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Supply Chain Strategies Against Supply Chain Risks: Supply Chain Agility and Flexibility

Year 2024, Volume: 13 Issue: 3, 1239 - 1255, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1468133

Abstract

In today's business world, supply chain management has become a critical concern for companies dealing with a variety of external and internal uncertainties. External factors such as technological developments, natural disasters, and pandemics, along with internal factors related to production, can create supply chain risks. To address these risks, companies should design their supply chains to be agile and/or flexible. The aim of this study, which considers supply chain risks as supply risk, demand risk, and process risk, is to reveal the impact of each of these risks on supply chain flexibility and agility strategies. It is emphasized that in risky business environments where uncertainties are high, companies should design their supply chains more agile and flexible. Within the scope of quantitative research methods, data were collected via phone calls and online surveys from 112 manufacturing companies operating in the Gaziantep Organized Industrial Zone, which is the population of the study. The construct validity of the scales used in the research was determined through exploratory factor analysis, and the fit to the predicted structure was confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis. Additionally, the reliability analysis indicated that the alpha coefficients of the scales were reliable. Skewness and kurtosis coefficients were checked, revealing that the variables fell within the range of -2 and +2, indicating a normal distribution. After finding a positive relationship between the variables through correlation analysis, regression analysis was applied to test the hypotheses of the study. The results of the multiple regression analysis found that supply risk affects both strategies, and process risk only affects the supply chain agility strategy. Demand risk did not have impacted any of these strategies. These findings suggest that both supply chain agility and flexibility strategies are effective against supply risk, but may not be suitable for demand risk. Therefore, the recommendation stands that supply chain agility and flexibility strategies are particularly effective suggestions for industrial firms to cope with supply-related risks in supply chain management.

References

  • Abrahamsson, M., Christopher, M. & Stensson, B.I. (2015). Mastering supply chain management in an era of uncertainty at SKF. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 34, 6–17.
  • Ahmed, W. & Huma, S. (2021) Impact of lean and agile strategies on supply chain risk management, Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 32:1-2, 33-56, DOI: 10.1080/14783363.2018.1529558
  • Ahmed, W., Najmi, A., Mustafa, Y. & Khan, A. (2019). Developing model to analyze factors affecting firms’ agility and competitive capability: a case of a volatile market. Journal of Modelling in Management, 14, 2, 476-491.
  • Aslam, H., Khan, A.Q., Rashid, K. & Rehman, S. (2020). Achieving supply chain resilience: the role of supply chain ambidexterity and supply chain agility. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 31, 6
  • Bayram N. (2013). Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesine Girişi Amos Uygulamaları (2. Baskı). Bursa. Ezgi Kitabevi Bernardes, E.S. & Hanna, M.D. (2009). A theoretical review of flexibility, agility and responsiveness in the operations management literature toward a conceptual definition of customer responsiveness. International Journal of Operations and Productions Management, 29(2):30–53
  • Bhatnagar, R. & Sohal, A.S. (2005). Supply chain competitiveness: measuring the impact of location factors, uncertainty and manufacturing practices. Technovation, 25, 5, 443-456.
  • Bogataj, D. & Bogataj, M. (2007). Measuring the supply chain risk and vulnerability in frequency space. International Journal of Production Economics, 108, 1-2, 291-301.
  • Braunscheidel, M.J. & Suresh, N.C. (2009). The Organizational Antecedents of a Firm’s Supply Chain Agility for Risk Mitigation and Response. Journal of Operations Management, 27, 119-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2008.09.006
  • Buran, A.Ç. & Ağca, A. (2018). Tedarik zinciri risklerinin tedarik zinciri performansı üzerinde etkisi: Üretim işletmelerinde bir araştırma. Paradoks Ekonomi Sosyoloji Ve Politika Dergisi, 14(2), 1-18.
  • Chen, H.L. (2018). Supply chain risk’s impact on corporate financial performance. Int. J. Oper. Prod. Manag. 38 (3), 713–731.
  • Chen, I.J. & Paulraj, A. (2004). Towards a theory of supply chain management: the constructs and measurements. Journal of Operations Management, 22, (4), 119-150.
  • Christopher, M., & Peck, H. (2004). Building the resilient supply chain. . International Journal of Logistics Management, 15, 1–14.
  • Civelek, E. (2018). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi metodolojisi (1. Baskı). İstanbul. Beta Yayın
  • Das, A. (2001). Towards theory building in manufacturing flexibility. International Journal of Production Research, 39, 4153–4177.
  • Fiala, P. (2005). Information sharing in supply chains. Omega 33 (5), 419–423.
  • Ghadge, A., Dani, S. &Kalawsky, R. (2012). Supply chain risk management: present and future scope. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 23(3), 313–339.
  • Gligor, D.M., Holcomb, M.C. & Feizabadi, J. (2016). An exploration of the strategic antecedents of firm supply chain agility: the role of a firm's orientations. International Journal of Production Economics, 179, 24–34.
  • Goldman S.L, Nagel R.N. & Preiss K. (1995). Agile competitors and virtual organizations: strategies for enriching the customer. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York
  • Heckmann, I., Comes, T., & Nickel, S. (2015). A critical review on supply chain risk Definition, measure and modeling. Omega, 52, 119–132.
  • Jajja, M.S.S., Chatha, K.A. & Farooq, S. (2018). Impact of supply chain risk on agility performance: Mediating role of supply chain integration. International Journal of Production Economics, 205, 118-138
  • Jayaram, J., Ahire, S.L. & Dreyfus, P. (2010). Contingency relationships of firm size, TQM duration, unionization, and industry context on TQM implementation—a focus on total effects. Journal of Operations Management, 28, 345–356.
  • Kleindorfer, P.R. & Saad, G.H. (2005). Managing disruption risks in supply chains. Production and Operations Management, 14 (1), 53–68.
  • Kumar, S.K., Tiwari, M.K. & Babiceanu, R.F. (2010). Minimisation of supply chain cost with embedded risk using computational intelligence approaches. International Journal of Production Research, 48 (13), 3717–3739. Lee, H.L. (2002). Aligning supply chain strategies with product uncertainties. California Management Review, 44, 105–119.
  • Linton, T. & Vakil, B. (2020). Coronavirus Is Proving We Need More Resilient Supply Chains. Harvard Business Review, https://hbr.org/2020/03/coronavirus-is-proving-that-we-need-more-resilient-supply-chains (Accessed Date: 07.03.2024).
  • Manuj, I., & Mentzer, J. T. (2008). Global supply chain risk management. Journal of Business Logistics, 29(1), 133–155.
  • Munir, M. Jajja, M.S.S., Chatha, K.A. & Farooq, S. (2020). Supply chain risk management and operational performance: The enabling role of supply chain integration. International Journal of Production Economics, 227,107667
  • Ngai E.W.T., Chau D.C.K, Chan T.L.A (2011). Information technology, operational, and management competencies for supply chain agility: findings from case studies. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 20(3):232–249
  • Piprani, A.Z., Jaafar, N.I., Ali, S.M., Mubarik, M.S. & Shahbaz, M. (2022). Multi-dimensional supply chain flexibility and supply chain resilience: the role of supply chain risk exposure. Operations Management Research, 15, 307–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12063-021-00232-w
  • Qi, Y., Boyer, K.K. & Zhao, X. (2009). Supply chain strategy, product characteristics, and performance impact: evidence from Chinese manufacturers. Decis. Sci. J., 40, 667–695.
  • Quiggin, J. (2004). Risk, PPPs and the public sector comparator. Australian Accounting Review 14(33):51 - 61 Revilla, E. & Saenz, M.J. (2017). The impact of risk management on the frequency of supply chain disruptions: a configurational approach. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 37 (5), 557–576.
  • Sangari, M.S. & Razmi, J. (2015). Business intelligence competence, agile capabilities, and agile performance in supply chain: an empirical study. International Journal of Logistics Management, 26, 356–380.
  • Sharifi, H, & Zhang, Z. (1999). A methodology for achieving agility in manufacturing organisations: an introduction. International Journal of Production Economics, 62(2):7–22
  • Sodhi, M. S. (2005). Managing Demand Risk in Tactical Supply Chain Planning for a Global Consumer Electronics Company. Production and Operations Management, 14(1), 69-79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1937-5956.2005.tb00010.x
  • Sosa, L.A., García-Alcaraz, J.L. & Castrellón-Torres, J.P. (2014). The Effects of Some Risk Factors in the Supply Chains Performance: A Case of Study. Journal of Applied Research and Technology, 12, 5, 958-968. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1665-6423(14)70602-9.
  • Sreedevi, R. & Saranga, H. (2017). Uncertainty and supply chain risk: The moderating role of supply chain flexibility in risk mitigation. . International Journal of Production Economics,, 193, 332-342
  • Swafford P.M., Ghosh S. & Murthy N. (2008). Achieving supply chain agility through IT integration and flexibility. . International Journal of Production Economics, 116(2):288–297
  • Tang, C. & Tomlin, B. (2008). The power of flexibility for mitigating supply chain risks. . International Journal of Production Economics, 116, 1, 12-27
  • Tang, C.S. (2006). Perspectives in supply chain risk management. International Journal of Production Economics,. 103 (2), 451–488.
  • Tang, O. & Musa, N. (2011). Identifying risk and research advancements in supply chain risk management. International Journal of Production Economics, 133, 1, 25-34
  • Thun, J.H. & Hoenig, D. (2011). An empirical analysis of supply chain risk management in the German automotive industry. . International Journal of Production Economics, 131 (1), 242–249.
  • Um, J. (2017) The impact of supply chain agility on business performance in a high level customization environment. Operations Management Research, 10 (1-2). pp. 10-19. DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/s12063-016-0120-1
  • Um, J., Lyons, A., Lam, H. K. S., Cheng, T. C. E., & Dominguez-Pery, C. (2017). Product variety management and supply chain performance: A capability perspective on their relationships and competitiveness implications. International Journal of Production Economics, 187, 15–26.
  • Wagner, S. & Bode, C. (2008). An empirical examination of supply chain performance along several dimensions of risk. Journal of Business Logistics, 29, 1, 307-25.
  • Wagner, S.M. & Bode, C. (2008). An Empirical Examination of Supply Chain Performance Along Several Dimensions of Risk. Journal of Business Logistics, 29(1), 307-325.
  • Wieland, A. & Marcus Wallenburg, C. (2012). Dealing with supply chain risks: linking risk management practices and strategies to performance. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management. 42, 887–905.
  • Zhao, L., Huo, B., Sun, L. & Zhao, X. (2013). The impact of supply chain risk on supply chain integration and company performance: a global investigation. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 18 (2), 115–131.
  • Zsidisin, G. A., Panelli, A., & Upton, R. (2000). Purchasing organization involvement in risk assessments, contingency plans, and risk management: an exploratory study. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 5(4), 187–198.
  • Zsidisin, G.A. & Ellram, L. (2003). An agency theory investigation of supply risk management. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 39, 3, 15-27.

Tedarik Zinciri Risklerine Karşı Tedarik Zinciri Stratejileri: Tedarik Zinciri Çevikliği ve Esnekliği

Year 2024, Volume: 13 Issue: 3, 1239 - 1255, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1468133

Abstract

Günümüzün iş dünyasında tedarik zinciri yönetimi, bir dizi dışsal ve içsel belirsizlikle baş etmek zorunda olan firmalar için kritik bir konu haline gelmiştir. Teknolojik gelişmeler, doğal afetler ve salgın hastalıklar gibi dışsal etkenlerin yanı sıra, üretim ile ilişkili içsel faktörler de tedarik zinciri riski oluşturabilir. Tedarik zinciri risklerine karşı firmalar tedarik zincirlerini çevik ve/veya esnek tasarlanmalıdır. Tedarik zinciri risklerini tedarik riski, talep riski ve süreç risk olarak ele alan bu çalışmanın amacı, bu risklerin her birinin tedarik zinciri esneklik ve çeviklik stratejilerine etkisini ortaya koymaktır. Bu bağlamda, belirsizliklerin yoğun olduğu riskli iş çevrelerinde, şirketlerin tedarik zincirlerini daha çevik ve esnek bir şekilde tasarlamaları gerektiği vurgulanmak istenmiştir. Nicel araştırma yöntemleri kapsamında çalışmanın evreni olan Gaziantep organize sanayi bölgesinde faaliyet gösteren 112 imalat işletmesinden telefonla ve çevrim içi veri toplanmıştır. Araştırmada kullanılan ölçeklerin yapı geçerliliği keşfedici faktör analizi ile öngörülen yapıya uygunluğu doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ile belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca güvenilirlik analizi sonucu alfa katsayıları ölçeklerin güvenilir olduğunu göstermiştir. Çarpıklık basıklık katsayıları kontrol edilerek değişkenlerin -2 ve +2 aralığında değer aldığı ve böylelikle normal dağılım gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Korelasyon analizi ile değişkenler arasında pozitif ilişki bulunduktan sonra çalışmanın hipotezlerini test etmek için regresyon analizi uygulanmıştır. Yapılan çoklu regresyon analizi sonuçları, tedarik riskinin her iki stratejiye ve süreç riskinin sadece tedarik zinciri çeviklik stratejisine etki ettiği bulunmuştur. Talep riski her iki stratejiye de etki etmemiştir. Bu sonuçlar, tedarik zinciri yönetiminde her iki stratejinin de tedarik riskine karşı etkili olduğunu, ancak talep riskine karşı her iki stratejinin de uygun olmayabileceğini göstermektedir. Dolayısıyla, tedarik zinciri çeviklik ve esneklik stratejilerinin, özellikle sanayi firmalarının tedarik kaynaklı risklerle başa çıkmasında etkili bir öneri olarak öne çıkmaktadır.

References

  • Abrahamsson, M., Christopher, M. & Stensson, B.I. (2015). Mastering supply chain management in an era of uncertainty at SKF. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 34, 6–17.
  • Ahmed, W. & Huma, S. (2021) Impact of lean and agile strategies on supply chain risk management, Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 32:1-2, 33-56, DOI: 10.1080/14783363.2018.1529558
  • Ahmed, W., Najmi, A., Mustafa, Y. & Khan, A. (2019). Developing model to analyze factors affecting firms’ agility and competitive capability: a case of a volatile market. Journal of Modelling in Management, 14, 2, 476-491.
  • Aslam, H., Khan, A.Q., Rashid, K. & Rehman, S. (2020). Achieving supply chain resilience: the role of supply chain ambidexterity and supply chain agility. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 31, 6
  • Bayram N. (2013). Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesine Girişi Amos Uygulamaları (2. Baskı). Bursa. Ezgi Kitabevi Bernardes, E.S. & Hanna, M.D. (2009). A theoretical review of flexibility, agility and responsiveness in the operations management literature toward a conceptual definition of customer responsiveness. International Journal of Operations and Productions Management, 29(2):30–53
  • Bhatnagar, R. & Sohal, A.S. (2005). Supply chain competitiveness: measuring the impact of location factors, uncertainty and manufacturing practices. Technovation, 25, 5, 443-456.
  • Bogataj, D. & Bogataj, M. (2007). Measuring the supply chain risk and vulnerability in frequency space. International Journal of Production Economics, 108, 1-2, 291-301.
  • Braunscheidel, M.J. & Suresh, N.C. (2009). The Organizational Antecedents of a Firm’s Supply Chain Agility for Risk Mitigation and Response. Journal of Operations Management, 27, 119-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2008.09.006
  • Buran, A.Ç. & Ağca, A. (2018). Tedarik zinciri risklerinin tedarik zinciri performansı üzerinde etkisi: Üretim işletmelerinde bir araştırma. Paradoks Ekonomi Sosyoloji Ve Politika Dergisi, 14(2), 1-18.
  • Chen, H.L. (2018). Supply chain risk’s impact on corporate financial performance. Int. J. Oper. Prod. Manag. 38 (3), 713–731.
  • Chen, I.J. & Paulraj, A. (2004). Towards a theory of supply chain management: the constructs and measurements. Journal of Operations Management, 22, (4), 119-150.
  • Christopher, M., & Peck, H. (2004). Building the resilient supply chain. . International Journal of Logistics Management, 15, 1–14.
  • Civelek, E. (2018). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi metodolojisi (1. Baskı). İstanbul. Beta Yayın
  • Das, A. (2001). Towards theory building in manufacturing flexibility. International Journal of Production Research, 39, 4153–4177.
  • Fiala, P. (2005). Information sharing in supply chains. Omega 33 (5), 419–423.
  • Ghadge, A., Dani, S. &Kalawsky, R. (2012). Supply chain risk management: present and future scope. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 23(3), 313–339.
  • Gligor, D.M., Holcomb, M.C. & Feizabadi, J. (2016). An exploration of the strategic antecedents of firm supply chain agility: the role of a firm's orientations. International Journal of Production Economics, 179, 24–34.
  • Goldman S.L, Nagel R.N. & Preiss K. (1995). Agile competitors and virtual organizations: strategies for enriching the customer. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York
  • Heckmann, I., Comes, T., & Nickel, S. (2015). A critical review on supply chain risk Definition, measure and modeling. Omega, 52, 119–132.
  • Jajja, M.S.S., Chatha, K.A. & Farooq, S. (2018). Impact of supply chain risk on agility performance: Mediating role of supply chain integration. International Journal of Production Economics, 205, 118-138
  • Jayaram, J., Ahire, S.L. & Dreyfus, P. (2010). Contingency relationships of firm size, TQM duration, unionization, and industry context on TQM implementation—a focus on total effects. Journal of Operations Management, 28, 345–356.
  • Kleindorfer, P.R. & Saad, G.H. (2005). Managing disruption risks in supply chains. Production and Operations Management, 14 (1), 53–68.
  • Kumar, S.K., Tiwari, M.K. & Babiceanu, R.F. (2010). Minimisation of supply chain cost with embedded risk using computational intelligence approaches. International Journal of Production Research, 48 (13), 3717–3739. Lee, H.L. (2002). Aligning supply chain strategies with product uncertainties. California Management Review, 44, 105–119.
  • Linton, T. & Vakil, B. (2020). Coronavirus Is Proving We Need More Resilient Supply Chains. Harvard Business Review, https://hbr.org/2020/03/coronavirus-is-proving-that-we-need-more-resilient-supply-chains (Accessed Date: 07.03.2024).
  • Manuj, I., & Mentzer, J. T. (2008). Global supply chain risk management. Journal of Business Logistics, 29(1), 133–155.
  • Munir, M. Jajja, M.S.S., Chatha, K.A. & Farooq, S. (2020). Supply chain risk management and operational performance: The enabling role of supply chain integration. International Journal of Production Economics, 227,107667
  • Ngai E.W.T., Chau D.C.K, Chan T.L.A (2011). Information technology, operational, and management competencies for supply chain agility: findings from case studies. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 20(3):232–249
  • Piprani, A.Z., Jaafar, N.I., Ali, S.M., Mubarik, M.S. & Shahbaz, M. (2022). Multi-dimensional supply chain flexibility and supply chain resilience: the role of supply chain risk exposure. Operations Management Research, 15, 307–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12063-021-00232-w
  • Qi, Y., Boyer, K.K. & Zhao, X. (2009). Supply chain strategy, product characteristics, and performance impact: evidence from Chinese manufacturers. Decis. Sci. J., 40, 667–695.
  • Quiggin, J. (2004). Risk, PPPs and the public sector comparator. Australian Accounting Review 14(33):51 - 61 Revilla, E. & Saenz, M.J. (2017). The impact of risk management on the frequency of supply chain disruptions: a configurational approach. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 37 (5), 557–576.
  • Sangari, M.S. & Razmi, J. (2015). Business intelligence competence, agile capabilities, and agile performance in supply chain: an empirical study. International Journal of Logistics Management, 26, 356–380.
  • Sharifi, H, & Zhang, Z. (1999). A methodology for achieving agility in manufacturing organisations: an introduction. International Journal of Production Economics, 62(2):7–22
  • Sodhi, M. S. (2005). Managing Demand Risk in Tactical Supply Chain Planning for a Global Consumer Electronics Company. Production and Operations Management, 14(1), 69-79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1937-5956.2005.tb00010.x
  • Sosa, L.A., García-Alcaraz, J.L. & Castrellón-Torres, J.P. (2014). The Effects of Some Risk Factors in the Supply Chains Performance: A Case of Study. Journal of Applied Research and Technology, 12, 5, 958-968. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1665-6423(14)70602-9.
  • Sreedevi, R. & Saranga, H. (2017). Uncertainty and supply chain risk: The moderating role of supply chain flexibility in risk mitigation. . International Journal of Production Economics,, 193, 332-342
  • Swafford P.M., Ghosh S. & Murthy N. (2008). Achieving supply chain agility through IT integration and flexibility. . International Journal of Production Economics, 116(2):288–297
  • Tang, C. & Tomlin, B. (2008). The power of flexibility for mitigating supply chain risks. . International Journal of Production Economics, 116, 1, 12-27
  • Tang, C.S. (2006). Perspectives in supply chain risk management. International Journal of Production Economics,. 103 (2), 451–488.
  • Tang, O. & Musa, N. (2011). Identifying risk and research advancements in supply chain risk management. International Journal of Production Economics, 133, 1, 25-34
  • Thun, J.H. & Hoenig, D. (2011). An empirical analysis of supply chain risk management in the German automotive industry. . International Journal of Production Economics, 131 (1), 242–249.
  • Um, J. (2017) The impact of supply chain agility on business performance in a high level customization environment. Operations Management Research, 10 (1-2). pp. 10-19. DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/s12063-016-0120-1
  • Um, J., Lyons, A., Lam, H. K. S., Cheng, T. C. E., & Dominguez-Pery, C. (2017). Product variety management and supply chain performance: A capability perspective on their relationships and competitiveness implications. International Journal of Production Economics, 187, 15–26.
  • Wagner, S. & Bode, C. (2008). An empirical examination of supply chain performance along several dimensions of risk. Journal of Business Logistics, 29, 1, 307-25.
  • Wagner, S.M. & Bode, C. (2008). An Empirical Examination of Supply Chain Performance Along Several Dimensions of Risk. Journal of Business Logistics, 29(1), 307-325.
  • Wieland, A. & Marcus Wallenburg, C. (2012). Dealing with supply chain risks: linking risk management practices and strategies to performance. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management. 42, 887–905.
  • Zhao, L., Huo, B., Sun, L. & Zhao, X. (2013). The impact of supply chain risk on supply chain integration and company performance: a global investigation. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 18 (2), 115–131.
  • Zsidisin, G. A., Panelli, A., & Upton, R. (2000). Purchasing organization involvement in risk assessments, contingency plans, and risk management: an exploratory study. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 5(4), 187–198.
  • Zsidisin, G.A. & Ellram, L. (2003). An agency theory investigation of supply risk management. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 39, 3, 15-27.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Applied Economics (Other), Business Systems in Context (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ahmet Çetindaş 0000-0003-2262-4204

Publication Date September 30, 2024
Submission Date April 15, 2024
Acceptance Date July 29, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 13 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Çetindaş, A. (2024). Tedarik Zinciri Risklerine Karşı Tedarik Zinciri Stratejileri: Tedarik Zinciri Çevikliği ve Esnekliği. İnsan Ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 13(3), 1239-1255. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1468133

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