Ahlak ve Sosyal Refah İlişkisi: Güney Afrika Örneği

Year 2020, , 4016 - 4042, 29.12.2020

Şenol Öztürk

https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.777464

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Gelir dağılımı ve yoksulluk durumları biçiminde somutlaşan sosyal refahın oluşumunda ahlaki değerlerin önemli bir belirleyiciliği söz konusudur. Ahlaki değerlerin toplumda işlevsel ve baskın olduğu durumlarda iktisadi üretkenlik-etkinlik ve sosyal adaletin varlığı şeklinde tezahür eden bu durum, tersi durumda ekonomik kalkınma ve sosyal adalet sorunlarının bulunduğu, sosyal güven eksikliği ve yolsuzluğun karakteristik özellikler olduğu bir toplumsal yapı olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Modern dünyanın sosyal refahla ilgili sorunlarını çözmede piyasanın yanı sıra kamu ekonomisinin de etkin olamaması sosyal refahın ahlak boyutunun önemini göstermektedir.
Güney Afrika’da yüzyıllık bir sömürü düzeninin ardından iktidarı devralan siyah hükümet tarafından başlatılan ulusal ölçekli bir sosyal adalet girişimi olarak siyah ekonomik güçlendirme politikalarının başarısızlık nedenleri arasında yolsuzluk önemli bir yere sahiptir. Yolsuzlukların güçlendirme politikalarına başarısızlığın yanı sıra ekonomik yapı ve sorunlar gibi teknik nitelikli diğer faktörlerden farklı olarak meşruiyet kaybı gibi daha köklü etkide bulunması ve sosyal refahı artırmak yerine daha da kötüleştirmesi ahlak sosyal refah ilişkisini somut olarak ortaya koyan çarpıcı bir örneklik oluşturmaktadır.

Keywords

ahlak, sosyal refah, yolsuzluk, güney afrika, ekonomik güçlendirme

Supporting Institution

Tübitak

Project Number

1059B191600922

Thanks

Bu makalenin Güney Afrika kısmı Tübitak'ın araştırma projesinden yararlanılarak yazılmıştır. Yazar proje desteği için Tübitak'a teşekkür eder.

Morality and Social Welfare Relationship: South African Case

Abstract

Moral values are important determinants in the formation of social welfare embodying in the forms such as income distribution and poverty. When moral values are functional and effective in society, this situation appears as economic efficiency-productivity and social justice, in the contrary case, however, it seems as a social structure which contains problems of economic development and social justice and chracteristics such as corruption and lack of social trust. The inability of the public economy as well as the market to solve the problems of modern societies related to social welfare shows the importance of the moral dimension of social welfare.
As a national social justice initiative initiated by the black government that took over power after a century of exploitation in South Africa, corruption has an important place among the reasons for the failure of black economic empowerment policies. It constitutes a striking example of the concrete relationship between morality and social welfare that the corruption affects to empowerment policies in terms of more fundamental aspect like legitimacy in addition to reason of failure differently from other reasons such as economic structure and problems and worsens the social welfare rather than increasing it.

Keywords

morality, social welfare, corruption, south africa, economic empowerment

Project Number

1059B191600922

References

• ACE - African Communist Editorial. (2017). Inequality is no longer just about race – African Communist,
• Acemoglu D. and Verdier T. (1996). Property Rights, Corruption And The Allocation Of Talent: A General Equilibrium Approach, MIT Working Papers, No: 96-5.
• Akçay, S. (2006). Corruption and Human Development, Cato Journal, 26(1), 29-48.
• Akdoğan, A. (2009). Sosyal Gelişmenin İki Dinamiği: Bilim Ve Ahlak, Din Bilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi, 9(3), 11-44.
• Aktan, C. C. (2018). Siyasal Ahlak Ve Siyasal Yozlaşma, içinde Ed. Coşkun Can Aktan, Yolsuzlukla Mücadele Stratejileri, 2. Baskı, Hak-İş, Ankara, ss.75-93.
• Aktan, C. C. (2014). Siyasal Yozlaşmalarla Mücadele Stratejileri, Hukuk ve İktisat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(2), 64-91.
• Andrews, M. (2008)., Is Black Economic Empowerment a South African Growth Catalyst? (Or Could it Be…) Working Paper No. 170, Center For International Development, Harvard University.
• Bağdigen, M. ve Dökmen, G. (2006). Yolsuzluğun Kamu Gelir Ve Giderleri Üzerine Etkisi, ZKÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(3), 53-69.
• Bakırtaş, D. (2012). Yolsuzluğun Vergi Gelirleri Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği, Yönetim Ve Ekonomi, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F Dergisi, 19(2), 87-98.
• BBBEEC-Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Commission, (2016). Strategy of the Broad- Based Black Economic Empowerment Commission 2017-2021.
• BEECOM-Black Economic Empowerment Commission, (2001). Commission Report, https://www.westerncape.gov.za/text/2004/5/beecomreport.pdf
• BER-Bureau For Economic Research, (2016), The Small, Medium And Micro Enterprise Sector of South Africa, Research Note, No 1.
• Berkman, A. Ü. (2009). Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Kamu Yönetiminde Yolsuzluk ve Rüşvet, 2. Baskı, Türkiye Ortadoğu Amme İdaresi Enstitüsü, Ankara.
• BERKSOY, T. ve YILDIRIM N. E. (2017). Yolsuzluk Kavramına Genel Bir Bakış: Problemler Ve Çözüm Önerileri, Journal of Awareness, 2(1), 1-18.
• Bernstein, A., Kadt, J., Roodt, M. ve Schirmer, S. (2014). South Africa and the Pursuit of Inclusive Growth, Democracy Works, Country Report, The Centre for Development and Enterprise & The Legatum Institute
• https://media.africaportal.org/documents/democracy-works---south-africa-country-report---south-africa-and-the-pursuit-o_8XHtV7d.pdf
• Bhorat, H., Buthelezi M., Chipkin I., Duma, S., Mondi, L., Peter, C., Qobo, M., ve Swilling, M. (2017). Betrayal of the Promise: How the Nation is Being Stolen, State Capacity Research Project, Public Affairs Research Institute, http://pari.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Betrayal-of-the-Promise-25052017.pdf
• Bhorat, H., Hirsch, A., Kanbur, R. ve Ncube, M. (2014). Economic Policy in South Africa: Past Present and Future, Development Policy Research Unit Working Paper 201401, DPRU, University of Cape Town.
• Bosiu, T., Goga, S. ve Roberts, S. (2017). Concentration, profits and investment: Let’s focus on the structure of the economy, not “cash hoarding”, Industrial Development Think Tank: Policy Briefing Paper 1, Center For Competition Regulation and Economic Development, https://www.competition.org.za/overview/
• BUSA- Business Unity South Africa. (June 2017). Background Document Business Approach To Black Economic Transformation For Inclusive Growth.
• Cilliers J. ve Aucoin, C. (2016). Economics, Governance and Instability in South Africa, Institute for Security Studies, ISS PAPER No: 293.
• Çalık, T. ve Er, E. (2016). Modern Toplumun Ahlak Paradoksu, Devlet Dergisi, http://devlet.com.tr/makaleler/yazi/196/MODERN_TOPLUMUN_AHLAK_PARADOKSU_.html
• Çeştepe, H., Tatar, H. E. (2018). Yolsuzluk Ve Gelir Eşitsizliği: Seçilmiş Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler İçin Panel Veri Analizi, Yönetim Ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 16(2), 111-123.
• Demir, Ö. (2013). İktisat ve Ahlak, 2. Baskı, Liberte Yayınları, Ankara.
• DLCDC- Department Of Labour Chief Directorate Of Communication. (2017). Commission For Employment Equity Annual Report 2016 – 2017.
• DPSA- Department of Public Service and Administration. (2003). Country Corruption Assessment Report South Africa
• DTI- Department of Trade and Industry. (2013a). National Summit on Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Summit Report.
• DTI- Department of Trade and Industry. (2013b). Broad Based Economic Empowerment Amendment Bill.
• DTI- Department of Trade and Industry. (2003). South Africa’s Economic Transformation: A Strategy for Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment, White Paper on BBBEE.
• Devereux, S. ve Waidler, J. (2017). Why Does Malnutrition Persist In South Africa Despite Social Grants?, Food Security SA Working Paperseries No.001. DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Food Security, South Africa.
• Dikeni, L. M. (2017). Populism And Nationalism: Implications For South Africa, The Journal Of The Helen Suzman Foundation, Issue 80.
• Dludlu, J. (2017). Why is BEE failing?. https://www.fin24.com/Economy/why-bee-is-failing-20170108-2
• Durmuş, M. (2008). Kamu Ekonomisi, 2. Baskı, Gazi Kitapevi, Ankara.
• Engdahl, C. ve Hauki H. (2001). Black Economic Empowerment An Introduction For Non-South African Businesses, Master Thesis, Gothenburg University, Faculty of Economics and Trade Law, Gothenburg, Sweden.
• Emuze, F. ve Adlam, R. (2013). Implementation of Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment in construction: A South African metropolitan area study, Acta Structilia, 20(1).
• Gamede, N. W. (2017). Human Capital Development in South Africa: Perspectives on Education in The Post-Apartheid Era, Master of Commerce, University of South Africa.
• Göktan, A. (2009). Yolsuzluğun Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkileri ve Yolsuzluğu Önleme Stratejileri, Çimento İşveren Dergisi, 23(4), 20-27.
• Gumede, W. (2011). Tackling The Corruption, Focus, Issue 60.
• Gültekin, S. (2015). Etik Yönetim Yolsuzluk Ve Yoksulluk İlişkisi Üzerine Bir İnceleme, Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 7(14), 399-421.
• Gündüz, M. (2010). Ahlak Sosyolojisi, 2. Baskı, Anı Yayıncılık, Ankara.
• Güngör, E. (2000). Ahlak Psikolojisi ve Sosyal Ahlak, 4. Basım, Ötüken Yayınları, İstanbul.
• Gür, N. (2017). Güven, Bürokrasi ve Refah Devleti, İnsan & Toplum, 7(1), 89-115.
• Greve, B. (2008). What is Welfare?, Central European Journal of Public Policy, 2(1), 50-73.
• Hirsch, A. (2015). How Compromises And Mistakes Made In The Mandela Era Hobbled South Africa’s Economy, 23 December, https://theconversation.com/how-compromises-and-mistakes-made-in-the-mandela-era-hobbled-south-africas-economy-52156
• Hoffman, P. (2012). The Effect Of Corruption On Poverty”, Conference on Strategies to Overcome Poverty&Inequality, Towards Carnegie III, The University of Cape Town 3-7 September. https://carnegie3.org.za/docs/papers/113_Hoffman_The%20Effect%20of%20Corruption%20on%20Poverty.pdf
• Jeffery, A. (2013). BEE is flawed and should be scrapped, 18 Jan, https://mg.co.za/article/2013-01-18-bee-is-flawed-and-should-be-scrapped,
• Karagöz, K. ve Karagöz, M. (2010). Yolsuzluk, Ekonomik Büyüme ve Kamu Harcamaları: Türkiye İçin Ampirik Bir Analiz, Sayıştay Dergisi, S:76, 5-22.
• Lindsay, D. M. (2015). BEE Informed: A Diagnosis of Black Economic Empowerment and its Role in the Political Economy of South Africa, PhD Thesis, Department of Sociology, University of the Witwatersrand
• Mabasa, K., (2014). Building a Bureucracy For The South African Developmental State: an Institutional-Policy Analysis of The Post-Apartheid Political Economy, Master Thesis, Department of Political Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Pretoria.
• Maharaj, M. (2008). The ANC and South Africa’s Negotiated Transition to Democracy and Peace, Berghof Transitions Series No. 2, Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management, Berlin.
• Mertek, S. ve Çengel, E. (2017). Siyasal Düzenin Ve Toplumsal Refahın Düşünürlerin Ahlak Anlayışları Üzerine Etkisi: Kınalızade Ali Efendi ve Niccolo Machiavelli Üzerinden Karşılaştırmalı Bir İnceleme, Balkan Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Icomep Özel Sayı, 204-211.
• Mohamed, S. (2012). The impact of capital flows on the South African economic growth path since the end of apartheid, AUGUR Working paper (WP2). http://www.augurproject.eu/IMG/pdf/The_impact_of_capital_flows_on_the_South_African_economic_growth_path_since_the_end_of_apartheid_LH_ed_WP2.pdf
• Mondi, L. (2017). Black Business And The State In South Africa, https://2017.essa.org.za/fullpaper/essa_3340.pdf
• Mutize, M. ve Gossel, S. (2017). White monopoly capital’: an excuse to avoid South Africa’s real problems, March 27. https://theconversation.com/white-monopoly-capital-an-excuse-to-avoid-south-africas-real-problems-75143
• Nattrass, N. (2014). South Africa: Post-Apartheid Democracy and Growth, Center For Development And Enterprise, Democracy Works, Conference Paper, http://www.cde.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/democracy-works---south-africa-conference-paper---post-apartheid-democracy-and-growth---by-nicoli-nattrass-pdf-.pdf
• NTRSA- National Treasury Republic of South Africa. (2017.) Budget Review 2017.
• OECD. (2017). OECD Economic Surveys: South Africa 2017.
• OECD. (2016). Society at a Glance 2016: OECD Social Indicators, OECD Publishing, Paris.
• Oorschot, W. V. (2005). On the cultural analysis of social policy, Centre for Comparative Welfare Studies, CCWS Aalborg University Denmark, https://www.dps.aau.dk/digitalAssets/211/211251_2005-35-cultural-analysis-wim.pdf (12.06.2019)
• Orman, S. (2014). İslami İktisat, Değerler ve Modernleşme, İnsan Yayınları, İstanbul.
• Övgün, B. ve Tosun, İ. (2018). Yönetime İçkin Etikten Kamu Etiğine, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 73(2), 453 – 474.
• Özgener, Ş. (2000). Ekonomik Sistemler ve Ahlak, SDÜ İİBF Dergisi, 5(1), 175-190.
• Öztürk, Ş. (2014). “Güney Afrika’nın Siyah Ekonomik Güçlendirme Stratejisi”, Çalışma ve Toplum Dergisi, Sayı 43, 125-160.
• PORSA- Parliament Of The Republic Of South Africa. (2017). Report of The High Level Panel on The Assessment Of Key Legislation And The Acceleration Of Fundamental Change, https://www.parliament.gov.za/high-level-panel
• Patel, L. (2015). Social Welfare and Social Development, 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press Southern Africa (Pty) Ltd, Cape Town.
• Patel, L. ve Graham, L. (2012). How Broad-Based Is Broadbased Black Economic Empowerment?, Development Southern Africa, 29(2), 193-207.
• Pınar, A. ve Çubukçu, D. Ö. (2008). Yolsuzluk Kamu Hizmetleri ve Vergi Gelirleri. İ. Önder, M. Karakaş ve M. Çak (Ed.). Yolsuzluk Ekonomisi ve Yolsuzlukla Mücadele içinde (ss. 13-33). TOBB Yayınları.
• PSC- Public Service Commission. (2017). Factsheet On Completed Disciplinary Proceedings On Financial Misconduct For The 2016/2017 Financial Year, Pretoria.
• Rakometsi, M. S. (2008). Transformation of Black School Education In South Africa, 1950-1994: A Historical Perspective, Phd Thesis, Department of History, Faculty of Humanities, University of Free State
• SAHO– South Africa History Online. (2014). South Africa’s Key economic policies changes (1994 - 2013), www.sahistory.org.za/article/south-africa’s-key-economic-policies-changes-1994-2013
• SAHO – South Africa History Online. (2017). South South Africa’s Foreign Relations During Apartheid – 1948, http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/south-africas-foreign-relations-during-apartheid-1948.
• SASCO- South Africa Students’ Congress. (2017). A Revıew On Black Economic Empowerment (Bee) https://sasco.org.za/a-review-on-black-economic-empowerment-bee/.
• Savaşan, F. (2014). Piyasa Başarısızlığından Devletin Başarısızlığına Kamu Ekonomisi, 4. Baskı, Dora Yayınları, Bursa.
• Schneiderman, D. (2010). Promoting Equality, Black Economic Empowerment, and the Future of Investment Rules, http://works.bepress.com/david_schneiderman/2/
• Smith, M. N. (2016). Black economic empowerment is not black economic empowerment, http://thoughtleader.co.za/readerblog/2016/06/20/black-economic-empowerment-is-not-black-economic-empowerment/,
• Sofuoğlu, E., Kızılkaya, O. ve Ay, A. (2017). Yolsuzluk ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: Yeni Sanayileşmiş Ülkeler İçin Panel Veri Analizi, International Conference On Eurasian Economies, İstanbul.
• Southall, R. (2017). White monopoly capital: Good politics, bad sociology, worse economics, https://theconversation.com/white-monopoly-capital-good-politics-bad-sociology-worse-economics-77338
• Spicker, P. (2013). Principles of social welfare: an introduction to thinking about the welfare state. Available from OpenAIR@RGU. [online]. Available from: http://openair.rgu.ac.uk
• STATS SA - Statistics South Africa. (2017a). Poverty Trends in South Africa : An examination of absolute poverty between 2006 and 2015, Report No. 03-10-06, Pretoria.
• STATS SA- Statistics South Africa. (2017b). Quarterly Labour Force Survey, Quarter 4, 2017.
• STATS SA- Statistics South Africa. (2014). Quarterly Employment Statistics (QES) March 2014, http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0277/P0277March2014.pdf
• Şeker, M. (2009). Rüşvet Ekonomisi (Kamu Ekonomisi Açısından Bir Analiz), Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Maliye Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul.
• Şeker, M. (2008). Kamu Ekonomisi ve Yolsuzluklar. İ. Önder, M. Karakaş ve M. Çak (Ed.). Yolsuzluk Ekonomisi ve Yolsuzlukla Mücadele içinde (ss. 157-174). TOBB Yayınları.
• Tshetu, T. N. (2014). An Analysis of Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) Owned Companies’ Success Stories, Master of Business Administration, Gordon Institute of Business Science, University of Pretoria.
• Uysal, E. (2008). Çağımızda Değer Kaymalarının Doğurduğu Sonuçlar ve Etik Kimliğin Korunması, Uludağ Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(1), 67-79.
• Uzun, T. (2009). Kamu Tercihi ve Anayasal İktisat Kuramı Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme, Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, Sayı:23, 1-27.
• Ülken, H. Z. (2016). Ahlak, 3. Baskı, Doğu Batı Yayınları, Ankara.
• Wilkinson, K. (2017). Guide: Black Ownership on SA’s Stock Exchange – What We Know, https://africacheck.org/factsheets/guide-much-sas-stock-exchange-black-owned-know/
• Wilmot, D. (2017). Transformative Teacher Education in a Time of Crisis, Inaugural Lecture, Education Faculty, Rhodes University, South Africa, https://www.ru.ac.za/media/rhodesuniversity/content/facultyofeducation/images/newsimages/Di%20Wilmot%20Inaugural%20lecture%207%20September%202017_FINAL.pdf.
• WB - World Bank. (2018). Global Economic Prospects: Broad-Based Upturn, but for How Long? Advance edition. Washington, DC.
• WBGGI- World Bank Global Governance Indicators. (2018). ttp://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/#reports
• WEF- World Economic Forum. (2017). The Inclusive Growth and Development Report 2017, Geneva.
• Yurdakul, M. O. (2013). Bir Kamusal Başarısızlık Ürünü Olarak Yolsuzluk ve Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları Üzerindeki Etkileri, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Maliye Anabilim Dalı Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara.
• Zondi, S. N.T. (2012). Tenders And Corruption in Post-Apartheid South Africa: Rethinking African thics as a Panacea For Corruption, Master of Arts, School of Religion, Philosophy And Classics, The College of Humanities, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg
• https://www.gov.za/about-sa/history, https://www.tdk.gov.tr, https://www.transparency.org