Pehlevi Dönemine Ait Şiraz Konut Evleri Mimarisindeki Haft rang Çini Desenlerinin İncelenmesi

Year 2019, Issue: 12, 291 - 318, 31.07.2019

Dordaneh Mohammadi

Abstract

Şiraz’da Pehlevi dönemine ait
tarihi bölgede birtakım konut evleri bulunmaktadır. Bu konutlar modern yapılar
olmasına rağmen dekorasyonlarında geleneksel teknikler ve tasarımlar kullanılmıştır.
Haft rang (yedi renk) çiniler, bu tür evlerde en sık kullanılan dekoratif
tekniklerden biridir. Bu süslemelerin Pehlevi döneminde Şiraz evlerinin iç ve
dış görünümlerinde kullanılması, çağdaş İran mimarisinde gelenek ve
modernitenin birleşiminin yeni bir örneğidir. Bu örneklerin kapsamlı
incelenmesi, çağdaş İran mimarisinin daha iyi anlaşılmasını sağlayabilir. Buna
göre, bu makalede, Pehlevi döneminde Şiraz konut evlerinin mimarisindeki yedi
renk çinilerin dekoratif özellikleri ve çeşitli motifleri, tanımlayıcı-analitik
yöntemle incelenmiştir. Bu makalenin verileri alan araştırması ve kütüphane
çalışmalarına dayanmaktadır.Bu amaçla Pehlevi dönemine ait
Şiraz'ın kentsel alanı incelenirken, 20 evin yedi renk çini dekorasyonu, uzam,
çerçeveleme, motif ve desen çeşitliliği açısından sınıflandırılarak
incelenmiştir.

Bu çalışmanın bulgularına göre,
Pehlevi döneminde Şiraz evlerinin yedi renk çinilerinin çerçevesinin çeşitliliği
sekiz tipte görülmektedir: dikdörtgen, kare, birleşmiş geometrik şekiller,
deforma olmuş dikey dikdörtgen, eğri yüzeyler, dikey çatallı, taç, pencere
çerçeveleri. İncelenen örneklerde kullanılan motiflerin çoğu Rumî ve Hatayî
motiflerdir. İnsan figürleri, antik çağ eserlerinde olduğu gibi, minyatür
olarak veya basit bir şekilde tasvir edilmiştir. Rumîler ve Hatayîler, gül ve
bülbüller, insan figürleri bazen gerçekçi ve bazen soyut çizilerek renklendirilmiştir.
Bu dönemde yedi renk çinilerde baskın renk olarak turkuaz ve kobalt mavisinin
tonları kullanılmıştır.

Keywords

Mimari dekorasyon, Yedi renk, Çini, Konut mimarisi, Pehlevi dönemi, Şiraz

Ornamental Motifs of Haft Rang Tiles in The Architecture of Houses Constructed in Shiraz in the Pahlavi Era

Abstract

In the Pahlavi-constructed areas of Shiraz, there are a number of
residential houses built with modern architectural design, but traditional
techniques and designs have been used in their decoration. Haft rang
tiles are among the most commonly used techniques in the architectural decoration of these houses. The use of this ornamentation
as seen in both internal and external views of Shiraz houses in the Pahlavi era
is an exquisite example of the combination of tradition and modernity in contemporary
Iranian architecture; studying its dimensions can lead to a better
understanding of Iranian architecture in the
contemporary period. Accordingly, this paper explores decorative
features and diversity of ornamental motifs of Haft rang tiles in the architecture
of houses built in Shiraz in the Pahlavi Era using a descriptive-analytical
methodology. The required data was collected through field and library research.
To this end, the tile decorations of 20 houses within the urban area of Shiraz
constructed during the Pahlavi Era were investigated and categorized by the
researcher in terms of spatial, framing, design, and motif diversity. According
to the findings of the study, the Haft
rang tile frames in the analyzed houses displayed a wide diversity of shapes
including rectangles, squares, deformed vertical rectangles, curved surfaces, vertical diagonal frames, window
frames, composite geometric shapes, and crowns. The most commonly used patterns
in the sample group (20 houses were studied) were Eslimi (arabesque) and Khatai
patterns. Human figures are also depicted in the form of archeological or miniature patterns or simple
human shapes. Eslimi and Khatai patterns,
flowers and birds, and human figures have been sometimes realistically
portrayed, and sometimes portrayed in abstract forms. The dominant background
colors of the tile frames in the studied period are turquoise and azure.

Keywords

Architectural decorations, Tile, Haft rang, House architecture, Pahlavi era, Shiraz

References

• ABDULLAHZADEH FARD, Ali Reza, “Effective Factors and Directions of Physical-spatial Expansion of Shiraz from 1921-2003,” Proceedings of the Scientific and Specialized Projects of Urban Development and Architecture of the Provinces of the Country, Center for Study and Research on Urbanization and Architecture, Tehran 2005, pp. 295-317.
• ALAWI, Mehdi, Tile: Searching for the Missing Sciences and Techniques of the Ancient Iranian Forgotten Arts, Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research, Isfahan 2011.
• BANI MASOUD, Amir, Contemporary Iranian Architecture (The Struggle Between Tradition and Modernity), Art of Century Architecture Publisher, Tehran 2012.
• BAVAR, Sirus, A look at the Emergence of New Architecture in Iran, Tehran 2009.
• DAVARPANAH, Saed, In the Search for Construction Models of the Late Qajar Period and the Pahlavi I Era in Mashhad with an Approach to the Architectural Aspects of Works, Unpublished Master’s Thesis in Architecture, Islamic Azad University of Mashhad, 2015.
• DALY, Greg, Developing Glazes, London 2018.
• EMDAD, Hasan, Shiraz in the Past and Present, Shiraz 1961.
• ESMAILZADEH, Davud, House in the Shirazian World: A Search for the Relationship Between Houses and the Culture of Residence in Shiraz During the Qajar Period, Unpublished Master's Thesis in Architecture, Shahid Beheshti University of Tehran, 2011.
• GHOBADIAN, Vahid, Stylistics and Theoretical Foundations in Contemporary Iranian Architecture, Institute of Architect Science, Tehran 2013.
• HAZAVEI, Hadi, “Visual Arts: Eslimi, Forgotten Language”", Quarterly Journal of Art, NO. 6, 1984, pp. 90-117.
• HOLAKOOEI, Parviz; TISATO, Flavia; VACCARO, Carmela; PETRUCCI, Ferruccio Carlo, “Haft Rang or Cuerda Seca? Spectroscopic Approaches to the Study of Overglaze Polychrome Tiles from Seventeenth Century Persia,” Journal of Archaeological Science, Vol. 41, January 2014, pp. 447-460.
• JAFARPOUR, Ali Reza, Modernization Representation in the Pahlavi I Era from the Perspective of Karim Khan Zand Street of Shiraz, Unpublished Master's Thesis in Architecture, Shahid Beheshti University of Tehran, 2012.
• JAMALI, Ebrahim, Survey and Demarcation of Shiraz, Unpublished Master's Thesis in Urban Planning, Faculty of Arts and Architecture, Shiraz University, 2001.
• KAMELNIA, H.; MAHDAVINEZHAD, M. J., Introduction to Contemporary Architecture from East to West and Examination of the Fundamentals and the Origins of its Formation, Architect Science, Tehran 2012.
• KAYANI, Muhammad Yousof, Introduction to Iranian Art of Tiling, Reza Abbasi Museum, Tehran 1983.
• KAYANI, Muhammad Yousof, Decorations Related to Iranian Architecture in the Islamic Period, National Islamic Cultural Heritage Organization, Tehran 1997.
• KAYANI, Mostafa, Pahlavi I Era Architecture: Transformation of Thoughts, the Emergence, and Formation of the Twenty Years of Iranian Architecture from 1920 to 1941, Institute of Contemporary Iranian History Studies, Tehran 2004.
• MAHEROLNAGHSH, Mahmud, Motif Design and Implementation in the Iranian Tile Work in the Islamic Period (the second volume on girih tiling), Vol. 2, Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance, Tehran 1983.
• MAHEROLNAGHSH, Mahmud, Tile and its Application, Tehran 2002.
• MIRINEZHAD, Shoheil, “Romanticism in Contemporary Iranian Architecture (with Emphasis on the Architecture of the Pahlavi II Period after 1962), Fine Arts, 18 (1), 2013, pp. 91-102.
• MOJARAD TAKESTANI, Ardeshir, Animal Design in Iranian Book Design Art, Tehran 2013.
• MONTAZER, Maryam, Investigating the Effects of the Transition from Tradition to Modernity (Modernism) on the Formation of Shiraz's Residential Architecture and its Adornments, Unpublished Master's Thesis in Art Research, Faculty of Arts and Architecture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 2014.
• MOSTAFAVI, S. Muhammad Taghi, Land of Pars, National Monuments Association, Tehran 1964.
• PAKBAZ, Ruiin, Iranian Painting from the Old Times to the Present, Tehran 2008.
• PORTER, Venetia, Islamic Tiles, Translator: Shayetefar Manaz, Tehran 2010.
• RAJABI, Parviz, Iranian Architecture and the Pahlavi Era, Tehran 1976.
• RAZMJOUEI, Behruz, Investigating the Process of Integrating Rural Areas into Urban Centers: Case Study of Shiraz, Unpublished Master's Thesis in Urban Planning, Faculty of Arts and Architecture, Shiraz University, 2005.
• SAFFAI, Azar, Investigation of Painting Decorations in Wooden Ceilings of Shiraz Houses During the Qajar Period, Unpublished Master’s Thesis in Art Research, Faculty of Arts and Architecture, Shiraz University, 2015.
• SHARVEH, A., ANOOSAFAR, M., Glaze, Tile, and Pottery, Tehran 1995.
• SOUDAVAR DIBA, Leila, “Flower and Bird Motifs”, Month Art Book, 160, 2011, pp. 46-57.
• WULFF, Hans E., The Traditional Crafts of Persia, Cambridge 1966.
• YAVARI, H.; HAKKAKBASHI, S., Elements and Decorations of Iranian Architecture, Tehran 2011.
• ZEKRI, A.; RANJBAR, H. “The Growth of Shiraz Between 1957 to 2001 Using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System,” Proceedings of the Scientific and Specialized Projects of Urban Development and Architecture of the Provinces of the Country, Center for Study and Research on Urbanization and Architecture, Tehran 2005, pp. 120-148.
• ZOMORSHIRIDI, Hosein, Iran’s Tiling, Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, Tehran.
• www.reza-mohammadian.ir, september19th 2013.