Sustainable Development in Mountainous Areas: Relimitation of Mountain Areas in Giresun Province and A Socio-Economic Analysis

Year 2021, Issue: 43, 1 - 18, 06.01.2022

Yusuf Kızılkan Saliha Koday

https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2021-850275

Abstract

The integration of sustainability to the concept of development and the sustainable development goals set by the United Nations added another dimension to the relationship between human and environment. The Brundtland Report and Agenda 21 report published in 1987 and 1992, respectively, diversified the mountainous area approaches and they have become a research subject for sustainability research. Studying developmental aspects of sustainability approaches towards mountainous areas and determining their limits have posed challenges since the beginning. Recently, these impediments are overcome by various Geographic Information Systems and criteria for mountainous area relimitations based on environmental and topographic characteristics. However, socio-economic assessments for the mountainous area relimitations are yet to be performed. This article highlights the importance of international and national scale in, several relimitation projects and analysis of Giresun’s mountainous areas focusing on topographical and the socioeconomic characteristics. A three-step approach has been adopted for socio-economic analysis of mountainous areas. The first step is the introduction of the physical integrity of the mountainous areas and the natural environmental conditions. The second is to determine the boundaries of mountainous areas and zones affected by mountainous areas in social and economic terms by adhering to natural conditions. Third, the socio-economic analysis of the mountainous areas in Giresun Province through 11 criteria. An assessment proposal based on socio-economic characteristics regarding human-nature interactions in mountainous areas has been presented, as well. The diversity of aspects that affect the sustainability of mountainous areas is explained with practical examples.

Keywords

Mountainous Area, Socio-Economic Analysis, Giresun Province

Dağlık Alanlarda Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma: Giresun İli Dağlık Alanlarının Sınırlandırılması ve Sosyo-Ekonomik Özellikleriyle Analizi

Abstract

Kalkınma kavramına sürdürülebilirliğin dahil edilmesi ve Birleşmiş Milletler tarafından belirlenen sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedefleri ile insan ve çevre ilişkisi ayrı bir boyut kazanmıştır. 1987’de Brundtland Raporu ve 1992 yılında yayınlanan Gündem 21 raporu ile dağlık alan yaklaşımları çeşitlenmiş ve bu alanlar sürdürülebilirlik yönüyle çalışılmaya başlanmıştır. Sürdürülebilirlik yaklaşımlarının dağlık alanlardaki kalkınma yönlerinin incelenmesi ve dağlık alanların sınırlarının belirlenmesi geçmişten günümüze zorluklarla karşı karşıyadır. Bu zorluklar günümüzde çeşitli Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri ve çevre özellikleriyle topografik niteliklere bağlı dağlık alan sınırlamalarına yönelik kriterlerle aşılmaktadır. Ancak oluşturulan dağlık alan sınırlamalarında sosyo-ekonomik özellikler açısından değerlendirmelerde bulunulmamıştır. Bu makale uluslararası ve ulusal ölçekte dağlık alanların önemini ve çeşitli sınırlama çalışmalarını vurgulayarak, Türkiye’de yapılacak olan topografik özellikler temelinde, Sosyo-Ekonomik niteliklere bağlı dağlık alan analizini içermektedir. Bu kapsamda dağlık alanlarda sosyo-ekonomik analiz için üç aşamalı yaklaşım benimsenmiştir; birincisi dağlık alanların fiziki bütünlükleri ve doğal çevre şartlarına yönelik tanıtımdır; ikincisi doğal şartlara bağlı kalarak sosyal ve ekonomik anlamda dağlık alan sınırlarının ve dağlık alanlardan etkilenen zonların belirlenmesidir; üçüncüsü ise Giresun İli dağlık alanlarının 11 kritere göre sosyo-ekonomik açıdan analizidir. Bu bağlamda araştırmada insan ve çevre ilişkisi içinde dağlık alanlarda sosyo-ekonomik özelliklere bağlı değerlendirme önerisi sunulmuş, dağlık alanların sürdürülebilirliğine etki edecek yönlerin çeşitliliği uygulamalı örnekleriyle açıklanmıştır.

Keywords

Dağlık Alanlar, Sosyo-Ekonomik Analiz, Giresun İli

References

• Akten, S., and Gül, A. (2014). Korunan Doğal Alanlarda Ziyaretçilerin Olası Etki Düzeyleri Önlem Ve Standartların Belirlenmesi (Gölcük Tabiat Parkı Örneği). Türkiye Ormancılık Dergisi, 15(2), 130-139. google scholar
• Bayar, R., and Karabacak, K. (2020). Determination of human impact on land cover: The case of Ankara Province. Cografya Dergisi. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2019-0043 google scholar
• Bekdemir, Ü., and Sezer, İ. (2016). Giresun İlinin Turizm Potansiyeli. Ankara: Nobel Bilimsel Eserler, Nobel Yayıncılık. google scholar
• Birinci, S. Kaymaz, Ç.K. and Camcı, A. (2017). Harran County Seat and Traditional Dome Residencies in Terms of Culture Tourism (Şanliurfa)”, Turkish Studies-International Periodical for the Lan-guages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 12(3), 93-118. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.11289 google scholar
• Blyth, S. (2002). Mountain Watch: Environmental Change Sustainable Developmental in Mountains (No. 12). UNEP/Earthprint. google scholar
• Botkin, J. W., Elmandjra, M., and Malitza, M. (1979). No Limits to Learn-ing: Bridging the Human Gap: The Report to The Club of Rome. google scholar
• Dal, N., and Gönençgil, B. (2018). Türkiye’de Dağ ve Dağlık Alan Sınırlandırması için Bir Yaklaşım, TÜCAUM 30. Yıl Uluslararası Coğrafya Sempozyumu, Bildiriler Kitabı, 907-913. google scholar
• Dax, T. (2005). The redefinition of Europe’s Less Favoured Areas. 3rd Annual Conference - Rural Development in Europe Funding Europe-an RuralDevelopment in 2007-2013,15-16November 2005, London google scholar
• Debarbieux, B., Price, M. F., and Balsiger, J. (2015). The institutional-ization of mountain regions in Europe. Regional Studies, 49(7), 1193-1207. google scholar
• Elibüyük, M., and Yılmaz, E. (2010). Türkiye’nin Coğrafi Bölge ve Bölümlerine Göre Yükselti Basamakları ve Eğim Grupları (Altitude Steps and Slope Groups of Turkey in Comparison with Geographi-cal Regions and Sub-Regions). Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi/Turkish Journal of Geographical Sciences, 8(1), 27-55. google scholar
• Erol, O. (1992). 1/1.000.000 scale Geomorphological map of Turkey. Ankara: MTA. google scholar
• Espon (The European Observation Network for Territorial Develop-ment and Cohesion) and University of Geneva (2012). Geographi-cal Specificities and Development Potentials in Europe: Final Scientific Report. google scholar
• European Commission (2004). Mountain Areas in Europe: Analysis of Mountain Areas in EU member States, Acceding and other Europe-an Countries. Nordregio Report 2004: 1, Report to the Director-ate-General for Regional Development, European Commission. Stockholm: Nordregio. google scholar
• Fisunoğlu, M. (1997). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma ve Ekonomi. Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmanın Uygulanması Tartışma Toplantısı 11-12 Aralık 1997, Ankara: Türkiye Çevre Vakfı Yayın, (126), 13-26. google scholar
• Funnell, D. C. and Price, M. F. (2003). Mountain geography: A review. Geographical Journal, 169(3), 183-190. google scholar
• Giresun İli Doğa Turizmi Master Planı (2013-2023). (2013). T.C. Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı 12. Bölge Müdürlüğü Giresun Şube Müdürlüğü. Giresun. google scholar
• Giresun Provincial Directorate of Agriculture and Forestry, 2018. google scholar
• Giresun Provincial Directorate of Agriculture and Forestry, 2019. google scholar
• Godde, P. M., Price, M. F. and Zimmermann, F. M. (Ed.). (2000). Tour-ism and Development in Mountain Regions. USA: Cabi Publishing google scholar
• Gönençgil B. (1999). “Dağlık Alanların Sürdürülebilir Kullanımı İçin Dağ Alanları Yönetimi (DAY) ve Planlaması”, Türkiye’de Çevre Kirlenmesi Öncelikleri Sempozyumu III, 18-19 Kasım 1999, Kocaeli google scholar
• Gönençgil, B. (2009). Küresel Degredasyon Sürecinde Dağlar ve Dağ Alanları Yönetimi. İstanbul: Çantay Kitabevi. google scholar
• Gürgen, G. (1997). Şebinkarahisar-Alucra Çevresinde Volkanik Şekiller. Ankara Üniversitesi Türkiye Coğrafyası Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi, 6, 149-161. google scholar
• Hoşgören, M. Y. (2011). Jeomorfoloji Terimleri Sözlüğü. İstanbul: Çan-tay Yayınevi. google scholar
• Huddleston, B., Ataman, E., and Fe d’Ostiani, L. (2003). Towards a GIS-based Analysis of Mountain Environments and Populations. Environment and Natural Resources Working Paper 10. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. google scholar
• Hulse, J. H. (2007). Sustainable Development at Risk: Ignoring the Past. International Development Research Centre, Cambridge Uni-versity Press. India google scholar
• Jia, Y., Tang, X., and Liu, W. (2020). Spatial-Temporal Evolution and Correlation Analysis of Ecosystem Service Value and Landscape Ecological Risk in Wuhu City. Sustainability, 12(7), 2803. google scholar
• Kang, S., Lee, S. R., and Cho, S. E. (2020). Slope Stability Analysis of Unsaturated Soil Slopes Based on the Site-Specific Characteristics: A Case Study of Hwangryeong Mountain, Busan, Korea. Sustain-ability, 12(7), 2839. google scholar
• Kapos, V., Rhind, J., Edwards, M., Price, M. F., and Ravilious, C. (2000). Developing A Map of The World’s Mountain Forests. Forests in Sustain-able Mountain Development: A State of Knowledge Report For 2000. Task Force on Forests in Sustainable Mountain Development, 4-19. google scholar
• Keçer, M. (1993). 1 / 25.000 Scale Geomorphological Map of Giresun Province google scholar
• Koday, S., Kaymaz, H., and Kaya, G. (2018). Kuzalan Tabiat Parki’nin Doğa Turizm Potansiyeli (Dereli-Giresun). Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi, 37, 124-143. google scholar
• Koday, S., Koday, Z. and Kızılkan, Y. (2017). Siirt Ilinde Bir Mesken Kültürü: Cas Evleri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21(4), 1369-1385. google scholar
• Kohler, T., Hurni, H., Wiesmann, U., and Klay, A. (2004). Mountain infrastructure: access, communication, and energy. in Martin F. Price, Libor F. Jansky, and Andrei A. Iatsenia Key Issues for Moun-tain Areas (pp. 38-62). New York: United Nations University Press. google scholar
• Kohler, T., Pratt, J., Debarbieux. B., Balsiger, J., Rudaz G., Maselli D., (eds) 2012. From Rio 1992 to Rio 2012 and beyond. Final Draft for Rio 2012. Sustainable Mountain Development, Green Economy and Institutions. Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC); Centre for Development and Environment (CDE) University of Bern. google scholar
• Körner, C. (2003). Alpine Plant Life: Functional Plant Ecology of High Mountain Ecosystems. 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer. google scholar
• Li, J. T., Liu, Y. S., and Yang, Y. Y. (2018). Land use change and effect analysis of tideland reclamation in Hangzhou Bay. Journal of Mountain Science, 15(2), 394-405. google scholar
• Li, Y. J., Yu, H., Chen, T., Hu, J., and Cui, H. Y. (2016). Livelihood changes and evolution of upland ethnic communities driven by tour-ism: a case study in Guizhou Province, southwest China. Journal of Mountain Science, 13(7), 1313-1332. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11629-015-3631-6 google scholar
• Löve, D. (1970). Subarctic and subalpine: Where and what?. Arctic and Alpine Research, 2, 63-73. google scholar
• Meadows, D. H., Meadows, D. H., Randers, J., and Behrens III, W. W. (1972). The Limits to Growth: A Report To The Club of Rome, 1-9. google scholar
• Messerli, B. (2012). Global Change and The World’s Mountains. Moun-tain Research and Development, 32(1), 55-63. google scholar
• Messerli, B., and Besubaum, E. (2004). The role of culture, education and science for sustainable mountain development,n Martin F. Price, Li-bor F. Jansky & Andrei A. Iatsenia (Eds.) Key Issues for Mountain Areas (pp. 210-234). New York: United Nations University Press google scholar
• Meybeck, M., Green, P., and Vörösmarty, C. (2001). A New Typology for Mountains and Other Relief Classes. Mountain Research and Development, 21 (1), 34-46. google scholar
• Mountain Agenda. (2002). Mountains of the World. Sustainable Devel-opment in Mountain Areas, The Need for Adequate Policies and Instruments. Switzerland: Centre for Development and Environ-ment, University of Berne. google scholar
• Peattie, R. (1936). Mountain Geography: A Critique and Field Study. Harvard, Cambridge MA. google scholar
• Peng, J., Hu, X., Qiu, S., Meersmans, J., and Liu, Y. (2019). Multifunc-tional landscapes identification and associated development zoning in mountainous area. Science of The Total Environment, 660, 765775. google scholar
• Planhol, X. D., and Bilgin, T. (1961). Karagöl Kütlesi Üzerinde Pleistosen ve Aktüel Glasiyasyon ile Periglasyal Topoğrafya Şekilleri. İst. Üniv. Coğ. Enst. Der, 6(12), 127-146. google scholar
• Price M.F., and Butt, N. (2000). Forests in Sustainable Mountain Devel-opment: A Report for 2000. Wallingford: CAB International google scholar
• Price M.F., Arnesen T., Gİ0ersen E., and Metzger, M. J. (2018). Map-ping mountain areas: learning from Global, European and Norwe-gian perspectives. Journal of Mountain Science, 16(1). https://doi. org/10.1007/s11629-018-4916-3 google scholar
• Price, M. (2004). Introduction: Sustainable Mountain Development from Rio To Bishkek And Beyond. Key İssues For Mountain Areas, United Nations University, New York, 1-17. google scholar
• Price, M. F. (2013). Mountain Geography: Physical and Human Di-mensions. University of California Press. google scholar
• Price, M. F., and Kohler T. (2013). Sustainable Mountain Development in Alton C. Byers, Donald A. Friend, Thomas Kohler & Larry W. Price. (Eds.) Mountain Geography: Physical and Human Dimen-sions. (pp. 333-363). Univ of California Press. google scholar
• Provincial Directorate of National Education, 2018 google scholar
• Provincial Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks google scholar
• Rodriguez-Rodriguez, D., and Bomhard, B. (2012). Mapping direct hu-man influence on the world’s mountain areas. Mountain Research and Development, 32(2), 197-202. google scholar
• Sati, V. P. (2005). Natural resource conditions and economic develop-ment in the Uttaranchal Himalaya, India. Journal of Mountain Sci-ence, 2(4), 336-350. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02918407 google scholar
• Sayre, R., Frye, C., Karagulle, D., Krauer, J., Breyer, S., Aniello, P., ... and VanSistine, D. P. (2018). A new high-resolution map of world mountains and an online tool for visualizing and comparing charac-terizations of global mountain distributions. Mountain Research and Development, 38(3), 240-249. google scholar
• Soffer, A. (1982). Mountain Geography: A New Approach. Mountain Research and Development, 2(4), 391-398. google scholar
• Somuncu, M. (2002). “2002 Dünya Dağlar Yılında Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Dağ Turizmi”. TC Turizm Bakanlığı II. Turizm Şurası Bildirileri, I. Cilt, 185-192. google scholar
• Somuncu, M. (2006). Achieving universal primary education in moun-tains. Mountain Research and Development, 26(1), 20-23. google scholar
• UNCED (1972). Declaration of the United Nations conference on the human environment (Stockholm Declaration) A/CONF.48/14/ REV.1 - Report of the United Nations Conference on Human Envi-ronment. Stockholm google scholar
• UNCED. (1992). Agenda 21. UN Doc. A/CONF. 151/26 (Vol. I-II-II), 13 August. Washington D.C.: United Nations. google scholar
• Uzun, A. (2014). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Kapsamında Madra Dağı’nın Doğal ve Beşerî Kaynaklarının Değerlendirilmesi. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi. google scholar
• Uzun, A., and Somuncu, M. (2013). Madra Dağı ve Çevresinin Arazi Örtüsü/Kullanımındaki Zamansal Değişimin Uzaktan Algılama Yöntemi ile Değerlendirilmesi. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 16(30), 1-21. google scholar
• Uzun, A., Zeybek, H., and Demirağ, İ. (2012). Sariçiçek Dağı’nda Dol-in Topoğrafyası (Giresun/ Türkiye), UJES 2012, III. Ulusal Jeomorfoloji Sempozyumu, Hatay. google scholar
• Uzun, A., Zeybek, H., and Hatipoğlu, İ. K. (2012). Bazaltik Aglomer-alar Üzerinde Tor Oluşumu, Giresun, UJES 2012, III. Ulusal Jeomorfoloji Sempozyumu, Hatay. google scholar
• Veith, C., and Shaw, J. (2011). Why İnvest in Sustainable Mountain De-velopment? Rome: Fao Publishg. google scholar
• Warren, P. (2002). Livelihoods Diversification and Enterprise Develop-ment. An Initial Exploration of Concepts and Issues. Livelihood Support Program (LSP) Working Paper, Italy. google scholar
• WCED (1987). Our Common Future, Brundtland Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, Published as An-nex to General Assembly document A/42/427. google scholar
• Wymann von Dach, S., Bachmann, F., Borsdorf, A., Kohler, T., Jurek, M. and Sharma, E., eds. (2016). Investing in Sustainable Mountain Development: Opportunities, Resources and Benefits. Centre for Development and Environment (CDE) Switzerland: Bern Open Publishing. google scholar
• Zaman, M. (2017). Türkiye’de Kırsal Meskenler ve Coğrafi Dağılışları. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21(3), 911935. google scholar
• International Union for Conservation of Nature. (No date). About Pro-tect Areas Retrieved form https://www.iucn.org/ Last update: 28.04.2021 google scholar
• International Center for Integrated Mountain Development. (No date). About Mountain Development Retrieved form https://www.icimod. org/ Last update: 28.04.2021 google scholar
• Mountain Partnership (No date). About Mountain Development Re-trieved form http://www.fao.org/mountain-partnership/en/ Last up-date: 28.04.2021 google scholar
• Mountain Forum (No date). About Mountain Conservation and Devel-opment Retrieved form http://www.fao.org/3/w9300e/w9300e04. htm Last update: 28.04.2021 google scholar