Dijital Becerileri Geliştirme Politikalarının Hollanda, İsveç ve Almanya Örnekleriyle Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: 4, 2296 - 2322, 31.10.2023

Didem Koca

https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1335724

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Literatürde mütabık kalınan herhangi bir genel tanım bulunmamasına karşın esas itibarıyla dijital teknolojilerin günlük yaşama entegre edilmesi ile başlayan dijitalleşme süreci her ülkeyi farklı şekillerde etkilemektedir. Dijital beceri gerekliliğinin her birey için kaçınılmaz olduğu bilinci, neredeyse her ülkeyi farklı stratejiler geliştirmeye zorlamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, seçilen ülke örnekleri kapsamında; dijital dönüşüm süreçleri ile eş zamanlı olarak dijital becerilere olan artan talebe dikkat çekmek, söz konusu ülkelerin uyguladıkları politikaları ve stratejileri detaylı bir biçimde analiz etmektir. Araştırmada dijital becerilerin topluma kazandırılmasında öne çıkan Hollanda, İsveç ve Almanya ülkeleri incelenmiştir. Nitel çözümleme yaklaşımlarından biri olan örnek olay durum çalışması yöntemi kapsamında söz konusu ülkelerin, dijital dönüşüm süreçleri, bireylerin dijital becerilerinin geliştirilmesine yönelik uygulamaları, stratejileri ve temel politikaları bakımından analiz edilmiştir. Dijital dönüşüm kapsamında iyi uygulama örnekleri kategorisinde yer alan her bir ülke sahip olduğu farklı özelliklerle dikkat çekmektedir. İsveç, 'gelişmiş dijital ekonomi' statüsüne sahiptir. Ülke hızla etkin bir bilgi ekonomisine geçiş yapmaya başlamıştır. Almanya, dijital inovasyona yönelik bir endüstri ekseni tarafından üretilen yüksek talebi karşılamak için nispeten yüksek bir dijital beceri arzına sahiptir. 2021 yılında Hollanda ise 16 ila 74 yaş arası nüfusunun yaklaşık yüzde 80'inin dijital becerilere sahip olması nedeniyle Avrupa’da ilk sırada yer alması ile öne çıkmıştır. Bu çalışma, dijital becerilerin geliştirilmesinde iyi ülke uygulamalarının yardımıyla bazı temel strateji ve hedefleri bir araya getirmiştir. Genel olarak bu araştırma, dijitalleşme başarısının, dijital dönüşümün sosyal kabulünün sağlanmasına ve süreç boyunca insan odaklı yaklaşımların benimsenmesine bağlı olduğunu öne sürüyor.

Keywords

Dijital Dönüşüm, Dijital Beceri, İşgücü, Eğitim

Evaluation of Digital Skills Development Policies with the Examples of Netherlands, Sweden, and Germany

Abstract

Despite no consensus on its definition in the literature, digitalization - essentially coined thanks to the widespread integration of digital technologies into everyday life - is likely to bring diverse impacts to each country. The inevitability of digital technologies in contemporary daily life forces almost every country to design different strategies to encourage its citizens to adopt digital skills. In this sense, the present study aims to draw attention to the increasing demand for digital skills with digital transformation processes in selected countries and scrutinize these countries’ digitalization-specific policies and strategies. Accordingly, this case study focuses on three digitally competent European countries - the Netherlands, Sweden, and Germany - regarding their digital transformation processes and practices, strategies, and fundamental policies for improving their citizens’ digital skills. In this regard, we can assert that each country bears different digital strengths. While Sweden has an advanced digital economy and has rapidly started to transition to an efficient knowledge economy, Germany has a relatively high supply of digital skills to satisfy the increased demand by an innovation-oriented industry. The Netherlands, on the other hand, shines out by ranking first in Europe as about 80% of its population aged 16 to 74 years adopt digital skills. This study synthesized several strategies and objectives by using exemplary examples from different countries in the realm of digital skills development. In general, this research suggests that the achievement of digitalization success is contingent upon establishing social acceptance of digital transformation and embracing human-centric approaches throughout the process.

Keywords

Digital Transformation, Digital Skills, Workforce, Education

References

• Accenture Consulting. (2017). Manning the mission for advanced manufacturing: new demands on talent in Singapore’s energy, chemicals and utilities industries.
• Berger, T., & Frey, C. (2015). Future shocks and shifts: Challenges for the global workforce and skills development, OECD Directorate for Education and Skills Working Paper.
• BMBF (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung). (2022). Berufliche bildung, https://www.bmbf.de/bmbf/de/bildung/berufliche-bildung/berufliche-bildung_node.html (02.05.2023)
• BMBF. (2018). Die schul-cloud: Digitale lernangebote für den unterricht, https://www.bmbf.de/bmbf/de/home/_documents/die-schul-cloud-digitale-lernangebote-fuer-den-unterricht.html (05.01.2023)
• Bonekamp, L., & Sure, M. (2015). Consequences of Industry 4.0 on human labour and work organization, Journal of Business and Media Psychology, 6(1), 33-40.
• Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2014). Research brief. Race against the machine: How the digital revolution is accelerating innovation, driving productivity, and irreversibly transforming employment and the economy, The Lancet Diabetes & endocrinology, 2(8).
• McKinsey. (2018). Skill shift: Automation and the future of the workforce. Global Institute, 1, 3-84. CBS (Statistics Netherlands). (2021). Labour and social security database, https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb (12.03.2023)
• CEDEFOP. (2012). Preventing skill obsolescence, European centre for the development of vocational training, Briefing Note.
• Creswell, J. W. (2016). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Citrix. (2020). Coronavirus pandemic: German schools lagging behind on digital learning, https://www.thelocal.de/20200908/german-schools-lag-behind-other-countries-when-it-comes-to-digital-learning (15.04.2023)
• Davey, L. (2009). The application of case study evaluations, Elementary Education Online, 8(2).
• DESI. (2022). Full European Analysis 2022, https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/digital-economy-and-society-index-desi-2022 (14.05.2023).
• DESI. (2019). The digital economy and society index (DESI), https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/digital-economy-and-society-index-desi-2019 (17.05.2023)
• DESI. (2022d). Digital economy and society index (DESI), https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/digital-economy-and-society-index-desi-2022 (10.06.2023).
• Digital Economy and Society Index. (DESI).(2022a). Germany in the digital economy and society index, https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/desi-germany (11.02.2023).
• Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI). (2022b). Sweden in the digital economy and society index, https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/desi-sweden (11.02.2023).
• Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI). (2022c). The Netherlands in the digital economy and society index, https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/desi-netherlands (11.04.2023)
• Digital Government Factsheet. (2019). Digital government factsheet 2019 Germany, https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/inline-files/Digital_Government_Factsheets_Germany_2019.pdf (12.04.2023)
• Digital Strategy 2025. (2016). Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi), https://www.de.digital/DIGITAL/Redaktion/EN/Publikation/digital-strategy-2025.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=9 (10.02.2023)
• Digital Skills&Jobs Platform. (2021). Sweden - National digitalisation strategy for the school system, https://digital-skills-jobs.europa.eu/en/actions/national-initiatives/national-strategies/sweden-national-digitalisation-strategy-school (11.02.2023)
• Digital Skills&Jobs Platform (2022). Germany - digital strategy 2025, https://digital-skills-jobs.europa.eu/en/actions/national-initiatives/national-strategies/germany-digital-strategy-2025 (12.04.2023)
• Dutch Digitalisation Strategy. (2019). Dutch digitalisation strategy 2021, https://www.nederlanddigitaal.nl/documenten/publicaties/2021/06/22/the-dutch-digitalisation-strategy-2021-eng (15.03.2023)
• Dutch Edtech. (2021). The state of the Dutch edtech ecosystem. https://dutchedtech.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/The-State-of-the-Dutch-Edtech-Ecosystem-2021-Created-by-Dutch-Edtech-Dealroom_V3.pdf?utm_source=mailchimp&utm_campaign=030029a2e1f0&utm_medium=page (10.01.2023)
• Empirica. (2014). E-Skills in Europe, Sweden Country Report.
• European Commission. (2022). Digital economy and society index (DESI) 2022 methodological note, https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/desi (11.06.2023).
• Eurostat. (2019). Households - reasons for not having internet access at home, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/isoc_pibi_rni/default/table?lang=en (17.02.2023)
• Eurostat. (2021a). How many citizens had basic digital skills in 2021? https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20220330-1 (11.02.2023).
• Eurostat. (2021b). Individuals' level of digital skills (from 2021 onwards), https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/metadata/en/isoc_sk_dskl_i21_esmsip2.htm (11.02.2023).
• Eurostat. (2021c). Individuals' level of computer skills (2021 onwards), https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/isoc_sk_cskl_i21/default/table?lang=en (14.02.2023)
• Eurostat. (2021d). Individuals using mobile devices to access the internet on the move, https://data.europa.eu/data/datasets/ge5r8akykhxk70lt8prja?locale=en (13.02.2023).
• Eurostat. (2022). Digital economy and society statistics - households and individuals, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/index.php?title=Digital_economy_and_society_statistics_- _households_and_individuals (17.04.2023).
• Eynon, R. (2021). Becoming digitally literate: Reinstating an educational lens to digital skills policies for adults. British educational research journal, 47(1), 146-162.
• Gekara, V., Snell, D., Molla, A., & Karanasios, S. (2020). International scan of approaches taken by select economies to build the digital skills of the existing workforce in response to the digital transformation of industry.
• Gerring, J. (2007). Is there a (viable) crucial-case method?. Comparative political studies, 40(3), 231-253.
• Government Offices of Sweden. (2017). Rättsliga dokument, https://www.regeringen.se/rattsliga-dokument/#1238 (11.03.2023).
• Hagberg, J., Sundstrom, M., & Egels-Zandén, N. (2016). The digitalization of retailing: an exploratory framework. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 44(7), 694-712. Harari, Y. N. (2018). 21. yüzyıl için 21 ders. Kolektif Kitap.
• Hartong, S. (2021). Quality, not speed, is what we need - A case for a sustainable transformation of digital education, https://www.boell.de/en/2021/04/15/a-case-for-a-sustainable-transformation-of-digital-education-in-Germany (18.03.2023).
• Hecker, I., & Loprest, P. (2019). Foundational Digital Skills for Career Progress. Urban Institute, Income and Benefits Policy Center
• Helsper, E. J., & Van Deursen, A. J. A. M. (2015). Digital skills in Europe: Research and policy. Digital divides: The new challenges and opportunities of e-inclusion, 195, 125.
• Hutfilter, A. F., Lehmann, S., & Kim, E. J. (2018). Improving skills and their use in Germany, Economics Department Working Papers No. 1516.
• Homrich, R. (2020). Digital education: More than technology, https://www.t-systems.com/resource/blob/156110/f152208dbb2e55c9b7cdd47c5d5ff221/DL_Best-Practice_Aloisiuskolleg_EN.pdf (11.10.2023).
• ISTE. (International Society for Technology in Education). (2016). https://www.aeseducation.com/blog/what-are-iste-standards (11.16.2023)
• International Telecommunication Union. (2020). Digital skills insight 2020, https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-d/opb/phcb/D-PHCB-CAP_BLD.03-2020-PDF-E.pdf (19.05.2023).
• International Telecommunications Union (ITU). (2021). Measuring digital development: Facts and figures 2021, Geneva: ITU, https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/facts/FactsFigures2021.pdf (19.06.2023).
• IT&Telekomföretagen. (2017). The IT Skills Shortage: A Report on the Swedish digital sector’s need for cutting-edge expertise, https://www.almega.se/app/uploads/sites/2/2018/06/ittelekom_rapport_brist_pa_it- kompetens_eng_webb.pdf (15.07.2023)
• inhuntworld. (2023). https://inhuntworld.com/2023-headhunting-statistics-and-trends/ (16.06.2023.)
• Jakopsone, M. (2022). Germany - Digital strategy 2025, https://digital-skills-jobs.europa.eu/en/actions/national-initiatives/national-strategies/germany-digital-strategy-2025 (10.03.2023)
• Kane, L. O., Narasimhan, R., Burning, J. N., & Taska, B. (2020). Digitalization in the German labor market: Analyzing demand for digital skills in job vacancies (pp. 1-58). Bertelsmann-Stiftung.
• Koca, D. (2020). Sanayi 4.0 Kapsamında Türkiye'de İşgücünün Yeni Becerilerinin Belirlenmesi: Beceri Talebi ve Arzının Karşılaştırılması (Doctoral dissertation, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
• Make IT Work. (2022). Omscholingstraject Make IT Work, https://www.itacademy.nl/opleidingen/make-it-work (11.04.2023).
• Mansell, R. (2017). Inequality and digitally mediated communication: Divides, contradictions and consequences. Javnost-The Public, 24(2), 146-161.
• Manyika, J., Lund, S., Chui, M., Bughin, J., Woetzel, J., Batra, P., ... & Sanghvi, S. (2017). Jobs lost, jobs gained: What the future of work will mean for jobs, skills, and wages, McKinsey Global Institute
• Mazzucato, M. (2016). From market fixing to market-creating: a new framework for innovation policy. Industry and Innovation, 23(2), 140-156.
• McKinsey & Company. (2018). Future Skills: Which skills are lacking in Germany, https://www.stifterverband.org/medien/which-skills-are-lacking-in-germany (15.05.2023).
• Mendix.(2021). Low-Code forecasts 2021, https://www.mendix.com/de/ (11.04.2023).
• Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy of Netherlands. (2021). The Dutch digitalisation strategy 2021, https://www.nederlanddigitaal.nl/english/the-dutch-digitalisation-strategy-2021 (11.04.2023).
• Ministry of Enterprise, Energy and Communications. (2014). Select Committee on Digital Skills - Report of Session 2014–15, https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201415/ldselect/lddigital/111/11119.html (17.04.2023).
• Nesta. (2018). Digital frontrunners spotlight: Sweden, https://www.nesta.org.uk/blog/digital-frontrunners-spotlight-sweden/ (12.03.2023).
• OECD. (2017). Skills Strategy Diagnostic Report: OECD Skills Studies, https://www.oecd.org/publications/oecd-skills-strategy-diagnostic-report-the-netherlands-2017-9789264287655-en.htm (11.03.2023).
• OECD (2018c), OECD Reviews of Digital Transformation: Going Digital in Sweden, OECD Reviews of Digital Transformation, OECD Publishing:Paris.
• OECD. (2018a). Digital government review of Sweden, https://www.oecd.org/gov/digital-government/digital-government-review-of-sweden-2018.pdf (14.03.2023)
• OECD. (2018b). Digitalisation leveraging the opportunities of digitalisation in Germany, https://www.oecd.org/germany/Germany-policy-brief-digitalisation.pdf (14.05.2023).
• OECD. (2022). Netherlands projection note OECD economic outlook November 2022, https://issuu.com/oecd.publishing/docs/netherlands-oecd-economic-outlook-projection-note-#:~:text=Netherlands%20projection%20note%20OECD%20Economic%20Outlook%20November%202022,-%EF%81%BC%20179&text=Netherlands%20Following%20a%204.3%25%20expansion,2023%20and%201.1%25%20in%202024 (17.04.2023).
• OECD.(2016). OECD employment outlook 2016, OECD Publishing: Paris, https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/employment/oecd-employment-outlook-2016_empl_outlook-2016-en (15.05.2023).
• OECD.(2018). OECD reviews of digital transformation: going digital in Sweden, Paris: OECD Publishing.
• Patel, K., & McCarthy, M. P. (2000). Digital transformation: The essentials of e-business leadership. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional.
• Reuters. (2018). Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2018, https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/digital-news-report-2018.pdf (11.04.2023).
• Rozing, D. (2022). Dutch digital skills at the top in Europe, https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2022/19/dutch-digital-skills-at-the-top-in-europe (15.05.2023)
• Sachs, J. D., & Kotlikoff, L. J. (2012). Smart machines and long-term misery (No. w18629). National Bureau of Economic Research.
• Schwab, K. (2016). The Fourth Industrial Revolution. Penguin UK.
• Stolterman, E., & Fors, A. C. (2004). Information technology and the good life. Information Systems Research: Relevant Theory And Informed Practice, 687-692.
• The Federal Government. (2021a). https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/service/archiv/app-fuer-mehr-datenkompetenz-1854722 (12.04.2023).
• The Federal Government. (2021b). Boosting digital literacy for all ages, https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-en/service/archive/initiative-digitale-bildung-1860892 (12.04.2023).
• Thelen, K. (2019). Transitions to the knowledge economy in Germany, Sweden, and the Netherlands. Comparative Politics, 51(2), 295-315.
• The Swedish National Digitalization Council.(2017). Digitalisation council Sweden,
• https://digital-skills-jobs.europa.eu/en/organisations/digitaliseringsradet-digitalisation-council-sweden (18.04.2023).
• TOMAS. (2022). TOMAS A new platform for unlocking local tech talent, https://www.iamsterdam.com/en/business/startupamsterdam/insights-interviews/tomas-a-new-platform-for-unlocking-local-tech-talent, (12.07.2023).
• Van Deursen, A. J., & Van Dijk, J. A. (2019). The first-level digital divide shifts from inequalities in physical access to inequalities in material access. New media & society, 21(2), 354-375.
• WILEY. (2023). Digital Skills Gap Index 2021, https://dsgi.wiley.com/ (11.02.2023).
• Wisskirchen, G., Biacabe, B. T., Bormann, U., Muntz, A., Niehaus, G., Soler, G. J., & von Brauchitsch, B. (2017). Artificial intelligence and robotics and their impact on the workplace. IBA Global Employment Institute, 11(5), 49-67.
• Wolter, M. I., Mönnig, A., Hummel, M., Schneemann, C., Weber, E., Zika, G., ... & Neuber-Pohl, C. (2015). Industry 4.0 and the consequences for labour market and economy: scenario calculations in line with the BIBB-IAB qualifications and occupational field projections (Industrie 4.0 und die Folgen für Arbeitsmarkt und Wirtschaft: Szenario-Rechnungen im Rahmen der BIBB-IAB-Qualifikations-und Berufsfeldprojektionen) (No. 201508 (en)). Institut für Arbeitsmarkt-und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany].
• World Bank. (2021). Digital skills the why, the what, the how, https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/a4a6a0b2de23c53da91bf4f97c315bee-0200022021/original/DSCAP-Guidebook-Part2.pdf (19.03.2023).
• ZEW. (2023). Lack of digital sovereignty threatens competitiveness of German companies https://www.zew.de/en/press/latest-press-releases/lack-of-digital-sovereignty-threatens-competitiveness-of-german-companies (17.04.202)