Research Article
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Clustering and Motion of the Provinces in Turkey in the Context of Rural Indicators

Year 2020, Issue: 40, 231 - 245, 03.04.2020
https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2020-0019

Abstract

The diversity of rural areas in human, social, economic and ecological values is important for the sustainability of the settlement ecosystem. There is a consensus that the multi-component structure of rural areas cannot be determined by one-dimensional criteria such as population density, agriculture or natural resources and that the past/present policies are insufficient. After the discussion on the limitations of the definitions on the concepts of urban and rural and univariate classifications in the literature, a new approach on the classification of rural areas in Turkey was proposed. The nation’s contextual realities and the current data infrastructure were decisive in the variable and methodology selection. The present study aimed to classify the provincial rural areas in Turkey based on selected socio-demographic, economic and physical environment variables. The study was conducted on NUTS-3 level and the dataset was obtained from Turkey Statistical Institute and CORINE land cover data and K-means clustering, a non-hierarchical clustering method, was used. As a result of the spatial evaluations carried out at the provincial-subregional-regional level in the study, which are discussed under three main headings, it is seen that the sharpness of definition between the east and the west felt in the country has been broken over time.

References

  • Akder, A. H. (2003). Linking agricultural statistics to other data sources for analysing rural ındicators of social well-being and equity, 8th IWG. AGRI Seminar, Perspectives for Agriculture and Rural Indicators and Sustainability, Château de la Muette, Paris, 21-22 November 2002 Statistics Directorate National Accounts– Agriculture.
  • European Commission. Committee on Spatial Development. (1999). ESDP-European Spatial Development Perspective: Towards Balanced and Sustainable Development of the Territory of the European Union: Agreed at the Informal Council of Ministers Responsible for Spatial Planning in Potsdam, May 1999. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
  • Ballas, D., Kalogeresis, T., & Labrianidis, L. (2003). A comparative study of typologies for rural areas in Europe, 43rd Congress of the European Regional Science Association: “Peripheries, Centres, and Spatial Development in the New Europe”, 27th - 30th August 2003, Jyväskylä, Finland
  • United Nations. (1969). Growth of the World’s Urban and Rural Population, 1920-2000.
  • Bengs, C., & Schmidt-Thomé, K. (2005). Urban-rural relations in Europe: ESPON 1.1. 2. Final report.
  • Blunden, J. R., Pryce, W. T. R., & Dreyer, P. (1998). The classification of rural areas in the European context: An exploration of a typology using neural network applications. Regional Studies, 32(2), 149 –160.
  • Boscacci, F., Arcaini, E., Boscacci, F., Camagni, R., Capello, R., & Porro, G. (1999). A typology of rural areas in Europe. Study Programme on European Spatial Planning of the European Commission”, Milan: Milan Polytechnic.
  • Cloke, P. J. (1977). An index of rurality for England and Wales. Regional Studies, 11(1), 31–46.
  • Cloke, P., & Edwards, G. (1986). Rurality in England and Wales 1981: a replication of the 1971 index. Regional Studies, 20(4), 289–306.
  • Coombes, M., & Raybould, S. (2004). Finding work in 2001: urban– rural contrasts across England in employment rates and local job availability. Area, 36(2), 202–222.
  • Çakmak, Z., Uzgören, N., & Keçek, G. (2005). Kümeleme analizi teknikleri ile illerin kültürel yapılarına göre sınıflandırılması ve değişimlerin incelenmesi, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (12), 15–36.
  • Davoudi, S., & Stead, D. (2002). Urban-rural relationships: an introduction and brief history. Built Environment, 28(4), 269–277.
  • Teşkilatı, D. P. (1982). Türkiye’de yerleşme merkezlerinin kademelenmesi: ülke yerleşme merkezleri sistemi. Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı Kalkınmada Öncelikli Yöreler Başk, Ankara.
  • Teşkilatı, D. P. (2004). İlçelerin sosyo-ekonomik gelişmişlik sıralaması araştırması. Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı, Ankara.
  • ESPON, I. (2004). Potentials for polycentric development in Europe. https://www.espon.eu/sites/default/files/attachments/fr-1.1.1_ revised-full_0.pdf EUROSTAT, (2005). Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics – NUTS (Luxemburg: Statistical Regions of Europe).
  • EUROSTAT, (2010). A revised urban-rural typology, Eurostat Regional Yearbook, 239–253. Everitt, B. (1993) Cluster analysis for applications, Academic Press, New York
  • Geray, C. (2009). Bölgesel gelişme için planlama ve örgütlenme. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 52(01).
  • Gülümser, A. A., Baycan Levent, T., & Nijkamp, P. (2011). Türkiye’nin kırsal yapısı: AB düzeyinde bir karşılaştırma. İTÜDERGİSİ/a, 9(2).
  • Nijkamp, P., Levent, T. B., & Gulumser, A. A. (2006). Turkey’s rurality: A comparative analysis at the EU level. 46th Congress of the European Regional Science Association: “Enlargement, Southern Europe and the Mediterranean”, August 30th - September 3rd, 2006, Volos, Greece.
  • Hajizadeh, E., Ardakani, H. D., & Shahrabi, J. (2010). Application of data mining techniques in stock markets: A survey. Journal of Economics and International Finance, 2(7), 109–118.
  • Hugo, G., Champion, A., & Lattes, A. (2003). Toward a new conceptualization of settlements for demography. Population and Development Review, 29(2), 277–297.
  • Labrianidis, L. (2006). Human capital as the critical factor for the development of Europe’s rural peripheral areas. The New European Rurality: Strategies for Small Firms, 41–59.
  • Leavy, A., McDonagh, P., & Commins, P. (1999). Public policy trends and some regional impacts. Teagasc.
  • Van Leeuwen, E. (2015). Urban-rural synergies: An explorative study at the NUTS3 Level. Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy, 8(3), 273–289.
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Group of the Council on Rural Development. (1993). What future for our countryside?: a rural development policy.
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (1994). Creating rural indicators for shaping territorial policy. OECD.
  • Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (1996). Territorial indicators of employment: focusing on rural development. OECD.
  • Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2011). Regional typology report. Directorate for public governance and territorial development. Our urbanizing World, No:2014/3 (OECD),
  • Öğdül, H. G. (2010). Urban and rural definitions in regional context: A case study on Turkey. European Planning Studies, 18(9), 1519– 1541.
  • Pettersson, Ö. (2001). Microregional fragmentation in a Swedish county. Papers in Regional Science, 80(4), 389–409.
  • Pizzoli, E., & Gong, X. (2007, October). How to best classify rural and urban. In ponencia presentada en la Fourth International Conference on Agriculture Statistics, 22–24.
  • Pızzolı, E. (2017). Rural development ındıcators for regıons wıth dıfferent degrees of «ruralıty»: a statıstıcal study, 1-10.
  • Punj, G., & Stewart, D. W. (1983). Cluster analysis in marketing research: Review and suggestions for application. Journal of Marketing Research, 20(2), 134–148.
  • Gazete, T. R. (2012). On üç ilde büyükşehir belediyesi ve yirmi altı ilçe kurulması ile bazı kanun ve kanun hükmünde kararnamelerde değişiklik yapılmasına dair kanun. Kabul Tarihi, (28489).
  • Scholz, J., & Herrmann, S. (2010). Rural Regions in Europe. A new typology showing the diversity of European rural regions: RUFUS Discussion Paper. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/ download?doi=10.1.1.527.4514&rep=rep1&type=pdf
  • Shih, M. Y., Jheng, J. W., & Lai, L. F. (2010). A two-step method for clustering mixed categroical and numeric data. Tamkang Journal of Science and Engineering, 13(1), 11–19.
  • Sotte, F. (2003). An Evolutionary approach to rural development. Some Lessons for The Policymaker, Associazione Alessandro Bartola, Collana Appunti, No. 3, Ancona, Italy.
  • Tatlıdil, H. (1992). Çok değişkenli istatistiksel analiz. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yayınları. Ankara.
  • Tekin, B. (2018). Ward, k-ortalamalar ve iki adımlı kümeleme analizi yöntemleri ile finansal göstergeler temelinde hisse senedi tercihi. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21(40), 401–436.
  • TÜBİTAK. (2014). Koruma Odaklı Kırsal Alan Planlaması: Bir Model Önerisi Projesi Final Raporu, Proje No: 108G173, Trabzon.
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). (2019). Bölgesel istatistikler veri seti. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/bolgeselistatistik/ Erişim: Ağustos 2019.
  • United Nations. Economic Commission for Europe, & Statistical Office of the European Communities. (2007). Rural Households’ Livelihood and Well-being: Statistics on Rural Development and Agriculture Household Income. United Nations Publications.
  • Wagstaff, K., Cardie, C., Rogers, S., & Schrödl, S. (2001). Constrained k-means clustering with background knowledge. Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Conference on Machine Learning, 577– 584.
  • Vincze, M., & Mezei, E. (2011). The increase of rural development measures efficiency at the micro-regions level by cluster analysis. A Romanian case study. Eastern Journal of European Studies, 2(1), 13.
  • Zheliazkov, G., Zaimova, D., Genchev, E., & Toneva, K. (2015). Cluster development in rural areas. Economics of Agriculture, 73–93.

Kırsallık Göstergeleri Bağlamında Türkiye İllerinin Kümelenmesi ve Devinimi

Year 2020, Issue: 40, 231 - 245, 03.04.2020
https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2020-0019

Abstract

Kırsallığın beşeri, sosyal, ekonomik ve ekolojik değerler yönünden çeşitliliği yerleşme ekosisteminin sürdürülebilirliği açısından önemlidir. Kırsallığın bu çok bileşenli yapısının; nüfus yoğunluğu, tarım veya doğal kaynaklar gibi tek boyutlu kriterler ile belirlenemeyeceği ve politika üretme konusunda yetersiz kalınacağı/kalındığı konusunda uzlaşı söz konusudur. Kırsallığa ilişkin yazında yer alan gerek kentsel/kırsal tanımının belirsizliği, gerekse tek değişkenli sınıflamaların yarattığı sınırlılıkların tartışılması sonrasında Türkiye ölçeğinde kırsallığın sınıflandırılmasına ilişkin bir yaklaşım öngörülmüştür. Ülkenin bağlamsal gerçekleri ve var olan veri altyapısı, değişkenlerin seçimi ve yöntem konusunda belirleyici olmuştur. Kent ve kırsal bölgelerin bütünleşik olarak yeniden değerlendirilmesini öngören bugünün mekânsal gelişim politikaları açısından yerleşmelerin sosyodemografik, ekonomik ve fiziksel bağlamlar gibi çok yönlü ve çoklu değişkenli süreçler ile ele alınması önemlidir. Çalışma ile Türkiye illeri kırsallığının seçilmiş sosyo-demografik, ekonomik ve fiziksel çevre değişkenleri yardımıyla sınıflandırılması amaçlanmıştır. NUTS-3 düzeyinde yapılan çalışmanın veri seti Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu ve CORİNE arazi örtüsü verilerinden elde edilmiş olup; yöntem olarak hiyerarşik olmayan kümeleme yöntemlerinden K-ortalamalar kullanılmıştır. Üç başlıkta ele alınan çalışmada il-altbölge-bölge düzeyinde yapılan mekânsal değerlendirmeler sonucunda 2006 yılından bugüne ülkede hissedilen doğu-batı arasındaki keskinliğin zaman içerisinde kırıldığı, bölgelerin ya da alt bölgelerin daha heterojen yapıya ulaştıkları görülmektedir. Anahtar

References

  • Akder, A. H. (2003). Linking agricultural statistics to other data sources for analysing rural ındicators of social well-being and equity, 8th IWG. AGRI Seminar, Perspectives for Agriculture and Rural Indicators and Sustainability, Château de la Muette, Paris, 21-22 November 2002 Statistics Directorate National Accounts– Agriculture.
  • European Commission. Committee on Spatial Development. (1999). ESDP-European Spatial Development Perspective: Towards Balanced and Sustainable Development of the Territory of the European Union: Agreed at the Informal Council of Ministers Responsible for Spatial Planning in Potsdam, May 1999. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
  • Ballas, D., Kalogeresis, T., & Labrianidis, L. (2003). A comparative study of typologies for rural areas in Europe, 43rd Congress of the European Regional Science Association: “Peripheries, Centres, and Spatial Development in the New Europe”, 27th - 30th August 2003, Jyväskylä, Finland
  • United Nations. (1969). Growth of the World’s Urban and Rural Population, 1920-2000.
  • Bengs, C., & Schmidt-Thomé, K. (2005). Urban-rural relations in Europe: ESPON 1.1. 2. Final report.
  • Blunden, J. R., Pryce, W. T. R., & Dreyer, P. (1998). The classification of rural areas in the European context: An exploration of a typology using neural network applications. Regional Studies, 32(2), 149 –160.
  • Boscacci, F., Arcaini, E., Boscacci, F., Camagni, R., Capello, R., & Porro, G. (1999). A typology of rural areas in Europe. Study Programme on European Spatial Planning of the European Commission”, Milan: Milan Polytechnic.
  • Cloke, P. J. (1977). An index of rurality for England and Wales. Regional Studies, 11(1), 31–46.
  • Cloke, P., & Edwards, G. (1986). Rurality in England and Wales 1981: a replication of the 1971 index. Regional Studies, 20(4), 289–306.
  • Coombes, M., & Raybould, S. (2004). Finding work in 2001: urban– rural contrasts across England in employment rates and local job availability. Area, 36(2), 202–222.
  • Çakmak, Z., Uzgören, N., & Keçek, G. (2005). Kümeleme analizi teknikleri ile illerin kültürel yapılarına göre sınıflandırılması ve değişimlerin incelenmesi, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (12), 15–36.
  • Davoudi, S., & Stead, D. (2002). Urban-rural relationships: an introduction and brief history. Built Environment, 28(4), 269–277.
  • Teşkilatı, D. P. (1982). Türkiye’de yerleşme merkezlerinin kademelenmesi: ülke yerleşme merkezleri sistemi. Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı Kalkınmada Öncelikli Yöreler Başk, Ankara.
  • Teşkilatı, D. P. (2004). İlçelerin sosyo-ekonomik gelişmişlik sıralaması araştırması. Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı, Ankara.
  • ESPON, I. (2004). Potentials for polycentric development in Europe. https://www.espon.eu/sites/default/files/attachments/fr-1.1.1_ revised-full_0.pdf EUROSTAT, (2005). Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics – NUTS (Luxemburg: Statistical Regions of Europe).
  • EUROSTAT, (2010). A revised urban-rural typology, Eurostat Regional Yearbook, 239–253. Everitt, B. (1993) Cluster analysis for applications, Academic Press, New York
  • Geray, C. (2009). Bölgesel gelişme için planlama ve örgütlenme. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 52(01).
  • Gülümser, A. A., Baycan Levent, T., & Nijkamp, P. (2011). Türkiye’nin kırsal yapısı: AB düzeyinde bir karşılaştırma. İTÜDERGİSİ/a, 9(2).
  • Nijkamp, P., Levent, T. B., & Gulumser, A. A. (2006). Turkey’s rurality: A comparative analysis at the EU level. 46th Congress of the European Regional Science Association: “Enlargement, Southern Europe and the Mediterranean”, August 30th - September 3rd, 2006, Volos, Greece.
  • Hajizadeh, E., Ardakani, H. D., & Shahrabi, J. (2010). Application of data mining techniques in stock markets: A survey. Journal of Economics and International Finance, 2(7), 109–118.
  • Hugo, G., Champion, A., & Lattes, A. (2003). Toward a new conceptualization of settlements for demography. Population and Development Review, 29(2), 277–297.
  • Labrianidis, L. (2006). Human capital as the critical factor for the development of Europe’s rural peripheral areas. The New European Rurality: Strategies for Small Firms, 41–59.
  • Leavy, A., McDonagh, P., & Commins, P. (1999). Public policy trends and some regional impacts. Teagasc.
  • Van Leeuwen, E. (2015). Urban-rural synergies: An explorative study at the NUTS3 Level. Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy, 8(3), 273–289.
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Group of the Council on Rural Development. (1993). What future for our countryside?: a rural development policy.
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (1994). Creating rural indicators for shaping territorial policy. OECD.
  • Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (1996). Territorial indicators of employment: focusing on rural development. OECD.
  • Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2011). Regional typology report. Directorate for public governance and territorial development. Our urbanizing World, No:2014/3 (OECD),
  • Öğdül, H. G. (2010). Urban and rural definitions in regional context: A case study on Turkey. European Planning Studies, 18(9), 1519– 1541.
  • Pettersson, Ö. (2001). Microregional fragmentation in a Swedish county. Papers in Regional Science, 80(4), 389–409.
  • Pizzoli, E., & Gong, X. (2007, October). How to best classify rural and urban. In ponencia presentada en la Fourth International Conference on Agriculture Statistics, 22–24.
  • Pızzolı, E. (2017). Rural development ındıcators for regıons wıth dıfferent degrees of «ruralıty»: a statıstıcal study, 1-10.
  • Punj, G., & Stewart, D. W. (1983). Cluster analysis in marketing research: Review and suggestions for application. Journal of Marketing Research, 20(2), 134–148.
  • Gazete, T. R. (2012). On üç ilde büyükşehir belediyesi ve yirmi altı ilçe kurulması ile bazı kanun ve kanun hükmünde kararnamelerde değişiklik yapılmasına dair kanun. Kabul Tarihi, (28489).
  • Scholz, J., & Herrmann, S. (2010). Rural Regions in Europe. A new typology showing the diversity of European rural regions: RUFUS Discussion Paper. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/ download?doi=10.1.1.527.4514&rep=rep1&type=pdf
  • Shih, M. Y., Jheng, J. W., & Lai, L. F. (2010). A two-step method for clustering mixed categroical and numeric data. Tamkang Journal of Science and Engineering, 13(1), 11–19.
  • Sotte, F. (2003). An Evolutionary approach to rural development. Some Lessons for The Policymaker, Associazione Alessandro Bartola, Collana Appunti, No. 3, Ancona, Italy.
  • Tatlıdil, H. (1992). Çok değişkenli istatistiksel analiz. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yayınları. Ankara.
  • Tekin, B. (2018). Ward, k-ortalamalar ve iki adımlı kümeleme analizi yöntemleri ile finansal göstergeler temelinde hisse senedi tercihi. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21(40), 401–436.
  • TÜBİTAK. (2014). Koruma Odaklı Kırsal Alan Planlaması: Bir Model Önerisi Projesi Final Raporu, Proje No: 108G173, Trabzon.
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). (2019). Bölgesel istatistikler veri seti. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/bolgeselistatistik/ Erişim: Ağustos 2019.
  • United Nations. Economic Commission for Europe, & Statistical Office of the European Communities. (2007). Rural Households’ Livelihood and Well-being: Statistics on Rural Development and Agriculture Household Income. United Nations Publications.
  • Wagstaff, K., Cardie, C., Rogers, S., & Schrödl, S. (2001). Constrained k-means clustering with background knowledge. Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Conference on Machine Learning, 577– 584.
  • Vincze, M., & Mezei, E. (2011). The increase of rural development measures efficiency at the micro-regions level by cluster analysis. A Romanian case study. Eastern Journal of European Studies, 2(1), 13.
  • Zheliazkov, G., Zaimova, D., Genchev, E., & Toneva, K. (2015). Cluster development in rural areas. Economics of Agriculture, 73–93.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Seda Özlü This is me 0000-0002-2568-7043

Sinem Dedeoğlu Özkan This is me 0000-0002-1610-2242

Dilek Beyazlı This is me 0000-0002-8182-5420

Publication Date April 3, 2020
Submission Date March 10, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Issue: 40

Cite

APA Özlü, S., Dedeoğlu Özkan, S., & Beyazlı, D. (2020). Kırsallık Göstergeleri Bağlamında Türkiye İllerinin Kümelenmesi ve Devinimi. Coğrafya Dergisi(40), 231-245. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2020-0019
AMA Özlü S, Dedeoğlu Özkan S, Beyazlı D. Kırsallık Göstergeleri Bağlamında Türkiye İllerinin Kümelenmesi ve Devinimi. Coğrafya Dergisi. April 2020;(40):231-245. doi:10.26650/JGEOG2020-0019
Chicago Özlü, Seda, Sinem Dedeoğlu Özkan, and Dilek Beyazlı. “Kırsallık Göstergeleri Bağlamında Türkiye İllerinin Kümelenmesi Ve Devinimi”. Coğrafya Dergisi, no. 40 (April 2020): 231-45. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2020-0019.
EndNote Özlü S, Dedeoğlu Özkan S, Beyazlı D (April 1, 2020) Kırsallık Göstergeleri Bağlamında Türkiye İllerinin Kümelenmesi ve Devinimi. Coğrafya Dergisi 40 231–245.
IEEE S. Özlü, S. Dedeoğlu Özkan, and D. Beyazlı, “Kırsallık Göstergeleri Bağlamında Türkiye İllerinin Kümelenmesi ve Devinimi”, Coğrafya Dergisi, no. 40, pp. 231–245, April 2020, doi: 10.26650/JGEOG2020-0019.
ISNAD Özlü, Seda et al. “Kırsallık Göstergeleri Bağlamında Türkiye İllerinin Kümelenmesi Ve Devinimi”. Coğrafya Dergisi 40 (April 2020), 231-245. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2020-0019.
JAMA Özlü S, Dedeoğlu Özkan S, Beyazlı D. Kırsallık Göstergeleri Bağlamında Türkiye İllerinin Kümelenmesi ve Devinimi. Coğrafya Dergisi. 2020;:231–245.
MLA Özlü, Seda et al. “Kırsallık Göstergeleri Bağlamında Türkiye İllerinin Kümelenmesi Ve Devinimi”. Coğrafya Dergisi, no. 40, 2020, pp. 231-45, doi:10.26650/JGEOG2020-0019.
Vancouver Özlü S, Dedeoğlu Özkan S, Beyazlı D. Kırsallık Göstergeleri Bağlamında Türkiye İllerinin Kümelenmesi ve Devinimi. Coğrafya Dergisi. 2020(40):231-45.