Sustainable Communication in 5G/6G Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey on Energy-Efficient Collaborative Routing

Abstract

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) play an important role in modern communication systems with the advances in 5G/6G technologies. These networks have a wide range of applications, from smart cities to industrial automation, from environmental monitoring systems to healthcare applications. However, since sensor nodes have limited energy resources, energy efficiency remains a critical issue for the sustainability of these networks. Low-power routing protocols are needed to ensure the long lifespan and efficient operation of sensor nodes. This study comprehensively studies cooperative energy-efficient routing protocols designed to achieve sustainability in WSNs. First of all, the basic principles of cooperative routing methods are discussed and approaches to optimize data transmission between nodes are reviewed. Then, different energy-efficient routing protocols are compared and the pros and cons of hierarchical, planar and location-based protocols are analyzed. It is shown that by integrating artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques into routing protocols, it is possible to dynamically optimize node selection processes and extend the network lifetime. This survey summarizes the current status of energy-efficient routing protocols, discusses the challenges encountered and suggests potential directions for future research.

Keywords

• wireless sensor networks
• energy efficiency
• routing protocols
• 5G/6G
• artificial intelligence

5G/6G Kablosuz Sensör Ağlarında Sürdürülebilir Haberleşme: Enerji Verimli İşbirliğine Dayalı Rotalama Üzerine Literatür Taraması

Abstract

Kablosuz sensör ağları (KSA’lar), 5G/6G teknolojilerindeki gelişmelerle birlikte yeni iletişim sistemlerinde önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu ağlar, akıllı şehirlerden endüstriyel otomasyona, çevre izleme sistemlerinden sağlık uygulamalarına kadar geniş bir uygulama yelpazesine sahiptir. Ancak, sensör düğümlerinin sınırlı enerji kaynaklarına sahip olması nedeniyle, enerji verimliliği bu ağların sürdürülebilirliği için kritik bir konu olmaya devam etmektedir. Sensör düğümlerinin uzun ömürlü ve verimli çalışmasını sağlamak için düşük güçlü yönlendirme protokollerine ihtiyaç vardır. Bu çalışma, KSA’larda sürdürülebilirliği sağlamak için tasarlanmış işbirlikçi enerji verimli yönlendirme protokollerini incelemektedir. Her şeyden önce, işbirlikçi yönlendirme yöntemlerinin temel prensipleri tartışılmakta ve düğümler arasında veri iletimini optimize etme yaklaşımları incelenmektedir. Ardından, farklı enerji verimli yönlendirme protokolleri karşılaştırılmakta ve hiyerarşik, düzlemsel ve konum tabanlı protokollerin artıları ve eksileri analiz edilmektedir. Yapay zeka ve makine öğrenimi tekniklerinin yönlendirme protokollerine entegre edilmesiyle, düğüm seçim süreçlerinin dinamik olarak optimize edilmesinin ve ağ ömrünün uzatılmasının mümkün olduğu gösterilmektedir. Bu literatür taraması, enerji açısından verimli yönlendirme protokollerinin mevcut durumu özetlenmiş, karşılaşılan zorluklar tartışılmış ve gelecekteki araştırmalar için olası yönler önermiştir.

Keywords

• kablosuz sensör ağları
• enerji verimliliği
• yönlendirme protokolleri
• 5G/6G
• yapay zeka

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