. Cornell University Press.
Walt, S. M. (2009). Alliances in a Unipolar World. World Politics, 61(1), 86–120.
Waltz, K. (1979). Theory of International Politics. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

There are 57 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	Turkish
Subjects	Middle East Studies
Journal Section	Research Article
Authors	Abdullah Erboğa 0000-0002-4435-5220
Submission Date	November 17, 2025
Acceptance Date	February 21, 2026
Publication Date	March 31, 2026
DOI	https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1825478
IZ	https://izlik.org/JA63DK99DA
Published in Issue	Year 2026 Volume: 15 Issue: 1

Cite

APA	Erboğa, A. (2026). Orta Doğu’da Karmaşık İttifaklar ve Sürüklenme: İsrail-İran Savaşı. İnsan Ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 15(1), 399-418. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1825478

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