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Haluk Perk Müzesi’nden Örnekler Eşliğinde Bizans İmparatorluğu Döneminde İnanç, Münzevi Yaşam, Hac ve Hacılık Kavramları

Year 2020, Issue: 14, 495 - 531, 31.07.2020
https://doi.org/10.26650/artsanat.2020.14.0019

Abstract

İstanbul’da bulunan Haluk Perk Müzesi, nadir örnekler barındıran zengin koleksiyonuyla ülkemizin özel müzeleri arasında saygın bir yer edinmiştir. Haluk Perk tarafından 1995 yılında müzeye dönüştürülen bu koleksiyon, Bizans Dönemi’ne ait çok farklı kategoride esere de ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Makalemizde, bu koleksiyondan Bizans dünyasındaki inanç, münzevi yaşam, hac ve hacılık kavramların sanata nasıl yansıdığı hakkında bilgi veren, toplam on beş adet eser konu edilmektedir. Bizans İmparatorluğu’nun farklı dönemlerine tarihlenen bu eserler arasında bir hacı tokeni; taşınabilir nitelikte iki küçük ikona; kutsal kişi tasvirleriyle bezeli dokuz enkolpion ile takılara ait üç bronz obje yer almaktadır. Söz konusu eserler, üzerlerindeki zengin ikonografinin bir anlam kazanabilmesi ve ortaya çıkmalarında hâkim olan düşüncenin neler olduğunun daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi amacıyla, Bizans dünyasındaki inanç ve ibadet ilişkisine vurgu yapan birtakım kavram, kişi ve fikirlerle birlikte ele alınmıştır. İkonografileri, üslupları ve benzer örnekleri göz önüne alınarak incelenen ve tarihlendirilen bu eserler, Bizans Sanatı’nın Anadolu buluntusu nadir ve özgün örnekleri olmaları bakımından da son derece önemlidir.
Anahtar Kelimeler

Supporting Institution

Yazarlar bu çalışma için finansal destek almadığını beyan etmiştir.

Thanks

Değerli Koleksiyoner Sayın Haluk Perk’e Bizans sanatı ve kültürü açısından son derece önemli ve özgün örnekler barındıran koleksiyonunu bize açtığı, bu makalede konu edilen ve bilim dünyasıyla paylaşmamızın gerekli olduğunu düşündüğümüz önemli eserleri yayınlamamıza izin verdiği ve çalışmalarımız boyunca da desteğini esirgemediği için, çalışmamızın fotoğraf ve belgeleme aşamalarına titizlikle yardım eden sevgili öğrencimiz Uzman Sanat Tarihçi Merve Toy’a da emek ve katkıları için çok teşekkür ederiz. Bazı eserler üzerindeki Yunanca yazıtların transkripsiyonundaki değerli yardımları için de Uzman Sanat Tarihçi D. Markella Bakouri’ye ayrıca çok teşekkür ederiz.

References

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  • Bank, Alice. Byzantine Art in the Collection of Soviet Museums. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1978.
  • Bollmann, Beate. “Katalog-Die Entwicklung Der Christlich-Byzantinischen Kultur Syriens.” Die Kunst Der Frühen Christen In Syrien, Zeichen, Bilder und Symbole. Vom. 4, Bis 7. Ed. M. Fansa ve B. Bolmann. Oldenburg: Mainz am Rhein, 2008, 144-189.
  • Boyd, Susan A. “Quatrefoil Enkolpion.” Ed. H. Evans ve William D. Wixcom. The Glory of Byzantium. Art and Culture of Middle Byzantine Era, A.D. 843-1261. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1997, 162.
  • Brown, Peter. “Yeni Toplum: Manastır Sistemi ve Hıristiyanlığın Yayılışı 300-400.” Geç Antik Çağda Roma ve Bizans Dünyası. İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yayınları, 2000, 57-67.
  • Carr, Annemarie Weyl. “Icons and the Object of Pilgrimage in Middle Byzantine Constantinople.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 56 (2002):75-92.
  • Cutler, Antony. “Ivory, Steatite, Enamel, and Glass.” The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Ed. E. Jeffries, R. Cormack ve J. Haldon. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008, 453-461.
  • Doran, Robert. The Lives of Simeon Stylites. Kalamazoo-Michigan: Cistercian Publications, 1992.
  • Eastmond, Antony. “Body vs. Column: The Cults of St. Symeon Stylites.” Desire And Denial in Byzantium, Papers from the Thirty-first Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, March 1997. Ed. Liz James. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing, 1999, 87-100.
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  • Entwistle, Chris. “Pilgeramulett.” Byzanz Pracht und Alltag. Bonn: Hirmer Verlag, 2010, 221.
  • Evans, Helen ve William D. Wixcom. The Glory Of Byzantium, Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era A.D. 843-1261. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1997.
  • Foss Clive. “Pilgrimage in Medieval Asia Minor.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 56 (2002): 129-151.
  • Fowden, Elizabeth Key. “Der Heiligenkult im Spätantiken Syrien.” Ed. M. Fansa ve B. Bollmann, Die Kunst Der Frühen Christen In Syrien, Zeichen, Bilder und Symbole, Vom. 4, Bis 7, Oldenburg: Mainz am Rhein, 2008, 56-62.
  • Grierson, Philip. Byzantine Coins. California: University of California Press, 1982.
  • Harvey, S. Ashbrook. “The Sense of a Stylite: Perspectives on Simeon the Elder.” Vigiliae Christianae 42/4 (1988): 376-394.
  • Hennessy, Cecily. “Topography of Constantinople.” The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Ed. E. Jeffreys, J. Haldon ve R. Cormack. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008, 202-219.
  • Kalavrezou, Ioli. “Reliquary Enkolpion.” Byzantium 330-1453. Ed. R. Cormack ve M. Vassilaki, London: Royal Academy Publications, 2008, 430.
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  • Kazdhan, Alexander ve Nancy Peterson Ševčenko. “Nicholas of Myra.” Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, 2. cilt. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991, 1469-1470.
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  • Lent, Frederick. “The Life Of St. Simeon Stylites: A Translation of the Syriac Text in Bedjan’s Acta Martyrum et Sanctorum, Vol. IV.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 35 (1915): 103-198.
  • Lianta, Eleni. Late Byzantine Coins 1204-1453. London: Spink Books, 2009.
  • Maraval, Pierre. “The Earliest Phase of Christian Pilgrimage in the Near East (Before the 7th century).” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 56 (2002): 63-74.
  • Majeska, George P. “A Medallion of the Prophet Daniel in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 28 (1974): 361-366.
  • Merantzas, Christos. “Bizans Kültüründe Benliğin Vücut Bulması.” Hayat Kısa, Sanat Uzun Bizans’ta Şifa Sanatı. İstanbul: Pera Müzesi Yayınları, 2015, 181-191.
  • Mitchell, Stephen. Geç Roma İmparatorluğu M.S. 284-641. Çev. T. Kaçar. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 2016.
  • Nesbitt, John. “Sigillography.” The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Ed. E. Jeffreys, J. Haldon ve R. Cormack. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008, 150-157.
  • Nesbitt, John. Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art. 6. Cilt. Washington D.C.: Harvard University Press, 2009.
  • Osborne, John. “Politics, Diplomacy and the Cult of Relics in Venice and the Northern Adriatic in the First Half of the Ninth Century.” Early Medieval Europe 8/3 (1999): 369-386.
  • Ostrogorsky, Georg. Bizans Devleti Tarihi. Çev. F. Işıltan. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 2015.
  • Paphnutius. Histories of the Monks of Upper Egypt and The Life of Onnophrius. Çev. Tim Vivian. NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, 2009.
  • Pentcheva, Bissera V. “The ‘Activated’ Icon: the Hodegetria Procession and Mary’s Eisodos.” Images of the Mother of God. Ed. M. Vassilaki. Norfolk: Ashgate Publishing, 2005, 195-207.
  • Pentcheva, Bissera V. Icons and Power: The Mother of God in Byzantium. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2006.
  • Phoskolou V. “Jasper Cameo with Daniel in The Lion’s Den.” Everyday Life in Byzantium. Ed. D. Papanikola-Bakirtzi. Athens: Hellenic Ministry of Culture, 2002, 519.
  • Piatnitsky, Yuri. “The Divine Light of The Faith and Power.” Pilgrim Treasures from the Hermitage, Byzantium-Jerusalem. Amsterdam: Lund Humphries, 2005, 18-71.
  • Pitarakis, Brigitte. “Female Piety in Context.” Images of the Mother of God. Ed. M. Vassilaki, Norfolk: Ashgate Publishing, 2005, 153-166.
  • Pitarakis, Brigitte. “Şifayı Güçlendirmek Maddeler, Duyular ve Ritüeller.” Hayat Kısa, Sanat Uzun Bizans’ta Şifa Sanatı. İstanbul: Pera Müzesi Yayınları, 2015, 163-179.
  • Restle, Marcel. Die Byzantinische Wandmalerei in Kleinasien, 3 Cilt, Germany: Verlag Aurel Bongers, 1967.
  • Ross, Leslie. “Onuphrius, Saint.” Medieval Art: A Topical Dictionary. Westport CT: Greenwood Press, 1996, 189.
  • Ross, Leslie. “Onuphrios.” Holy People of the World, Cross-Cultural Encyclopedia. 2. cilt. Ed. Phyllis G. Jestice. USA: ABC-CLIO, 2004, 657.
  • Schmidt, Christian. “Gold- Silber- und Bronzeikonen-Bild und Bilderkult.” Die Welt von Byzanz-Europas Östliches Erbe. München: Theiss, 2004, 149-183.
  • Ševčenko, Nancy Peterson. “Virgin Blachernitissa.” Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. 3. cilt. New York: Oxford University Press 1991, 2170-2171.
  • Ševčenko, Nancy Peterson. “Virgin Hodegetria.” Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, 3. cilt. New York: Oxford University Press 1991, 2172-2173.
  • Talbot, Alice-Mary. “Bizans Manastır Sistemine Giriş.” COGİTO 17 (1999), 160-175.
  • Talbot, Alice-Mary. “Hagiography.” The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Ed. E. Jeffreys, J. Haldon ve R. Cormack. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008, 862-872.
  • Tsakalos, Antonis. “Lead Pilgrim Token of St. Symeon.” Everday Life in Byzantium. Ed. D. Papanikola-Bakirtzi. Athens: Hellenic Ministry of Culture, 2002, 177.
  • Tural, Murat. Sütun Tepesinde Bir Ömür Aziz Simeon. İstanbul: Arkeoloji Sanat Yayınları, 2018.
  • Ünal, Ceren. “Balıkesir, Kuva-yi Milliye Müzesi’nden II. Nikephoros Phokas (963-969) Dönemine Ait Nadir Gümüş Sikke Miliaresion”. Ege Üniversitesi Sanat Tarihi Dergisi XXIV/1 (Nisan, 2016): 107-120.
  • Varalis, Yannis D. “Steatite Icon of St. Nicholas.” Everyday Life in Byzantium. Ed. D. Papanikola-Bakirtzi. Athens: Hellenic Ministry of Culture 2002, 159-161.
  • Vassilaki, Maria. “Icons.” The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Ed. E. Jeffreys, J. Haldon ve R. Cormack. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008, 758-770.
  • Verdier, Philippe. “A Medallion of Saint Symeon the Younger.” The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art 67/1 (1980): 17-26.
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  • Vikan, Gary. “Steatite.” Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. 3. cilt. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991, 1947.
  • Vikan, Gary. “Pilgrim Tokens,” Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. 3. cilt. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991, 1678.
  • Vikan, Gary. Byzantine Pilgrimage Art. Washington D. C.: Harvard University Press, 1982.
  • Witt, Janette. “Styliten-Medallions.” Rom und Byzanz Archäologische Kostbarkeiten aus Bayern. München: Hirmer Verlag, 1998, 106-107.
  • Witt, Janette. “Sech Erdmedallions mit Stylitendarstellungen.” Byzanz Das Licht aus dem Osten. Mainz: Verlag Phillip von Zabern, 2001, 183-184.
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Faith, Asceticism and The Concepts of Pilgrim and Pilgrimage in The Byzantine Empire with Samples from Haluk Perk Museum

Year 2020, Issue: 14, 495 - 531, 31.07.2020
https://doi.org/10.26650/artsanat.2020.14.0019

Abstract

Haluk Perk Museum in Istanbul has gained a prestigious place among the private museums of our country with its rich collection containing rare examples. The collection, which was turned into a museum by Haluk Perk in 1995, also includes many different categories of works from the Byzantine Period. In our article, a total of fifteen works from this collection, which give information about the beliefs, ascetic life, cross and pilgrimage concepts in the Byzantine world and how they are reflected in art, are discussed. Of these works, which are dated back to different periods of the Byzantine Empire, there is one pilgrim’s token, two icons that are portable, nine encolpia decorated with the depictions of saints and three bronze objects of jewelry. The works in question were handled together with the concepts, people and ideas emphasizing the relationship between belief and worship in the Byzantine world in order for the rich iconography in them to gain a meaning and to be able to better comprehend what the dominant thought was in their emergence. The works, which have been examined and dated considering their iconography, styles and similar examples, are extremely important in terms of being rare and unique examples of Anatolian finds within the scope of Byzantine Art.

References

  • Bakirtzis, Charalambos. “Small Steatite Icon of St. Nicholas.” Ed. D. Papanikola-Bakirtzi. Everyday Life in Byzantium. Athens: Hellenic Ministry of Culture, 2002, 159.
  • Bank, Alice. Byzantine Art in the Collection of Soviet Museums. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1978.
  • Bollmann, Beate. “Katalog-Die Entwicklung Der Christlich-Byzantinischen Kultur Syriens.” Die Kunst Der Frühen Christen In Syrien, Zeichen, Bilder und Symbole. Vom. 4, Bis 7. Ed. M. Fansa ve B. Bolmann. Oldenburg: Mainz am Rhein, 2008, 144-189.
  • Boyd, Susan A. “Quatrefoil Enkolpion.” Ed. H. Evans ve William D. Wixcom. The Glory of Byzantium. Art and Culture of Middle Byzantine Era, A.D. 843-1261. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1997, 162.
  • Brown, Peter. “Yeni Toplum: Manastır Sistemi ve Hıristiyanlığın Yayılışı 300-400.” Geç Antik Çağda Roma ve Bizans Dünyası. İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yayınları, 2000, 57-67.
  • Carr, Annemarie Weyl. “Icons and the Object of Pilgrimage in Middle Byzantine Constantinople.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 56 (2002):75-92.
  • Cutler, Antony. “Ivory, Steatite, Enamel, and Glass.” The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Ed. E. Jeffries, R. Cormack ve J. Haldon. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008, 453-461.
  • Doran, Robert. The Lives of Simeon Stylites. Kalamazoo-Michigan: Cistercian Publications, 1992.
  • Eastmond, Antony. “Body vs. Column: The Cults of St. Symeon Stylites.” Desire And Denial in Byzantium, Papers from the Thirty-first Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, March 1997. Ed. Liz James. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing, 1999, 87-100.
  • Elsner, Jas. “Art and Pilgrimage.” The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Ed. E. Jeffreys, J. Haldon ve R. Cormack. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008, 741-750.
  • Entwistle, Chris. “Pilgrim Token with a Stylite.” Byzantium: Treasures of Byzantine Art and Culture. Ed. D. Buckton. London: British Museum Press, 1994, 114.
  • Entwistle, Chris. “Pilgeramulett.” Byzanz Pracht und Alltag. Bonn: Hirmer Verlag, 2010, 221.
  • Evans, Helen ve William D. Wixcom. The Glory Of Byzantium, Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era A.D. 843-1261. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1997.
  • Foss Clive. “Pilgrimage in Medieval Asia Minor.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 56 (2002): 129-151.
  • Fowden, Elizabeth Key. “Der Heiligenkult im Spätantiken Syrien.” Ed. M. Fansa ve B. Bollmann, Die Kunst Der Frühen Christen In Syrien, Zeichen, Bilder und Symbole, Vom. 4, Bis 7, Oldenburg: Mainz am Rhein, 2008, 56-62.
  • Grierson, Philip. Byzantine Coins. California: University of California Press, 1982.
  • Harvey, S. Ashbrook. “The Sense of a Stylite: Perspectives on Simeon the Elder.” Vigiliae Christianae 42/4 (1988): 376-394.
  • Hennessy, Cecily. “Topography of Constantinople.” The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Ed. E. Jeffreys, J. Haldon ve R. Cormack. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008, 202-219.
  • Kalavrezou, Ioli. “Reliquary Enkolpion.” Byzantium 330-1453. Ed. R. Cormack ve M. Vassilaki, London: Royal Academy Publications, 2008, 430.
  • Kazdhan, Alexander ve Nancy Peterson Ševčenko. “George.” Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, 1. cilt. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991, 834-835.
  • Kazdhan, Alexander ve Nancy Peterson Ševčenko. “Nicholas of Myra.” Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, 2. cilt. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991, 1469-1470.
  • Kazdhan, Alexander ve Nancy Peterson Ševčenko. “Onouphrios.” Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, 2. cilt. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991, 1527.
  • Kazdhan, Alexander ve Nancy Peterson Ševčenko. “Theodore Stratelates.” Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, 3. cilt. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991, 2047.
  • Kiraz, Mine. “Koruyucu Göğüs Pandantifi (enkolpion).” Hayat Kısa, Sanat Uzun Bizans’ta Şifa Sanatı. İstanbul: Pera Müzesi Yayınları, 2015, 363.
  • Lent, Frederick. “The Life Of St. Simeon Stylites: A Translation of the Syriac Text in Bedjan’s Acta Martyrum et Sanctorum, Vol. IV.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 35 (1915): 103-198.
  • Lianta, Eleni. Late Byzantine Coins 1204-1453. London: Spink Books, 2009.
  • Maraval, Pierre. “The Earliest Phase of Christian Pilgrimage in the Near East (Before the 7th century).” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 56 (2002): 63-74.
  • Majeska, George P. “A Medallion of the Prophet Daniel in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 28 (1974): 361-366.
  • Merantzas, Christos. “Bizans Kültüründe Benliğin Vücut Bulması.” Hayat Kısa, Sanat Uzun Bizans’ta Şifa Sanatı. İstanbul: Pera Müzesi Yayınları, 2015, 181-191.
  • Mitchell, Stephen. Geç Roma İmparatorluğu M.S. 284-641. Çev. T. Kaçar. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 2016.
  • Nesbitt, John. “Sigillography.” The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Ed. E. Jeffreys, J. Haldon ve R. Cormack. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008, 150-157.
  • Nesbitt, John. Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art. 6. Cilt. Washington D.C.: Harvard University Press, 2009.
  • Osborne, John. “Politics, Diplomacy and the Cult of Relics in Venice and the Northern Adriatic in the First Half of the Ninth Century.” Early Medieval Europe 8/3 (1999): 369-386.
  • Ostrogorsky, Georg. Bizans Devleti Tarihi. Çev. F. Işıltan. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 2015.
  • Paphnutius. Histories of the Monks of Upper Egypt and The Life of Onnophrius. Çev. Tim Vivian. NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, 2009.
  • Pentcheva, Bissera V. “The ‘Activated’ Icon: the Hodegetria Procession and Mary’s Eisodos.” Images of the Mother of God. Ed. M. Vassilaki. Norfolk: Ashgate Publishing, 2005, 195-207.
  • Pentcheva, Bissera V. Icons and Power: The Mother of God in Byzantium. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2006.
  • Phoskolou V. “Jasper Cameo with Daniel in The Lion’s Den.” Everyday Life in Byzantium. Ed. D. Papanikola-Bakirtzi. Athens: Hellenic Ministry of Culture, 2002, 519.
  • Piatnitsky, Yuri. “The Divine Light of The Faith and Power.” Pilgrim Treasures from the Hermitage, Byzantium-Jerusalem. Amsterdam: Lund Humphries, 2005, 18-71.
  • Pitarakis, Brigitte. “Female Piety in Context.” Images of the Mother of God. Ed. M. Vassilaki, Norfolk: Ashgate Publishing, 2005, 153-166.
  • Pitarakis, Brigitte. “Şifayı Güçlendirmek Maddeler, Duyular ve Ritüeller.” Hayat Kısa, Sanat Uzun Bizans’ta Şifa Sanatı. İstanbul: Pera Müzesi Yayınları, 2015, 163-179.
  • Restle, Marcel. Die Byzantinische Wandmalerei in Kleinasien, 3 Cilt, Germany: Verlag Aurel Bongers, 1967.
  • Ross, Leslie. “Onuphrius, Saint.” Medieval Art: A Topical Dictionary. Westport CT: Greenwood Press, 1996, 189.
  • Ross, Leslie. “Onuphrios.” Holy People of the World, Cross-Cultural Encyclopedia. 2. cilt. Ed. Phyllis G. Jestice. USA: ABC-CLIO, 2004, 657.
  • Schmidt, Christian. “Gold- Silber- und Bronzeikonen-Bild und Bilderkult.” Die Welt von Byzanz-Europas Östliches Erbe. München: Theiss, 2004, 149-183.
  • Ševčenko, Nancy Peterson. “Virgin Blachernitissa.” Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. 3. cilt. New York: Oxford University Press 1991, 2170-2171.
  • Ševčenko, Nancy Peterson. “Virgin Hodegetria.” Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, 3. cilt. New York: Oxford University Press 1991, 2172-2173.
  • Talbot, Alice-Mary. “Bizans Manastır Sistemine Giriş.” COGİTO 17 (1999), 160-175.
  • Talbot, Alice-Mary. “Hagiography.” The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Ed. E. Jeffreys, J. Haldon ve R. Cormack. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008, 862-872.
  • Tsakalos, Antonis. “Lead Pilgrim Token of St. Symeon.” Everday Life in Byzantium. Ed. D. Papanikola-Bakirtzi. Athens: Hellenic Ministry of Culture, 2002, 177.
  • Tural, Murat. Sütun Tepesinde Bir Ömür Aziz Simeon. İstanbul: Arkeoloji Sanat Yayınları, 2018.
  • Ünal, Ceren. “Balıkesir, Kuva-yi Milliye Müzesi’nden II. Nikephoros Phokas (963-969) Dönemine Ait Nadir Gümüş Sikke Miliaresion”. Ege Üniversitesi Sanat Tarihi Dergisi XXIV/1 (Nisan, 2016): 107-120.
  • Varalis, Yannis D. “Steatite Icon of St. Nicholas.” Everyday Life in Byzantium. Ed. D. Papanikola-Bakirtzi. Athens: Hellenic Ministry of Culture 2002, 159-161.
  • Vassilaki, Maria. “Icons.” The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Ed. E. Jeffreys, J. Haldon ve R. Cormack. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008, 758-770.
  • Verdier, Philippe. “A Medallion of Saint Symeon the Younger.” The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art 67/1 (1980): 17-26.
  • Vikan, Gary. “Pilgrimage.” Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, 3. cilt. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991, 1676-1677.
  • Vikan, Gary. “Steatite.” Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. 3. cilt. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991, 1947.
  • Vikan, Gary. “Pilgrim Tokens,” Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. 3. cilt. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991, 1678.
  • Vikan, Gary. Byzantine Pilgrimage Art. Washington D. C.: Harvard University Press, 1982.
  • Witt, Janette. “Styliten-Medallions.” Rom und Byzanz Archäologische Kostbarkeiten aus Bayern. München: Hirmer Verlag, 1998, 106-107.
  • Witt, Janette. “Sech Erdmedallions mit Stylitendarstellungen.” Byzanz Das Licht aus dem Osten. Mainz: Verlag Phillip von Zabern, 2001, 183-184.
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There are 67 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section MAKALELER/ARTICLES
Authors

Ceren Ünal This is me 0000-0002-1563-735X

Zeynep Çakmakçı This is me 0000-0002-8599-0204

Publication Date July 31, 2020
Submission Date February 7, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Issue: 14

Cite

Chicago Ünal, Ceren, and Zeynep Çakmakçı. “Haluk Perk Müzesi’nden Örnekler Eşliğinde Bizans İmparatorluğu Döneminde İnanç, Münzevi Yaşam, Hac Ve Hacılık Kavramları”. Art-Sanat Dergisi, no. 14 (July 2020): 495-531. https://doi.org/10.26650/artsanat.2020.14.0019.