Research Article
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Year 2020, , 2978 - 3003, 30.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.704445

Abstract

References

  • Abu-Bader, S. and A. S. Abu-Qarn (2003). Government Expenditure, Military Spending and Economic Growth: Causality Evidence from Egypt, Israel and Syria. Journal of Policy Modelling, 25: 567-583. Alozious, J. (2015). Fiscal Policies and Current Account Dynamics in OECD Countries: Do Military Expenditures Matter?. Lund University, School of Economics and Management, Master’s Thesis, Sweden. Benoit, E. (1973). Defence and Economic Growth in Developing Countries. Boston MA: Lexington Books.
  • Biswas, B. and Ram, R. (1986). Military Spending and Economic Growth in Less Developed Countries: An Augmented Model and Further Evidence. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 34(2), 361-372. Canbay, Ş. ve Mercan, D. (2017). Savunma Harcamalarının Ekonomik Büyüme ve Cari İşlemler Dengesine Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 2(2), 86-104. Çayın, M. ve Yapraklı, S. (2018). Defence Expenditures, Economic Growth and Current Account Deficit: Analysis of Causality on Turkey. Emprical Studies on Growth, Edit: Gökhan Karhan, Mücahit Çayın, Yunus Aşçı, Gazi Kitabevi.
  • Dakurah, A., Stephen, Davies, H. P., and Sampath, R. K. (2001). Defense Spending and Economic Growth in Developing Countries: A Causality Analysis. Journal of Policy Modeling, 23 (6): 651-658.
  • Deger, S. and R. Smith (1983). Military Expenditure and Growth in Less Developed Countries. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 27 (2), 335-353.
  • Deger, S. (1986). Military Expenditure in Third World Countries: The Economic Effects, London: Taylor and Francis. Doruk, M. (2008). 1980 Sonrası Türkiye’de Savunma Harcamaları ve Ekonomiye (Büyümeye) Etkisi. Doktora Tezi, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Manisa.
  • Dudzeviciute, G. and Tamosiuniene, R. (2015). Tendencies of Defence Expenditure and its Structural Changes in the European Union Countries. KSI Transactions on Knowledge Society, 8 (1), 53-59. Dunne, J. Paul, (1996). Economic Effects of Military Expenditure in Developing Countries: A Survey. J. P . Dunne (ed.), The Peace Dividend Contributions to Economic Analysis, Volume 235, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 439-464. Dunne, P., Nikolaidou E., and Vougas D. (2001). A Defense Spending and Economic Growth: A Causal Analysis for Greece and Turkey. Defence and Peace Economics, 12: 5-26.
  • Durgun, Ö. ve Timur, M.C. (2017). Savunma Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Analizi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 54, 126-137.
  • Duyar, M. ve Koçoğlu, M. (2014). Askeri Harcamaların Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerine Etkisi; Sahra Altı Afrika Örneği. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(33), 702-722.
  • Erdem, Y. (2019). Savunma Harcamaları İle Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi Türkiye Üzerine Bir Uygulama. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaşi Veli Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara. Giray, F. (2004). Savunma Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 5(1), 181–99.
  • Gözler, N. (2016). Finansal Serbestleşme Sonrası Dönem Savunma Harcamalarının Ekonomik Analizi. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Finansal Ekonomi Anabilim Dalı, İzmir. Grobar, L. M. ve Porter, R. C. (1989). Defence Spending and Economic Growth in LDCs. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 33 (2), 318-345.
  • Gyimah-Brempong, K. (1989). Defense Spending and Economic Growth in Subsaharan Africa: An Econometric Investigation. Journal of Peace Research, 26 (1), 79-90. Hatemi-J A. (2008). Tests for Cointegration with two Unknown Regime Shifts with an Application to Financial Market Integration. Empirical Economics: 35,497–505.
  • Hartley, K. and Sandler, T. (1995). Handbook of Defence Economics, Holland.
  • Heo, Uk and H., Ro Kwang (1998). Military Expenditures and Economic Growth in South Korea and Taiwan. International Interactions: Empirical and Theoretical Research in International Relations, 24(2), 171-186. İpek, E. (2009). Savunma Harcamaları ve Makro Ekonomik Büyüklükler Arasındaki İlişki. Yükseklisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İktisat ABD., Ankara.
  • Kasalak, S. (2006). Military spending multiplier of Turkey: an empirical analysis for Turkey. MA Thesis in Management, Bilkent University, Turkey.
  • Kaya, E. (2006). Dışa Açılma Döneminde Savunma Harcamalarının Ekonomik Etkileri: 1980-2004 Türkiye Örneği. Doktora Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi, Konya.
  • Klein, T. (2004). Military expenditure and economic growth: Peru 1970-1996. Defence and Peace Economics, 15(3) 275-288.
  • Lee C. C., ve Chen S. T., (2007). Do Defence Expenditures Spur GDP? A Panel Analysis from OECD and Non-OECD Countries. Defence and Peace Economics, 18(3). 265- 280.
  • Looney, R. (1994). The Economics of Third World Defense Expenditures. London, Jai Pres., 46-7. Murdoch, James C. ve PI, Chung-Ron, Sandler, Todd (1997). The Impact of Defense and Non-Defense Public Spending on Growth in Asia and Latin America. Defense and Peace Economics, 8: 205- 224. Rufael, Yemane Wolde, (2001). Causality between Defence Spending and Economic Growth The case of mainland China: a comment. Journal of Economic Studies, 28 (3), 227.
  • Sezgin, S. (2001). An Emprical Analysis Of Turkey’s Defence-Growth Relationships with A Multi-Equation Model (1956-1994). Defence And Peace Economics, 12(1) 69-86.
  • Sezgin, S. (2004). An Empirical Note on External Debt and Defence Expenditures in Turkey. Defence and Peace Economics, 15(2), 199-203.
  • Smith, R. ve Smith, D. (1980). Military Expenditure, Resources and Development. Birkbeck College Discussion Paper, No.87, University of London, November.
  • Sun. Keh-nan (2001). The impact of defense expenditure on economic growth – an empirical study of Taiwan. Public Finance Studies, 33(5) 129–149.
  • Şit, M. (2018). Macroeconomic Effects of Defence Expenditures in Turkey. Savunma Bilimleri Dergisi, 17 (2), 93-114.
  • Yakovlev, P. (2007). Arms Trade, Military Spending, And Economic Growth. Defence And Peace Economics, 18(4), 317-338. Yılancı, V. ve Özcan, B. (2010). Yapısal Kırılmalar Altında Türkiye İçin Savunma Harcamaları ile GSMH Arasındaki İlişkinin Analizi. CU. İİBF. Dergisi, 11(1), 21-33.

Savunma Harcamaları Cari Açık ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği

Year 2020, , 2978 - 3003, 30.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.704445

Abstract

Ekonomi literatüründe savunma harcamaları, cari açık ve ekonomik büyümeye etkisi ile ilgili amprik literatürde çok fazla çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’nin savunma harcamalarının cari açık ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmak için 1990-2017 dönemi yıllık verileri kullanılarak amprik analizler yapılmıştır. Savunma harcamalarının ekonomik büyümeye etkisini Keynesyen, Neo-Klasik yaklaşım teorileri bağlamında izah edilmiş ve savunma harcamalarının ekonomik etkileri cari açık bağlamında ifade edilmiştir. Öncelikle birim kök testleri uygulanacak, GSMH ve savunma harcamalarının sırasıyla bağımlı değişken olarak alındığı iki farklı model kurularak (EG-J-Ba-Bo) eşbütünleşme analizleri sonrasında Hacker-Hatemi (2006) ve değişkenler arasındaki nedensellik dönemlerini belirleyebilmek için Hacker-Hatemi (2006)’nin Toda-Yamamoto (1995) testinden geliştirdiği Bootstrap Toda-Yamamoto nedensellik testi temelli zamanla değişen nedensellik analizleri uygulanmıştır. Hacker ve Hatemi (2006) nedensellik testine göre, silah ihracatı, silah ithalatı ve askeri personel sayısından savunma harcamalarına doğru tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi bulunurken, savunma harcamaları ve büyüme ilişkisinde herhangi bir nedenselik ilişkisi bulunamamıştır. Türkiye’de savunma harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme nedensellik ilişkisinde nötralite hipotezinin geçerli olduğu görülmektedir. Zamanla değişen nedensellik analizine göre Türkiye’de cari açıktan büyümeye doğru nedensellik ilişkisi olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Türkiye’nin 1990-2004, 1991-2005, 1992-2006, 1993-2007, 1994-2008, 1995-2009, 1996-2010, 1997-2001, 1998-2012, 1999-2013, 2000-2014, 2001-2015, 2002-2016, 2003-2017 belirtilen alt dönem aralığında cari açık vererek büyüdüğü ifade edilebilmektedir. 1990-2017 arasındaki alt dönemler için cari açıktan büyümeye, 1993-2007 dönemi haricindeki diğer dönemlerde cari açıktan askeri harcamalara, 1995-2009 dönemi dışındaki alt dönemlerde askeri harcamalardan cari açığa ve 1994-2008, 1995-2009 dönemleri haricindeki diğer dönemlerde ekonomik büyümeden askeri harcamalara doğru tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkisinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Savunma harcamalarından ekonomik büyümeye doğru tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi 1994-2008 dönemi dışında diğer alt dönemlerde geçerli olduğu görülmektedir.

References

  • Abu-Bader, S. and A. S. Abu-Qarn (2003). Government Expenditure, Military Spending and Economic Growth: Causality Evidence from Egypt, Israel and Syria. Journal of Policy Modelling, 25: 567-583. Alozious, J. (2015). Fiscal Policies and Current Account Dynamics in OECD Countries: Do Military Expenditures Matter?. Lund University, School of Economics and Management, Master’s Thesis, Sweden. Benoit, E. (1973). Defence and Economic Growth in Developing Countries. Boston MA: Lexington Books.
  • Biswas, B. and Ram, R. (1986). Military Spending and Economic Growth in Less Developed Countries: An Augmented Model and Further Evidence. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 34(2), 361-372. Canbay, Ş. ve Mercan, D. (2017). Savunma Harcamalarının Ekonomik Büyüme ve Cari İşlemler Dengesine Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 2(2), 86-104. Çayın, M. ve Yapraklı, S. (2018). Defence Expenditures, Economic Growth and Current Account Deficit: Analysis of Causality on Turkey. Emprical Studies on Growth, Edit: Gökhan Karhan, Mücahit Çayın, Yunus Aşçı, Gazi Kitabevi.
  • Dakurah, A., Stephen, Davies, H. P., and Sampath, R. K. (2001). Defense Spending and Economic Growth in Developing Countries: A Causality Analysis. Journal of Policy Modeling, 23 (6): 651-658.
  • Deger, S. and R. Smith (1983). Military Expenditure and Growth in Less Developed Countries. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 27 (2), 335-353.
  • Deger, S. (1986). Military Expenditure in Third World Countries: The Economic Effects, London: Taylor and Francis. Doruk, M. (2008). 1980 Sonrası Türkiye’de Savunma Harcamaları ve Ekonomiye (Büyümeye) Etkisi. Doktora Tezi, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Manisa.
  • Dudzeviciute, G. and Tamosiuniene, R. (2015). Tendencies of Defence Expenditure and its Structural Changes in the European Union Countries. KSI Transactions on Knowledge Society, 8 (1), 53-59. Dunne, J. Paul, (1996). Economic Effects of Military Expenditure in Developing Countries: A Survey. J. P . Dunne (ed.), The Peace Dividend Contributions to Economic Analysis, Volume 235, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 439-464. Dunne, P., Nikolaidou E., and Vougas D. (2001). A Defense Spending and Economic Growth: A Causal Analysis for Greece and Turkey. Defence and Peace Economics, 12: 5-26.
  • Durgun, Ö. ve Timur, M.C. (2017). Savunma Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Analizi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 54, 126-137.
  • Duyar, M. ve Koçoğlu, M. (2014). Askeri Harcamaların Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerine Etkisi; Sahra Altı Afrika Örneği. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(33), 702-722.
  • Erdem, Y. (2019). Savunma Harcamaları İle Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi Türkiye Üzerine Bir Uygulama. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaşi Veli Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara. Giray, F. (2004). Savunma Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 5(1), 181–99.
  • Gözler, N. (2016). Finansal Serbestleşme Sonrası Dönem Savunma Harcamalarının Ekonomik Analizi. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Finansal Ekonomi Anabilim Dalı, İzmir. Grobar, L. M. ve Porter, R. C. (1989). Defence Spending and Economic Growth in LDCs. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 33 (2), 318-345.
  • Gyimah-Brempong, K. (1989). Defense Spending and Economic Growth in Subsaharan Africa: An Econometric Investigation. Journal of Peace Research, 26 (1), 79-90. Hatemi-J A. (2008). Tests for Cointegration with two Unknown Regime Shifts with an Application to Financial Market Integration. Empirical Economics: 35,497–505.
  • Hartley, K. and Sandler, T. (1995). Handbook of Defence Economics, Holland.
  • Heo, Uk and H., Ro Kwang (1998). Military Expenditures and Economic Growth in South Korea and Taiwan. International Interactions: Empirical and Theoretical Research in International Relations, 24(2), 171-186. İpek, E. (2009). Savunma Harcamaları ve Makro Ekonomik Büyüklükler Arasındaki İlişki. Yükseklisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İktisat ABD., Ankara.
  • Kasalak, S. (2006). Military spending multiplier of Turkey: an empirical analysis for Turkey. MA Thesis in Management, Bilkent University, Turkey.
  • Kaya, E. (2006). Dışa Açılma Döneminde Savunma Harcamalarının Ekonomik Etkileri: 1980-2004 Türkiye Örneği. Doktora Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi, Konya.
  • Klein, T. (2004). Military expenditure and economic growth: Peru 1970-1996. Defence and Peace Economics, 15(3) 275-288.
  • Lee C. C., ve Chen S. T., (2007). Do Defence Expenditures Spur GDP? A Panel Analysis from OECD and Non-OECD Countries. Defence and Peace Economics, 18(3). 265- 280.
  • Looney, R. (1994). The Economics of Third World Defense Expenditures. London, Jai Pres., 46-7. Murdoch, James C. ve PI, Chung-Ron, Sandler, Todd (1997). The Impact of Defense and Non-Defense Public Spending on Growth in Asia and Latin America. Defense and Peace Economics, 8: 205- 224. Rufael, Yemane Wolde, (2001). Causality between Defence Spending and Economic Growth The case of mainland China: a comment. Journal of Economic Studies, 28 (3), 227.
  • Sezgin, S. (2001). An Emprical Analysis Of Turkey’s Defence-Growth Relationships with A Multi-Equation Model (1956-1994). Defence And Peace Economics, 12(1) 69-86.
  • Sezgin, S. (2004). An Empirical Note on External Debt and Defence Expenditures in Turkey. Defence and Peace Economics, 15(2), 199-203.
  • Smith, R. ve Smith, D. (1980). Military Expenditure, Resources and Development. Birkbeck College Discussion Paper, No.87, University of London, November.
  • Sun. Keh-nan (2001). The impact of defense expenditure on economic growth – an empirical study of Taiwan. Public Finance Studies, 33(5) 129–149.
  • Şit, M. (2018). Macroeconomic Effects of Defence Expenditures in Turkey. Savunma Bilimleri Dergisi, 17 (2), 93-114.
  • Yakovlev, P. (2007). Arms Trade, Military Spending, And Economic Growth. Defence And Peace Economics, 18(4), 317-338. Yılancı, V. ve Özcan, B. (2010). Yapısal Kırılmalar Altında Türkiye İçin Savunma Harcamaları ile GSMH Arasındaki İlişkinin Analizi. CU. İİBF. Dergisi, 11(1), 21-33.

Defense Spending Current Account Deficit and Economic Growth Relationship: The Case of Turkey

Year 2020, , 2978 - 3003, 30.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.704445

Abstract

In the economic literature, there are not many empirical studies in the literature on defense spending, current account deficit and its effect to growth. In this study, 1990-2017 period to investigate the relationship between growth, current account deficit and defense spending for Turkey. Impact of defense spending on growth is explained in the context of Keynesian, Neo-Classical approach theories and the economic effects of defense spending are expressed in the context of the current account deficit. According to the Hacker-Hatemi (2006) causality test, there was a one-way causal relationship from arms exports, arms imports and military personnel to defense expenditures, while no causal relationship was found between defense spending and growth. defense spending and growth in Turkey to be valid causality hypothesis of neutrality. Firstly, unit root tests be applied, and two different models are established with (EG-J-Ba-Bo) cointegration analysis where GNP and defense expenditures are taken as dependent variables, and Hacker-Hatemi (2006) causality and Hacker-Hatemi (2006) time-varying causality analysis was applied. According to the time-varying causality analysis concluded that from growth to current account deficit has reached in 1990-2004, 1991-2005, 1992-2006, 1993-2007, 1994-2008, 1995-2009, 1996-2010, 1997-2001, 1998-2012, 1999-2013, 2000-2014, 2001-2015, 2002-2016, 2003-2017 sub-period can be stated that Turkey has grown by giving current account deficit in the specified period. From the current account deficit to growth in the sub-period between 1990-2017, from current account deficit to military spending in other sub-periods other than the period 1993-2007, from military spending to the current account deficit in the sub-periods other than the period 1995-2009, and from the growth in military sub-periods other than the periods of 1994-2008, 1995-2009. it was determined that there is a correct one-way causality relationship. It is seen that the one-way causality relationship from defense expenditures to economic growth is valid in other sub-periods except 1994-2008 period.

References

  • Abu-Bader, S. and A. S. Abu-Qarn (2003). Government Expenditure, Military Spending and Economic Growth: Causality Evidence from Egypt, Israel and Syria. Journal of Policy Modelling, 25: 567-583. Alozious, J. (2015). Fiscal Policies and Current Account Dynamics in OECD Countries: Do Military Expenditures Matter?. Lund University, School of Economics and Management, Master’s Thesis, Sweden. Benoit, E. (1973). Defence and Economic Growth in Developing Countries. Boston MA: Lexington Books.
  • Biswas, B. and Ram, R. (1986). Military Spending and Economic Growth in Less Developed Countries: An Augmented Model and Further Evidence. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 34(2), 361-372. Canbay, Ş. ve Mercan, D. (2017). Savunma Harcamalarının Ekonomik Büyüme ve Cari İşlemler Dengesine Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 2(2), 86-104. Çayın, M. ve Yapraklı, S. (2018). Defence Expenditures, Economic Growth and Current Account Deficit: Analysis of Causality on Turkey. Emprical Studies on Growth, Edit: Gökhan Karhan, Mücahit Çayın, Yunus Aşçı, Gazi Kitabevi.
  • Dakurah, A., Stephen, Davies, H. P., and Sampath, R. K. (2001). Defense Spending and Economic Growth in Developing Countries: A Causality Analysis. Journal of Policy Modeling, 23 (6): 651-658.
  • Deger, S. and R. Smith (1983). Military Expenditure and Growth in Less Developed Countries. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 27 (2), 335-353.
  • Deger, S. (1986). Military Expenditure in Third World Countries: The Economic Effects, London: Taylor and Francis. Doruk, M. (2008). 1980 Sonrası Türkiye’de Savunma Harcamaları ve Ekonomiye (Büyümeye) Etkisi. Doktora Tezi, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Manisa.
  • Dudzeviciute, G. and Tamosiuniene, R. (2015). Tendencies of Defence Expenditure and its Structural Changes in the European Union Countries. KSI Transactions on Knowledge Society, 8 (1), 53-59. Dunne, J. Paul, (1996). Economic Effects of Military Expenditure in Developing Countries: A Survey. J. P . Dunne (ed.), The Peace Dividend Contributions to Economic Analysis, Volume 235, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 439-464. Dunne, P., Nikolaidou E., and Vougas D. (2001). A Defense Spending and Economic Growth: A Causal Analysis for Greece and Turkey. Defence and Peace Economics, 12: 5-26.
  • Durgun, Ö. ve Timur, M.C. (2017). Savunma Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Analizi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 54, 126-137.
  • Duyar, M. ve Koçoğlu, M. (2014). Askeri Harcamaların Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerine Etkisi; Sahra Altı Afrika Örneği. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(33), 702-722.
  • Erdem, Y. (2019). Savunma Harcamaları İle Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi Türkiye Üzerine Bir Uygulama. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaşi Veli Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara. Giray, F. (2004). Savunma Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 5(1), 181–99.
  • Gözler, N. (2016). Finansal Serbestleşme Sonrası Dönem Savunma Harcamalarının Ekonomik Analizi. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Finansal Ekonomi Anabilim Dalı, İzmir. Grobar, L. M. ve Porter, R. C. (1989). Defence Spending and Economic Growth in LDCs. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 33 (2), 318-345.
  • Gyimah-Brempong, K. (1989). Defense Spending and Economic Growth in Subsaharan Africa: An Econometric Investigation. Journal of Peace Research, 26 (1), 79-90. Hatemi-J A. (2008). Tests for Cointegration with two Unknown Regime Shifts with an Application to Financial Market Integration. Empirical Economics: 35,497–505.
  • Hartley, K. and Sandler, T. (1995). Handbook of Defence Economics, Holland.
  • Heo, Uk and H., Ro Kwang (1998). Military Expenditures and Economic Growth in South Korea and Taiwan. International Interactions: Empirical and Theoretical Research in International Relations, 24(2), 171-186. İpek, E. (2009). Savunma Harcamaları ve Makro Ekonomik Büyüklükler Arasındaki İlişki. Yükseklisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İktisat ABD., Ankara.
  • Kasalak, S. (2006). Military spending multiplier of Turkey: an empirical analysis for Turkey. MA Thesis in Management, Bilkent University, Turkey.
  • Kaya, E. (2006). Dışa Açılma Döneminde Savunma Harcamalarının Ekonomik Etkileri: 1980-2004 Türkiye Örneği. Doktora Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi, Konya.
  • Klein, T. (2004). Military expenditure and economic growth: Peru 1970-1996. Defence and Peace Economics, 15(3) 275-288.
  • Lee C. C., ve Chen S. T., (2007). Do Defence Expenditures Spur GDP? A Panel Analysis from OECD and Non-OECD Countries. Defence and Peace Economics, 18(3). 265- 280.
  • Looney, R. (1994). The Economics of Third World Defense Expenditures. London, Jai Pres., 46-7. Murdoch, James C. ve PI, Chung-Ron, Sandler, Todd (1997). The Impact of Defense and Non-Defense Public Spending on Growth in Asia and Latin America. Defense and Peace Economics, 8: 205- 224. Rufael, Yemane Wolde, (2001). Causality between Defence Spending and Economic Growth The case of mainland China: a comment. Journal of Economic Studies, 28 (3), 227.
  • Sezgin, S. (2001). An Emprical Analysis Of Turkey’s Defence-Growth Relationships with A Multi-Equation Model (1956-1994). Defence And Peace Economics, 12(1) 69-86.
  • Sezgin, S. (2004). An Empirical Note on External Debt and Defence Expenditures in Turkey. Defence and Peace Economics, 15(2), 199-203.
  • Smith, R. ve Smith, D. (1980). Military Expenditure, Resources and Development. Birkbeck College Discussion Paper, No.87, University of London, November.
  • Sun. Keh-nan (2001). The impact of defense expenditure on economic growth – an empirical study of Taiwan. Public Finance Studies, 33(5) 129–149.
  • Şit, M. (2018). Macroeconomic Effects of Defence Expenditures in Turkey. Savunma Bilimleri Dergisi, 17 (2), 93-114.
  • Yakovlev, P. (2007). Arms Trade, Military Spending, And Economic Growth. Defence And Peace Economics, 18(4), 317-338. Yılancı, V. ve Özcan, B. (2010). Yapısal Kırılmalar Altında Türkiye İçin Savunma Harcamaları ile GSMH Arasındaki İlişkinin Analizi. CU. İİBF. Dergisi, 11(1), 21-33.
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ekrem Gül 0000-0002-2607-9066

Mustafa Torusdağ 0000-0002-8839-0562

Publication Date September 30, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020

Cite

APA Gül, E., & Torusdağ, M. (2020). Savunma Harcamaları Cari Açık ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği. İnsan Ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(3), 2978-3003. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.704445
İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi  Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.