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Bizans Dönemine Ait Tuğla Yığma Kilisenin Mimari İncelemesi ve Malzeme Karakterizasyonu: Üç Ayak Kilisesi Örneği

Year 2025, Issue: 23, 79 - 101, 05.02.2025

Abstract

Kırşehir’de bulunan çifte planlı tarihî Üç Ayak Kilisesi, Orta-Bizans mimarisinin nadir bir örneğidir. Bu kilisede gizli tuğla tekniği ve çift katmanlı kireç harcı uygulaması içeren yapıya özgü duvar yapım teknikleri bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Üç Ayak Kilisesi'nin öneminin açığa çıkartılması ve malzemelerinin karakterizasyonu yoluyla yapının gelecek nesiller için korunmasının kolaylaştırılması amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışmada ilk olarak, 11. yüzyılda inşa edilen yapının mimari özellikleri ele alınmıştır. Mimari araştırma yapılarak yok olma tehlikesiyle karşı karşıya olan, korunması gereken ve önemli bir kültürel miras eseri olan Bizans anıtsal yapısının ayırt edici özellikleri kapsamlı bir şekilde incelenmiştir. Araştırmada, yapının dikkat çekici özelliklerinin yanı sıra, yapıdaki değişiklikler, malzeme, yapım tekniği ve benzer plan tipolojisine sahip yapıların karşılaştırılması gibi konular ele alınmış, bu özellikler yapı üzerinde yapılan çalışmaların derlenmesi ve yerinde yapılan gözlemlerden elde edilen veriler ile açıklanmıştır. Sonrasında, mimari araştırmanın yanı sıra kiliseye ait harç ve tuğla özelliklerini keşfetmek için mekanik ve kimyasal analizler kullanılmıştır. Harçlar ortalama 3.6 MPa basınç dayanımı gösterirken hidrolik olma potansiyelini de kısıtlamaktadır. Tuğlaların ortalama 9.8 MPa olan basınç dayanımı değeri literatürdeki Bizans tuğla çalışmalarıyla uyumludur. XRD ile tuğlaların pişirme aralığı 850-900°C olarak belirlenmiştir. SEM-EDS ile heterojen yapıyı teyit eden camsı fazların olmadığı doğrulanmıştır. Bulgular, özellikle restorasyon çalışmalarında malzeme seçimi için rehberlik sağlamaktadır.

References

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Architectural Investigation and Material Characterization of Byzantine Brick Masonry Church: A Case Study of the Üç Ayak Church

Year 2025, Issue: 23, 79 - 101, 05.02.2025

Abstract

The Üç Ayak Church in Kırşehir, Türkiye, is a notable example of middle-Byzantine architecture with a doublenave plan and exceptional masonry, including hidden bricks and double-layer lime mortar. This study investigates the historical significance of the Üç Ayak Church and promote its preservation through comprehensive material characterization and architectural analysis. To achieve these objectives, first he architectural features of the building that was built in the 11th century were discussed. The architectural study concludes that the distinctive features of this endangered Byzantine monumental structure, which represents a crucial aspect of cultural heritage, must be preserved and thoroughly examined. This survey investigates not only the notable features, structural alterations, materials, and construction techniques of the building but also integrates data from previous studies, on-site observations, and comparisons with structures of similar typology. Furthermore, mechanical and chemical analyses were employed to thoroughly examine the mortar and brick properties of the church. Mortars display a 3.6 MPa compressive strength, limiting the hydraulic potential. The bricks exhibited 9.8 MPa, aligning with Byzantine brick studies. XRD analysis inferred the firing of bricks at 850-900°C. SEM-EDS confirmed the absence of vitreous phases, affirming the heterogeneous structure. Findings guide selecting materials for restoration endeavors.

References

  • Adam, Jean Pierre. Roman Building-Materials and Techniques. London: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, 1994. google scholar
  • Ainsworth, William Francis. Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Chaldea, and Armenia. London: John W. Parler West Strand, 1843. google scholar
  • Aurenche, Olivier. “Dictionnaire Archéologique Des Techniques, Article Brique: Asie Occidental et Égypte I.” Dictionnaire Illustré Multilingue de l’architecture Du Proche-Orient Ancien. (Paris: MOM Editions, 1977), 169. google scholar
  • Cultrone, Giuseppe, Carlos Rodriguez-Navarro, Eduardo Sebastian, Olga Cazalla, and Maria Jose De La Torre. “Carbonate and Silicate Phase Reactions During Ceramic Firing.” European Journal of Mineralogy 13/3 (2001), 621-634. https:doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2001/0013-0621. google scholar
  • Çam, Elif. “Characteristics of Byzantine Period Building Bricks Used in St. Jean Basilica (Ayasuluk Hill) and Anaia Church (Kadıkalesi).” MA thesis, Izmir Institute of Technology, 2022. google scholar
  • Doğan, Özlem. “Byzantine Period rock-cut churches in Cilicia Region.” MA thesis, Mersin University, 2021. google scholar
  • El Ouahabi, Meriam, Lahcen Daoubi, Frederic Hatert, Nathalie Fagel. “Modified Mineral Phases during Clay Ceramic Firing.” Clays and Clay Minerals 63/5 (2015), 404-413. https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.2015.0630506. google scholar
  • Eyice, Semavi. “Kırşehir’de Üç Ayak Adındaki Yapı Kalıntısında Araştırmalar Untersuchungen in Der ‘Üç-Ayak’ Genannten Ruinenstatte Bei Kırşehir.” Anatolian Research 17/2 (2004), 125-168. google scholar
  • Eyice, Semavi. “La Ruine Byzantine Dite ‘Üç Ayak’ Pres De Kırşehir En Anatolie Centrale.” Cahiers Archeologiques XVIII/8 (1968), 137-155. google scholar
  • Hamilton, William John. Researches in Asia Minor, Pontus and Armenia. London: John Murray, 1842. google scholar
  • Hazen, Robert M. The Diamond Makers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999 google scholar
  • Hild, Friedrich and Marcell Reitle. Kappadokien Tabula Imperii Byzantini II. Wien: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1981. google scholar
  • Kozlu, H. Hale. “Characterization of Historical Mortars and Features of Restoration Mortars in Kayseri District.” PhD diss., Istanbul Technical University, 2010. google scholar
  • Krautheimer, Richard. Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture. London: Oxford, 1986. google scholar
  • Mihaljević, Marina. “Üçayak: A Forgotten Byzantine Church.” De Gruyter 107/2 (2014), 725-754. https://doi.org/10.1515/bz-2014-0018. google scholar
  • Müdüroğlu, Murat. “Investigation of the Properties of Clay Raw Materials Used in Brick Making.” MA thesis, Istanbul Technical University, 1999. google scholar
  • Orlandos, Anastasios K. Les Matériaux de Construction et La Technique Architecturale Des Anciens Grecs. Paris: E. de Boccard, 1966. google scholar
  • Osten, Von Der. Explorations in Hittite Asia Minor. Chicago: The University of Chicago, 1927. google scholar
  • Özkaya, Özlem Aslan, and Hasan Böke. “Properties of Roman Bricks and Mortars Used in Serapis Temple in the City of Pergamon.” Materials Characterization 60 (2009), 995-1000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2009.04.003. google scholar
  • Özyurt Özcan, Hatice. “Bizans Dini Mimarisinde Kiborion Tipinin İstanbul ve Anadolu’daki Örnekleri Işığında Değerlendirilmesi, Cilt: 1 (Metin)” PhD diss., Istanbul University, 2002. google scholar
  • Pekak, Sacit. “Güzelyurt’ta (Gelveri) Bulunan Bizans/Post-Bizans Dönemi Kiliseleri 1-2.” Hacettepe University Journal of Faulty of Letters 10/2 (1994), 136-137. google scholar
  • Schweinitz, Graf Von. In Kleinasien, Ein Reitausflug Durch Das Innere Kleinasiens Im Jahre 1905. Berlin: Reimer, 1905. google scholar
  • Strzygowski, Josef. Kleinasien Ein Neuland Der Kunstgeschichte. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung, 1903. google scholar
  • Toivanen, Hanna-Riitta. “Byzantine Church at Üçayak (Kirşehir, Cappadocia).” Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor. Atina: (Athens: Foundation of Hellenic World, 2001, 1-5. google scholar
  • Turkish Standardization Institute. “TS EN 12390-3 : 2010 AC : Temmuz 2012 Beton - Sertleşmiş Beton Deneyleri - Bölüm 3 : Deney google scholar
  • Numunelerinin Basınç Dayanımının Tayini Testing Hardened Concrete - Part 3 : Compressive Strength of Test Specimens.” 2012, 19-20. google scholar
  • Uğurlu Sağın, Elif, and Hasan Böke. “Characteristics of Bricks Used in the Domes of Some Historic Bath Buildings.” Journal of Cultural Heritage 14/3 SUPPL (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2012.11.030. google scholar
  • Ulukaya, Serhan, Afife Binnaz Hazar Yoruç, Nabi Yüzer, and Didem Oktay. “Material Characterization of Byzantine Period Brick Masonry Walls Revealed in Istanbul (Turkey).” Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering 61/2 (2017), 209-215. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPci.8868. google scholar
  • Wallace, Sue Anne. “Byzantine Cappadocia: The Planning and Function of Its Ecclesiastical Structures V.II.” PhD diss., Australian National University, 1991. google scholar
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Visual Arts (Other)
Journal Section ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ
Authors

Merve Başgül 0000-0003-3821-2984

Şerife Özata This is me

Early Pub Date February 27, 2025
Publication Date February 5, 2025
Submission Date May 11, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: 23

Cite

Chicago Başgül, Merve, and Özata Şerife. “Architectural Investigation and Material Characterization of Byzantine Brick Masonry Church: A Case Study of the Üç Ayak Church”. Art-Sanat, no. 23 (February 2025): 79-101. https://doi.org/10.26650/artsanat.2025.23.0005.