Sürdürülebilir Yağmur Suyu Hasadı

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 2, 97 - 110, 30.11.2023

Muhammed Nimet Hamidi , Nizamettin Hamidi , Onur Işık , Hüseyin Güven , Hale Özgün , Mustafa Evren Erşahin

Öz

Hızla artan nüfus ve sanayileşme, tatlı su kaynaklarının tükenmesine ve su stresine sebep olmaktadır. Yağmur suyu hasadı (YSH), alternatif bir tatlı su kaynağı olarak değerlendirilmekte ve su stresinin azaltılması için önemli bir potansiyel oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, yağmur suyu kalitesine etki eden faktörler, YSH sisteminin bileşenleri (çatı, oluk, ilk sifon, depolama tankı ve arıtma sistemi), toplanan yağmur suyunun kullanım alanları, YSH sistemlerinin maliyeti ve YSH ile ilgili mevzuat değerlendirilmiştir. Yağmur suyu ıslak birikim ve kuru birikim süreçleriyle kirlenmektedir. Ayrıca, çatı ve depolama tankı malzemesi de toplanan yağmur suyu kalitesine etki etmektedir. Çatılardan toplanan yağmur suyunun belirli bir kısmı yağışın ilk dakikalarında ilk sifon sistemi kullanılarak ayrılarak atmosferde ve çatı üzerinde biriken kirleticilerin depolama tankına girişi engellenmektedir. Toplanan yağmur suları tuvalet rezervuarlarında, çamaşır ve araba yıkamada, rekreasyon alanlarında, içme suyunda, bahçe ve peyzaj sulamasında kullanılabilmektedir. Yağmur suyu arıtma ihtiyacı kullanım amacına göre değişmektedir. Yağmur suyu arıtımında basit ızgaralar, elekler, kum filtrasyonu, granüler aktif karbon ve membran filtrasyon; dezenfeksiyonunda ise klor ve ultraviyole (UV) en sık kullanılan yöntemlerdir. YSH sisteminin geri ödeme süresi birim su fiyatına, faiz oranına, YSH’nin ilk yatırım ve işletme maliyetine bağlı olarak farklılık göstermektedir. Geri ödeme sürelerinin kısaltılması için hükümetler ve yerel yönetimler tarafından teşvik mekanizmaları uygulanmalıdır. Bu derleme makalesinin, YSH sisteminin bileşenleri, maliyeti ve dünya genelindeki mevzuat hakkında bilgi vererek uygulayıcılara ve bilim insanlarına yol gösterici olması beklenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yağmur Suyu Hasadı, Çatı, Depolama, Arıtma

Kaynakça

• Abbasi, T., and Abbasi, S. A. (2011). Sources of pollution in rooftop rainwater harvesting systems and their control. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 41(23), 2097-2167.
• Abbasi, T., Poornima, P., Kannadasan, T., and Abbasi, S. A. (2013). Acid rain: past, present, and future. International Journal of Environmental Engineering, 5(3), 229-272.
• Abdulla, F. (2020). Rainwater harvesting in Jordan: potential water saving, optimal tank sizing and economic analysis. Urban Water Journal, 17(5), 446-456.
• Abdulla, F., Abdulla, C., and Eslamian, S. (2021). Concept and technology of rainwater harvesting. Handbook of water harvesting and conservation: basic concepts and fundamentals, 1-16.
• ABNT. (2019). NBR 15527: Aproveitamento de água de chuva de coberturas para fins não potáveis - Requisitos. Brasil.
• Ahmed, W., Brandes, H., Gyawali, P., Sidhu, J. P. S., and Toze, S. (2014). Opportunistic pathogens in roof-captured rainwater samples, determined using quantitative PCR. Water Research, 53, 361-369.
• Alim, M. A., Ashraf, A. A., Rahman, A., Tao, Z., Roy, R., Khan, M. M., and Shirin, S. (2021). Experimental investigation of an integrated rainwater harvesting unit for drinking water production at the household level. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 44, 102318.
• Alim, M. A., Rahman, A., Tao, Z., Samali, B., Khan, M. M., and Shirin, S. (2020). Feasibility analysis of a small-scale rainwater harvesting system for drinking water production at Werrington, New South Wales, Australia. Journal of Cleaner Production, 270, 122437.
• Bashar, M. Z. I., Karim, M. R., and Imteaz, M. A. (2018). Reliability and economic analysis of urban rainwater harvesting: A comparative study within six major cities of Bangladesh. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 133, 146-154.
• Bhaga, T. D., Dube, T., Shekede, M. D., and Shoko, C. (2020). Impacts of climate variability and drought on surface water resources in Sub-Saharan Africa using remote sensing: A review. Remote Sensing, 12(24), 4184.
• Bielmyer, G. K., Arnold, W. R., Tomasso, J. R., Isely, J. J., and Klaine, S. J. (2012). Effects of roof and rainwater characteristics on copper concentrations in roof runoff. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184, 2797-2804.
• BSI, B. (2013). 8515: 2009+ A1: 2013 Rainwater Harvesting Systems-Code of Practice. BSI, London.
• Campisano, A., and Modica, C. (2012). Optimal sizing of storage tanks for domestic rainwater harvesting in Sicily. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 63, 9-16.
• Campisano, A., Butler, D., Ward, S., Burns, M. J., Friedler, E., DeBusk, K., Fisher-Jeffes, L. N., Ghisi, E., Rahman, A., Furumai, H., and Han, M. (2017). Urban rainwater harvesting systems: Research, implementation and future perspectives. Water research, 115, 195-209.
• Cea, L., and Costabile, P. (2022). Flood risk in urban areas: modelling, management and adaptation to climate change. A review. Hydrology, 9(3), 50.
• Cevallos-Mendoza, J., Amorim, C. G., Rodríguez-Díaz, J. M., and Montenegro, M. D. C. B. (2022). Removal of contaminants from water by membrane filtration: a review. Membranes, 12(6), 570.
• Christian Amos, C., Rahman, A., and Mwangi Gathenya, J. (2016). Economic analysis and feasibility of rainwater harvesting systems in urban and peri-urban environments: A review of the global situation with a special focus on Australia and Kenya. Water, 8(4), 149.
• Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı. (2017). Yağmursuyu Toplama, Depolama ve Deşarj Sistemleri Hakkında Yönetmelik https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/06/20170623-8.htm
• da Costa Pacheco, P. R., Gómez, Y. D., de Oliveira, I. F., & Teixeira, L. C. G. (2017). A view of the legislative scenario for rainwater harvesting in Brazil. Journal of cleaner production, 141, 290-294.
• de Sá Silva, A. C. R., Bimbato, A. M., Balestieri, J. A. P., and Vilanova, M. R. N. (2022). Exploring environmental, economic and social aspects of rainwater harvesting systems: A review. Sustainable Cities and Society, 76, 103475.
• DeBusk, K., and Hunt, W. (2014). Rainwater harvesting: A comprehensive review of literature. 11-12-W.
• DeOreo, W. B., Mayer, P. W., Dziegielewski, B., and Kiefer, J. (2016). Residential end uses of water, version 2. Water Research Foundation. Water Research Foundation (WRF).
• Devkota, J., Schlachter, H., and Apul, D. (2015). Life cycle based evaluation of harvested rainwater use in toilets and for irrigation. Journal of cleaner Production, 95, 311-321.
• Ding, A., Wang, J., Lin, D., Tang, X., Cheng, X., Wang, H., Bai, L., Li, G., and Liang, H. (2017). A low pressure gravity-driven membrane filtration (GDM) system for rainwater recycling: Flux stabilization and removal performance. Chemosphere, 172, 21-28.
• Ding, A., Wang, J., Lin, D., Zeng, R., Yu, S., Gan, Z., Ren, N., Li, G., and Liang, H. (2018). Effects of GAC layer on the performance of gravity-driven membrane filtration (GDM) system for rainwater recycling. Chemosphere, 191, 253-261.
• do Couto, E. D. A., Calijuri, M. L., Assemany, P. P., da Fonseca Santiago, A., & Lopes, L. S. (2015). Greywater treatment in airports using anaerobic filter followed by UV disinfection: an efficient and low cost alternative. Journal of Cleaner Production, 106, 372-379.
• Dobrowsky, P. H., Lombard, M., Cloete, W. J., Saayman, M., Cloete, T. E., Carstens, M., Khan, S., and Khan, W. (2015). Efficiency of microfiltration systems for the removal of bacterial and viral contaminants from surface and rainwater. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 226, 1-14.
• Domènech, L., and Saurí, D. (2011). A comparative appraisal of the use of rainwater harvesting in single and multi-family buildings of the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona (Spain): social experience, drinking water savings and economic costs. Journal of Cleaner production, 19(6-7), 598-608.
• Du, X., Xu, J., Mo, Z., Luo, Y., Su, J., Nie, J., Wang, Z., Liu, L., and Liang, H. (2019). The performance of gravity-driven membrane (GDM) filtration for roofing rainwater reuse: Implications of roofing rainwater energy and rainwater purification. Science of the Total Environment, 697, 134187.
• enHealth (2010). Guidance on Use of Rainwater Tanks. Australia: Commonwealth Copyright Administration.
• EN 16491 (2018). European Standard EN 16941: On-Site Non-potableWater Systems - Part 1: Systems for the Use of Rainwater. Brussels, Belgium: British Standards Institution.
• EPA. (2012). Guidelines for water reuse. EPA/600/R-12/618. Washington, DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency.
• Eroksuz, E., & Rahman, A. (2010). Rainwater tanks in multi-unit buildings: A case study for three Australian cities. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 54(12), 1449-1452.
• Eslamian, S., & Eslamian, F. (2021). Handbook of Water Harvesting and Conservation: Basic Concepts and Fundamentals.
• Ezenobi, N. O., Ogbu, H. I., and Eneogwe, N. C. (2018). Microbiological assessment of biofilm formation on different water storage containers. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5(3), 115-123.
• Faragò, M., Brudler, S., Godskesen, B., and Rygaard, M. (2019). An eco-efficiency evaluation of community-scale rainwater and stormwater harvesting in Aarhus, Denmark. Journal of Cleaner Production, 219, 601-612.
• Farreny, R., Morales-Pinzón, T., Guisasola, A., Tayà, C., Rieradevall, J., and Gabarrell, X. (2011a). Roof selection for rainwater harvesting: Quantity and quality assessments in Spain. Water research, 45(10), 3245-3254.
• Farreny, R., Gabarrell, X., & Rieradevall, J. (2011b). Cost-efficiency of rainwater harvesting strategies in dense Mediterranean neighbourhoods. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 55(7), 686-694.
• Fitobór, K., and Quant, B. (2021). Is the microfiltration process suitable as a method of removing suspended solids from rainwater? Resources, 10(3), 21.
• Freitas, D. A., and Ghisi, E. (2020). Economic feasibility analysis of rainwater harvesting: a case study in Imbituba, Brazil. Urban Water Journal, 17(10), 905-911.
• Freni, G., and Liuzzo, L. (2019). Effectiveness of rainwater harvesting systems for flood reduction in residential urban areas. Water, 11(7), 1389.
• Ghisi, E., Thives, L. P., & Paes, R. F. W. (2018). Investment feasibility analysis of rainwater harvesting in a building in Brazil. Water Science And Technology: Water Supply, 18(4), 1497-1504.
• Gikas, G. D., and Tsihrintzis, V. A. (2012). Assessment of water quality of first-flush roof runoff and harvested rainwater. Journal of Hydrology, 466, 115-126.
• Guerreiro, S. B., Dawson, R. J., Kilsby, C., Lewis, E., and Ford, A. (2018). Future heat-waves, droughts and floods in 571 European cities. Environmental Research Letters, 13(3), 034009.
• Gupta, S., and Khare, D. (2017). Quality of Rooftop Harvested Rainwater Stored in Polyethylene Terephthalate Container. In Development of Water Resources in India (pp. 199-204). Springer International Publishing.
• Gwenzi, W., Dunjana, N., Pisa, C., Tauro, T., and Nyamadzawo, G. (2015). Water quality and public health risks associated with roof rainwater harvesting systems for potable supply: Review and perspectives. Sustainability of Water Quality and Ecology, 6, 107-118.
• Gwoździej-Mazur, J., Jadwiszczak, P., Kaźmierczak, B., Kózka, K., Struk-Sokołowska, J., Wartalska, K., and Wdowikowski, M. (2022). The impact of climate change on rainwater harvesting in households in Poland. Applied Water Science, 12(2), 15.
• Hamilton, K. A., Ahmed, W., Palmer, A., Sidhu, J. P. S., Hodgers, L., Toze, S., and Haas, C. N. (2016). Public health implications of Acanthamoeba and multiple potential opportunistic pathogens in roof-harvested rainwater tanks. Environmental research, 150, 320-327.
• Hamilton, K. A., Ahmed, W., Palmer, A., Smith, K., Toze, S., and Haas, C. N. (2017). Seasonal assessment of opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens in roof-harvested rainwater tanks. Environmental Science and Technology, 51(3), 1742-1753.
• Haq, PEng, S. A., and Haq, S. A. (2017). Rainwater Storage. Harvesting Rainwater from Buildings, 99-116.
• He, C., Liu, Z., Wu, J., Pan, X., Fang, Z., Li, J., and Bryan, B. A. (2021). Future global urban water scarcity and potential solutions. Nature Communications, 12(1), 4667.
• Huston, R., Chan, Y. C., Chapman, H., Gardner, T., and Shaw, G. (2012). Source apportionment of heavy metals and ionic contaminants in rainwater tanks in a subtropical urban area in Australia. Water Research, 46(4), 1121-1132.
• Imteaz, M. A., and Shadeed, S. (2022). Superiority of water balance modelling for rainwater harvesting analysis and its application in deriving generalised equation for optimum tank size. Journal of Cleaner Production, 342, 130991.
• IPCC, 2021: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
• İSKİ. (2020). Yağmur Suyu Hasadı ve Gri Sudan Elde Edilen Geri Kazanım Suyuna İlişkin Hususlar https://www.iski.istanbul/web/assets/SayfalarDocs/YAGMURSUYUHASADI.PDF?)
• Jamali, B., Bach, P. M., and Deletic, A. (2020). Rainwater harvesting for urban flood management–An integrated modelling framework. Water research, 171, 115372.
• Jiang, L., Tu, Y., Li, X., and Li, H. (2018). Application of reverse osmosis in purifying drinking water. In E3S web of conferences (Vol. 38, p. 01037). EDP Sciences.
• Karim, M. R., Bashar, M. Z. I., and Imteaz, M. A. (2015). Reliability and economic analysis of urban rainwater harvesting in a megacity in Bangladesh. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 104, 61-67.
• Keithley, S. E., Fakhreddine, S., Kinney, K. A., and Kirisits, M. J. (2018). Effect of treatment on the quality of harvested rainwater for residential systems. Journal‐American Water Works Association, 110(7), E1-E11.
• Khastagir, A., and Jayasuriya, N. (2010). Optimal sizing of rain water tanks for domestic water conservation. Journal of Hydrology, 381(3-4), 181-188.
• Kim, J. E., Teh, E. X., Humphrey, D., and Hofman, J. (2021). Optimal storage sizing for indoor arena rainwater harvesting: Hydraulic simulation and economic assessment. Journal of Environmental Management, 280, 111847.
• Koyuncu, I., Sengur, R., Turken, T., Guclu, S., and Pasaoglu, M. E. (2015). Advances in water treatment by microfiltration, ultrafiltration, and nanofiltration. In Advances in Membrane Technologies for Water Treatment (pp. 83-128). Woodhead Publishing.
• Köse-Mutlu, B. (2021). Natural organic matter and sulphate elimination from rainwater with nanofiltration technology and process optimisation using response surface methodology. Water Science and Technology, 83(3), 580-594.
• Kus, B., Kandasamy, J., Vigneswaran, S., and Shon, H. K. (2010). Analysis of first flush to improve the water quality in rainwater tanks. Water science and technology, 61(2), 421-428.
• Kus, B., Kandasamy, J., Vigneswaran, S., Shon, H. K., and Moody, G. (2013). Household rainwater harvesting system–pilot scale gravity driven membrane-based filtration system. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 13(3), 790-797.
• Latif, S., Alim, M. A., and Rahman, A. (2022). Disinfection methods for domestic rainwater harvesting systems: A scoping review. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 46, 102542.
• Lee, J. Y., Bak, G., and Han, M. (2012). Quality of roof-harvested rainwater–comparison of different roofing materials. Environmental pollution, 162, 422-429.
• Lee, J. Y., Moon, H. J., Kim, T. I., Kim, H. W., and Han, M. Y. (2013). Quantitative analysis on the urban flood mitigation effect by the extensive green roof system. Environmental Pollution, 181, 257-261.
• Lee, B., Hamm, S. Y., Jang, S., Cheong, J. Y., and Kim, G. B. (2014). Relationship between groundwater and climate change in South Korea. Geosciences Journal, 18, 209-218.
• Lee, K. E., Mokhtar, M., Hanafiah, M. M., Halim, A. A., and Badusah, J. (2016). Rainwater harvesting as an alternative water resource in Malaysia: potential, policies and development. Journal of Cleaner Production, 126, 218-222.
• Leong, J. Y. C., Chong, M. N., Poh, P. E., Hermawan, A., and Talei, A. (2017). Longitudinal assessment of rainwater quality under tropical climatic conditions in enabling effective rainwater harvesting and reuse schemes. Journal of Cleaner Production, 143, 64-75.
• Li, Z., Boyle, F., and Reynolds, A. (2010). Rainwater harvesting and greywater treatment systems for domestic application in Ireland. Desalination, 260(1-3), 1-8.
• Li, N., Li, X., and Fan, X. Y. (2022). Storage tank as a pretreatment unit for rainwater cleaner production: Role of biofilm bacterial communities and functional genera in water quality improvement. Journal of Environmental Management, 303, 114118.
• Liu, X., Ren, Z., Ngo, H. H., He, X., Desmond, P., and Ding, A. (2021). Membrane technology for rainwater treatment and reuse: A mini review. Water Cycle, 2, 51-63.
• Magyar, M. I., Ladson, A. R., Diaper, C., and Mitchell, V. G. (2014). Influence of roofing materials and lead flashing on rainwater tank contamination by metals. Australasian Journal of Water Resources, 18(1), 71-83.
• Maniam, G., Zakaria, N. A., Leo, C. P., Vassilev, V., Blay, K. B., Behzadian, K., and Poh, P. E. (2022). An assessment of technological development and applications of decentralized water reuse: A critical review and conceptual framework. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 9(3), e1588.
• Marszałek, A., and Dudziak, M. (2021). Application of the Ultrafiltration and Photooxidation Process for the Treatment of Rainwater. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 232(12), 504.
• Maurya, A., Singh, M. K., and Kumar, S. (2020). Biofiltration technique for removal of waterborne pathogens. In Waterborne Pathogens (pp. 123-141). Butterworth-Heinemann.
• Mays, L., Antoniou, G. P., and Angelakis, A. N. (2013). History of water cisterns: legacies and lessons. Water, 5(4), 1916-1940.
• McGuigan, K. G., Conroy, R. M., Mosler, H. J., du Preez, M., Ubomba-Jaswa, E., and Fernandez-Ibanez, P. (2012). Solar water disinfection (SODIS): a review from bench-top to roof-top. Journal of hazardous materials, 235, 29-46.
• Meera, V., & Mansoor Ahammed, M. (2018). Factors affecting the quality of roof-harvested rainwater. Urban Ecology, Water Quality and Climate Change, 195-202.
• Mendez, C. B., Klenzendorf, J. B., Afshar, B. R., Simmons, M. T., Barrett, M. E., Kinney, K. A., and Kirisits, M. J. (2011). The effect of roofing material on the quality of harvested rainwater. Water research, 45(5), 2049-2059.
• Morales-Figueroa, C., Castillo-Suárez, L. A., Linares-Hernández, I., Martínez-Miranda, V., and Teutli-Sequeira, E. A. (2023). Treatment processes and analysis of rainwater quality for human use and consumption regulations, treatment systems and quality of rainwater. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 1-24.
• Morales-Pinzón, T., Lurueña, R., Gabarrell, X., Gasol, C. M., and Rieradevall, J. (2014). Financial and environmental modelling of water hardness—Implications for utilising harvested rainwater in washing machines. Science of the Total Environment, 470, 1257-1271.
• Majumdar, A., Samanta, D., and Das, R. (2022). Chemical characteristics and trends of indian summer monsoon rainfall: A review. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 22(7), 220019.
• Mukherjee, S., Mishra, A., and Trenberth, K. E. (2018). Climate change and drought: a perspective on drought indices. Current climate change reports, 4, 145-163.
• Murphy, L. U., Cochrane, T. A., and O'Sullivan, A. (2015). Build-up and wash-off dynamics of atmospherically derived Cu, Pb, Zn and TSS in stormwater runoff as a function of meteorological characteristics. Science of the Total Environment, 508, 206-213.
• Naddeo, V., Scannapieco, D., and Belgiorno, V. (2013). Enhanced drinking water supply through harvested rainwater treatment. Journal of hydrology, 498, 287-291.
• NCSL. (2018). “State Rainwater Harvesting Laws and Legislation.” The National Conference of State Legislatures, USA, https://www.ncsl.org/research/environment-and-natural-resources/rainwater-harvesting
• Neto, R. F. M., Calijuri, M. L., de Castro Carvalho, I., and da Fonseca Santiago, A. (2012). Rainwater treatment in airports using slow sand filtration followed by chlorination: efficiency and costs. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 65, 124-129.
• Norman, M., Shafri, H. Z., Mansor, S. B., and Yusuf, B. (2019). Review of remote sensing and geospatial technologies in estimating rooftop rainwater harvesting (RRWH) quality. International soil and water conservation research, 7(3), 266-274.
• Okoye, C. O., Solyalı, O., and Akıntuğ, B. (2015). Optimal sizing of storage tanks in domestic rainwater harvesting systems: A linear programming approach. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 104, 131-140.
• Payus, C. M., Jikilim, C., and Sentian, J. (2020). Rainwater chemistry of acid precipitation occurrences due to long-range transboundary haze pollution and prolonged drought events during southwest monsoon season: climate change driven. Heliyon, 6(9), e04997.
• Peter-Varbanets, M., Hammes, F., Vital, M., and Pronk, W. (2010). Stabilization of flux during dead-end ultra-low pressure ultrafiltration. Water research, 44(12), 3607-3616.
• Qu, R., and Han, G. (2021). A critical review of the variation in rainwater acidity in 24 Chinese cities during 1982–2018. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, 9(1).
• Rahman, S., Khan, M. T. R., Akib, S., Din, N. B. C., Biswas, S. K., and Shirazi, S. M. (2014). Sustainability of rainwater harvesting system in terms of water quality. The Scientific World Journal, 2014.
• Rahman, A., Snook, C., Haque, M. M., and Hajani, E. (2020). Use of design curves in the implementation of a rainwater harvesting system. Journal of cleaner production, 261, 121292.
• Raimondi, A., Quinn, R., Abhijith, G. R., Becciu, G., and Ostfeld, A. (2023). Rainwater Harvesting and Treatment: State of the Art and Perspectives. Water, 15(8), 1518.
• Ramaswamy, V., Muraleedharan, P. M., and Babu, C. P. (2017). Mid-troposphere transport of Middle-East dust over the Arabian Sea and its effect on rainwater composition and sensitive ecosystems over India. Scientific reports, 7(1), 13676.
• Reyneke, B., Waso, M., Khan, S., and Khan, W. (2020). Rainwater treatment technologies: Research needs, recent advances and effective monitoring strategies. Current Opinion in Environmental Science and Health, 16, 28-33.
• Richards, S., Rao, L., Connelly, S., Raj, A., Raveendran, L., Shirin, S., Jamwal, P., and Helliwell, R. (2021). Sustainable water resources through harvesting rainwater and the effectiveness of a low-cost water treatment. Journal of Environmental Management, 286, 112223.
• Rosa, G., and Ghisi, E. (2021). Water quality and financial analysis of a system combining rainwater and greywater in a house. Water, 13(7), 930.
• Santos, C., and Taveira-Pinto, F. (2013). Analysis of different criteria to size rainwater storage tanks using detailed methods. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 71, 1-6.
• Scanlon, B. R., Fakhreddine, S., Rateb, A., de Graaf, I., Famiglietti, J., Gleeson, T., Grafton, R. Q., Jobbagy, E., Kebede, S., Kolusu, S. R., Konikow, L. F., Long, D., Mekonnen, M., Schmied, H. M., Mukherjee, A., MacDonald, A., Reedy, R. C., Shamsudduha, M., Simmons, C. T., ... and Zheng, C. (2023). Global water resources and the role of groundwater in a resilient water future. Nature Reviews Earth and Environment, 4(2), 87-101.
• Schuetze, T., and Chelleri, L. (2013). Integrating decentralized rainwater management in urban planning and design: Flood resilient and sustainable water management using the example of coastal cities in the Netherlands and Taiwan. Water, 5(2), 593-616.
• Senevirathna, S. T. M. L. D., Ramzan, S., and Morgan, J. (2019). A sustainable and fully automated process to treat stored rainwater to meet drinking water quality guidelines. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 130, 190-196.
• Sharma, A. K., Cook, S., Gardner, T., and Tjandraatmadja, G. (2016). Rainwater tanks in modern cities: A review of current practices and research. Journal of Water and Climate Change, 7(3), 445-466.
• Shi, M., Geng, B., Zhao, T., and Wang, F. (2021). Influence of atmospheric deposition on surface water quality and DBP formation potential as well as control technology of rainwater DBPs: a review. Environmental Science: Water Research and Technology, 7(12), 2156-2165.
• Struk-Sokołowska, J., Gwoździej-Mazur, J., Jadwiszczak, P., Butarewicz, A., Ofman, P., Wdowikowski, M., and Kaźmierczak, B. (2020). The quality of stored rainwater for washing purposes. Water, 12(1), 252.
• Şahin, N. İ., and Manioğlu, G. (2019). Water conservation through rainwater harvesting using different building forms in different climatic regions. Sustainable Cities and Society, 44, 367-377.
• Tengan, B. M., and Akoto, O. (2022). Comprehensive evaluation of the possible impact of roofing materials on the quality of harvested rainwater for human consumption. Science of the Total Environment, 819, 152966.
• Thomas, R. B., Kirisits, M. J., Lye, D. J., and Kinney, K. A. (2014). Rainwater harvesting in the United States: a survey of common system practices. Journal of Cleaner Production, 75, 166-173.
• Tran, S. H., Dang, H. T., Dao, D. A., Nguyen, V. A., Nguyen, L. T., Nguyen, V. A., and Han, M. (2021). On-site rainwater harvesting and treatment for drinking water supply: assessment of cost and technical issues. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 11928-11941.
• Tunçay, H. (2022). Sünger Şehirler. Çevre İklim ve Sürdürülebilirlik, 23(2), 99-108.
• United Nations (UN). (2018). 2018 Revision of World Urbanization Prospects.
• United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. (2022). World population prospects 2022: Summary of results.
• United Nations. (2022). The Sustainable Development Goals Report.
• Üstün, G. E., Tuğba, C. A. N., ve Küçük, G. (2020). Binalarda Yağmur Suyu Hasadı. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(3), 1593-1610.
• Van der Sterren, M., Rahman, A., and Dennis, G. R. (2013). Quality and quantity monitoring of five rainwater tanks in Western Sydney, Australia. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 139(3), 332-340.
• Vialle, C., Sablayrolles, C., Lovera, M., Jacob, S., Huau, M. C., and Montrejaud-Vignoles, M. (2011). Monitoring of water quality from roof runoff: Interpretation using multivariate analysis. Water research, 45(12), 3765-3775.
• Wanjiru, E., and Xia, X. (2018). Sustainable energy-water management for residential houses with optimal integrated grey and rain water recycling. Journal of cleaner production, 170, 1151-1166.
• Waso, M., Khan, S., Singh, A., McMichael, S., Ahmed, W., Fernandez-Ibanez, P., Byrne, J.A and Khan, W. (2020). Predatory bacteria in combination with solar disinfection and solar photocatalysis for the treatment of rainwater. Water research, 169, 115281.
• World Bank. (2023). Urban Development Overview. Erişim Tarihi: 1 Temmuz 2023, https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/overview
• World Health Organization. (2017). Guidelines for drinking-water quality: first addendum to the fourth edition.
• World Meteorological Association. (2022). State of the Global Climate 2021.
• Wu, B., Soon, G. Q. Y., and Chong, T. H. (2019). Recycling rainwater by submerged gravity-driven membrane (GDM) reactors: effect of hydraulic retention time and periodic backwash. Science of the total environment, 654, 10-18.
• Xu, J., Dai, J., Wu, X., Wu, S., Zhang, Y., Wang, F., Gao, A., and Tan, Y. (2023). Urban rainwater utilization: A review of management modes and harvesting systems. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 11, 1025665.
• Yannopoulos, S., Antoniou, G., Kaiafa-Saropoulou, M., and Angelakis, A. N. (2017). Historical development of rainwater harvesting and use in Hellas: a preliminary review. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 17(4), 1022-1034.
• Yu, Y., Chen, X., Wang, Y., Mao, J., Ding, Z., Lu, Y., Wang, X., Lian, X., and Shi, Y. (2021). Producing and storing self-sustaining drinking water from rainwater for emergency response on isolated island. Science of the Total Environment, 768, 144513.
• Zapata-Sierra, A., Cascajares, M., Alcayde, A., and Manzano-Agugliaro, F. (2021). Worldwide research trends on desalination. Desalination, 519, 115305.
• Zdeb, M., Zamorska, J., Papciak, D., and Skwarczyńska-Wojsa, A. (2021). Investigation of Microbiological Quality Changes of Roof-Harvested Rainwater Stored in the Tanks. Resources, 10(10), 103.
• Zhang, Q., Wang, X., Hou, P., Wan, W., Li, R., Ren, Y., and Ouyang, Z. (2014). Quality and seasonal variation of rainwater harvested from concrete, asphalt, ceramic tile and green roofs in Chongqing, China. Journal of environmental management, 132, 178-187.
• Zhang, X., Xia, S., Zhao, R., and Wang, H. (2020). Effect of temperature on opportunistic pathogen gene markers and microbial communities in long-term stored roof-harvested rainwater. Environmental research, 181, 108917.
• Zhang, X., Jiang, J., Yuan, F., Song, W., Li, J., Xing, D., Zhao, L., Dong, W., Pan, X., and Gao, X. (2022a). Estimation of water footprint in seawater desalination with reverse osmosis process. Environmental Research, 204, 112374.
• Zhang, Y., Silverman, I., Shayan, S. I., Zhang, Q., Mulford, L., and Iranipour, G. T. (2022b). Removal of disinfection byproduct precursors by granular activated carbon: Hillsborough county water treatment facility case study. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 6, 100254.