Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Grammar of Geopolitics: Geopolitical Imaginations of Farmer-herder Conflicts in Nigeria

Year 2022, Issue: 44, 1 - 18, 08.07.2022

Cletus Nwankwo

https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2022-888146

Abstract

The farmer-herder conflicts (FHCs) in Nigeria have aggravated in recent years, and so too has its scholarly inquiry. However, there is yet a critical geopolitics analysis of the conflicts despite their geopolitical manifestations. This paper explores the geopolitical imagination of the conflicts based on the “ Grammar of Geopolitics approach” of Gearóid Tuathail. Data used were newspapers’ stories and supplemented by government and independent bodies’ reports. The article shows that the conflicts are represented with ecological and socio-political storylines with local, regional, and global inclinations. They are imagined as evolving from local disagreements to entangle regional political crises and shaped by global environmental shocks (especially climate change) on local communities. The geopolitical storyline of the Nigerian government portrays the conflict as entrenched in lands and amplified by regional crises. The administration’s proposed socio-spatial arrangement (cattle colony) to segregate nomadic herders from arable farmers to avert violence has failed to gain traction in Nigeria’s various areas. The policy itself contradicts the ancient system of nomadic pastoralists, who flourish in smooth space and would not thrive in a constrained striated space. Thus, apart from addressing the environmental and ecological problems associated with the conflicts, the issue of regional geopolitical dynamics within Nigeria and the West Africa region has to be considered. Removal of regional barriers to access and inclusion of the pastoralists in resource use via a trans-regional framework recognizing local needs and disparities is vital. The paper indicates that the grammar of the geopolitics model can handle the media discourse of the FHCs in Nigeria well and helps to organize the narratives (if corroborated with extant scholarly literature as in the case of climate change-FHCs nexus) in such a way that avoids falling into inherently subjective trappings of the media storylines. Thus, the model is best suited for its purpose–to analyze geopolitical imaginations emanating from media sources.

Keywords

Farmer-herder conflict farmer-pastoralist conflict geopolitical imagination critical geopolitics Nigeria

References

  • Ademilokun, M., & Taiwo, R. (2013). Discursive strategies in newspa-per campaign advertisements for Nigeria’s 2011 elections. Dis-course & Communication, 7(4), 435-455. google scholar
  • Adesoji, A. O., & Hahn, H. P. (2011). When (not) to be a proprietor: Nigerian newspaper ownership in a changing polity. African Study Monographs, 32(4), 177-203. google scholar
  • An, N. (2020). Confucianism, Chinese Geopolitics and Terrorism. In Confucian Geopolitics (pp. 35-62). Singapore: Springer. google scholar
  • Benjaminsen, T. A., & Ba, B. (2009). Farmer-herder conflicts, pastoral marginalisation and corruption: a case study from the inland Niger delta of Mali. Geographical Journal, 175(1), 71-81. google scholar
  • Benjaminsen, T. A., & Ba, B. (2019). Why do pastoralists in Mali join jihadist groups? A political ecological explanation. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 46(1), 1-20. google scholar
  • Brottem, L. V. (2016). Environmental change and farmer-herder con-flict in agro-pastoral West Africa. Human ecology, 44(5), 547-563. google scholar
  • Cabot, C. (Ed.). (2017). Climate change and farmer-herder conflicts in West Africa. In Climate change, security risks and conflict reduc-tion in Africa (pp. 11-44). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. google scholar
  • Charteris-Black, J. (2004). Corpus approaches to critical metaphor analysis. London: Palgrave Macmillan. google scholar
  • Chiluwa, I., & Chiluwa, I. M. (2020). ‘Deadlier than Boko Haram’: Representations of the Nigerian herder-farmer conflict in the local and foreign press. Media, War & Conflict, 1750635220902490. google scholar
  • Chukwuma, K. H. (2020). Constructing the herder-farmer conflict as (in) security in Nigeria. African Security, 13(1), 54-76. google scholar
  • Dalby, S. (2010). Recontextualising violence, power and nature: The next twenty years of critical geopolitics? Political Geogra-phy, 29(5), 280-288. google scholar
  • Deleuze, G., & Guattari, F. (1987). A thousand plateaus: Capitalism and schizophrenia. Bloomsbury Publishing. google scholar
  • Dittmer, J., & Dodds, K. (2008). Popular geopolitics past and future: Fandom, identities and audiences. Geopolitics, 13(3), 437-457. google scholar
  • Dodds, K. J., & Sidaway, J. D. (1994). Locating critical geopolitics. En-vironment and Planning D: Society and Space, 12(5), 515-524. google scholar
  • Doty, R. L. (1993). Foreign policy as social construction: A post-posi-tivist analysis of US counterinsurgency policy in the Philippines. In-ternational studies quarterly, 37(3), 297- 320. google scholar
  • Eke, S. (2020). ‘Nomad savage’ and herder-farmer conflicts in Nigeria: the (un) making of an ancient myth. Third World Quarterly, 41(5), 745-763. google scholar
  • Güney, A., & Gökcan, F. (2010). The ‘greater Middle East’ as a ‘modern’ geopolitical imagination in American foreign policy. Geopoli-tics, 15(1), 22-38. google scholar
  • Hannam, K. (2002). 17 Coping with archival and textual data. Doing cultural geography, 189. google scholar
  • Hartmann, B. (2014). Converging on disaster: climate security and the Malthusian anticipatory regime for Africa. Geopolitics, 19(4), 757783. google scholar
  • Higazi, A. (2016). Farmer-pastoralist conflicts on the Jos Plateau, cen-tral Nigeria: security responses of local vigilantes and the Nigerian state. Conflict, Security & Development, 16(4), 365-385. google scholar
  • Herrero, S. T. (2006). Desertification and environmental security. The case of conflicts between farmers and herders in the arid environ-ments of the Sahel. In Desertification in the Mediterranean Region. A Security Issue (pp. 109-132). Springer, Dordrecht. google scholar
  • Ide, T. (2016). Critical geopolitics and school textbooks: The case of envi-ronment-conflict links in Germany. Political Geography, 55, 60-71. google scholar
  • Igwebuike, E. E. (2020). Metaphorical constructions of herding in news reports on Fulani Herdsmen. Continuum, 1-14. google scholar
  • International Crises Group ICG (2018). “Stopping Nigeria’s Spiralling Farmer-Herder Violence”. Africa Report No 262 26 July 2018. https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/west- africa/nigeria/262-stop-ping-nigerias-spirallingfarmer-herder-violence Accessed 13 Sep-tember 2018. google scholar
  • Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). The metaphorical structure of the human conceptual system. Cognitive science, 4(2), 195-208. google scholar
  • Latham, A. A. (2001). China in the contemporary American geopolitical imagination. Asian Afairs: An American Review, 28(3), 138-145. google scholar
  • Madu, I. A., & Nwankwo, C. F. (2020). Spatial pattern of climate change and farmer-herder conflict vulnerabilities in Nigeria. GeoJournal, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-020- 10223-2 google scholar
  • Mamadouh, V., & Dijkink, G. (2006). Geopolitics, international rela-tions and political geography: The politics of geopolitical dis-course. Geopolitics, 11(3), 349-366. google scholar
  • McFarlane, T., & Hay, I. (2003). The battle for Seattle: protest and popular geopolitics in The Australian newspaper. Political Geogra-phy, 22(2), 211-232. google scholar
  • Megoran, N. (2004). The critical geopolitics of the Uzbekistan-Kyrgyz-stan Ferghana Valley boundary dispute, 1999-2000. Political Geog-raphy, 23(6), 731-764. google scholar
  • Nartey, M., & Ladegaard, H. J. Constructing undesirables: A critical discourse analysis of othering of Fulani nomads in the Ghanaian news media. Discourse & Communication, 1750481320982095. google scholar
  • Nwankwo, C. F. (2018a). The battles for supremacy and agenda-setting: Representations of the farmers-herders conflict in Nigerian newspa-pers. Unpublished MA dissertation, Keele University, UK. google scholar
  • Nwankwo, C. F. (2018b). Critical geopolitics of the farmers-pastoral-ists conflict in Nigeria. A paper presented at the 1st Africanity Schol-ars Network International Conference [Knowledge loss, bondage and regrets in post-contact societies] at University of Nigeria, Nsuk-ka, Nigeria. December 8-10, 2018. google scholar
  • Nwankwo, C. F. (2019a). The spatial pattern of voter choice homogene-ity in the Nigerian presidential elections of the fourth republic. Bul-letin of Geography. Socio-economic Series, 43(43), 143-165. google scholar
  • Nwankwo, C. F. (2019b). Religion and Voter Choice Homogeneity in the Nigerian Presidential Elections of the Fourth Republic. Statis-tics, Politics and Policy, 10(1), 1-25. google scholar
  • Nwankwo, C. F. (2020). Essentialising critical geopolitics of the farm-ers-pastoralists conflicts in West Africa. GeoJournal, 85(5), 12911308. google scholar
  • Nwankwo, C. F. (2021). Discursive construction of the farmer-pastoral-ist conflict in Nigeria. Open Political Science, 4(1), 136-146. google scholar
  • Nwankwo, C. F., Ayadiuno, R. U., Ali, A. N., & Madu, I. A. (2020). Farmer-herder conflict: the politics of media discourse in Nige-ria. Ponte, 76(1), 191-221. google scholar
  • Pinkerton, A., & Dodds, K. (2009). Radio geopolitics: broadcasting, lis-tening and the struggle for acoustic spaces. Progress in Human Ge-ography, 33(1), 10-27. google scholar
  • PR Press Nigeria (2018). ‘Nigeria accounts for about 70% of the illegal small arms in West Africa’. 13 March 2018. Available at: https:// prnigeria.com/2018/03/13/nigeria-llegal- arms-west-africa/ Ac-cessed 20 February 2021. google scholar
  • Robison, B. (2004). Putting Bosnia in its place: Critical geopolitics and the representation of Bosnia in the British print media. Geopoli-tics, 9(2), 378-401. google scholar
  • Sharp, J. P. (1993). Publishing American identity: popular geopolitics, myth and The Reader’s Digest. Political Geography, 12(6), 491503. google scholar
  • Tonah, S. (2006). Migration and farmer-herder conflicts in Ghana’s Volta Basin. Canadian Journal of African Studies 40(1), 152-178. google scholar
  • Tuathail, G. O. (2002). Theorising practical geopolitical reasoning: the case of the United States’ response to the war in Bosnia. Political Geography, 21(5), 601-628. google scholar
  • Turner, M. D. (2004). Political ecology and the moral dimensions of “resource conflicts”: the case of farmer-herder conflicts in the Sa-hel. Political Geography, 23(7), 863-889. google scholar
  • UK Parliament House of Lords (2018). Nigeria: Fulani Herdsmen and Boko Haram. Volume 792: debated on Tuesday 17 July 2018. Avail-able at: https://hansard.parliament.uk/lords/2018-07-17/debates/ A8FECBDE-64F9-44B6-8298-653B08AE59C2/NigeriaFulani-HerdsmenAndBokoHaram. Accessed 20 February 2021. google scholar
  • Verhoeven, H. (2014). Gardens of Eden or hearts of darkness? The ge-nealogy of discourses on environmental insecurity and climate wars in Africa. Geopolitics, 19(4), 784-805. google scholar
  • Walwa, W. J. (2020). Growing farmer-herder conflicts in Tanzania: the licenced exclusions of pastoral communities interests over access to resources. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 47(2), 366-382. google scholar

Jeopolitik Dilbilgisi: Nijerya’da Çiftçi-Çoban Çatışmalarının Jeopolitik İnançları

Year 2022, Issue: 44, 1 - 18, 08.07.2022

Cletus Nwankwo

https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2022-888146

Abstract

Nijerya’daki çiftçi-çoban çatışmaları (Farmer-Herder Conflicts/ FHC’ler) son yıllarda giderek şiddetlenmiş ve bu konudaki akademik araştırmalar da giderek artmıştır. Ancak, jeopolitik yansımalarına rağmen, çatışmaların bir eleştirel jeopolitik analizi henüz yapılmamıştır. Bu makale, Gearóid Tuathail’in “Jeopolitik Yaklaşımın Grameri” temel alınarak çatışmaların jeopolitik dünyasını araştırmaktadır. Makalede kullanılan veriler gazete haberlerine dayanmakta olup, hükümet ve bağımsız kuruluşların raporlarıyla desteklenmiştir. Makale, çatışmaların yerel, bölgesel ve küresel eğiliminin ekolojik ve sosyo-politik çizgilerle temsil edildiğini göstermektedir. Toplum üzerinde etkili olan tüm bu sorunların yerel anlaşmazlıklar, bölgesel siyasi krizler ve küresel çevre krizleri (özellikle iklim değişikliği) gibi değişkenlerin iç içe geçmesinden kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir. Nijerya hükümetinin şiddeti önlemek amacıyla göçebe çobanları tarla çiftçilerinden ayırmak için önerdiği sosyo-mekansal düzenleme (sığır kolonisi), Nijerya’nın çeşitli bölgelerinde ilgi çekmeyi başaramadı. Bunun nedeni politikaların, göçebe çoban yaşantısının sınırlı bir mekâna bağlı olmayan kültürü ile çelişiyor olmasıdır. Bu nedenle, çatışmalarla ilişkili çevresel ve ekolojik sorunların ele alınmasının yanı sıra, Nijerya ve Batı Afrika bölgesindeki bölgesel jeopolitik dinamikler konusu da dikkate alınmalıdır. Yerel ihtiyaçları ve eşitsizlikleri tanıyan bölgeler arası bir çerçeve aracılığıyla göçebe çobanların kaynak kullanımına erişimi ve dahil edilmesinin önündeki bölgesel engellerin kaldırılması hayati önem taşımaktadır. Makalede ele alınan model, Nijerya’daki FHC’lerin medyaya yansımasını iyi yönetebildiğini ve (FHC - iklim değişikliği bağlantısı durumunda olduğu gibi mevcut akademik literatürle desteklendiğinde) medyanın doğası gereği öznel yargılara girilmesini önleyecek şekilde organize edilmesine yardımcı olduğunu belirtmektedir. Bu nedenle model, medya kaynaklarından yayılan jeopolitik görüşleri analiz etme amacına en uygun modeldir.

Keywords

Çiftçi-çoban çatışması çiftçi-göçebe çiftçi çatışması jeopolitik görüş kritik jeopolitik Nijerya

References

  • Ademilokun, M., & Taiwo, R. (2013). Discursive strategies in newspa-per campaign advertisements for Nigeria’s 2011 elections. Dis-course & Communication, 7(4), 435-455. google scholar
  • Adesoji, A. O., & Hahn, H. P. (2011). When (not) to be a proprietor: Nigerian newspaper ownership in a changing polity. African Study Monographs, 32(4), 177-203. google scholar
  • An, N. (2020). Confucianism, Chinese Geopolitics and Terrorism. In Confucian Geopolitics (pp. 35-62). Singapore: Springer. google scholar
  • Benjaminsen, T. A., & Ba, B. (2009). Farmer-herder conflicts, pastoral marginalisation and corruption: a case study from the inland Niger delta of Mali. Geographical Journal, 175(1), 71-81. google scholar
  • Benjaminsen, T. A., & Ba, B. (2019). Why do pastoralists in Mali join jihadist groups? A political ecological explanation. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 46(1), 1-20. google scholar
  • Brottem, L. V. (2016). Environmental change and farmer-herder con-flict in agro-pastoral West Africa. Human ecology, 44(5), 547-563. google scholar
  • Cabot, C. (Ed.). (2017). Climate change and farmer-herder conflicts in West Africa. In Climate change, security risks and conflict reduc-tion in Africa (pp. 11-44). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. google scholar
  • Charteris-Black, J. (2004). Corpus approaches to critical metaphor analysis. London: Palgrave Macmillan. google scholar
  • Chiluwa, I., & Chiluwa, I. M. (2020). ‘Deadlier than Boko Haram’: Representations of the Nigerian herder-farmer conflict in the local and foreign press. Media, War & Conflict, 1750635220902490. google scholar
  • Chukwuma, K. H. (2020). Constructing the herder-farmer conflict as (in) security in Nigeria. African Security, 13(1), 54-76. google scholar
  • Dalby, S. (2010). Recontextualising violence, power and nature: The next twenty years of critical geopolitics? Political Geogra-phy, 29(5), 280-288. google scholar
  • Deleuze, G., & Guattari, F. (1987). A thousand plateaus: Capitalism and schizophrenia. Bloomsbury Publishing. google scholar
  • Dittmer, J., & Dodds, K. (2008). Popular geopolitics past and future: Fandom, identities and audiences. Geopolitics, 13(3), 437-457. google scholar
  • Dodds, K. J., & Sidaway, J. D. (1994). Locating critical geopolitics. En-vironment and Planning D: Society and Space, 12(5), 515-524. google scholar
  • Doty, R. L. (1993). Foreign policy as social construction: A post-posi-tivist analysis of US counterinsurgency policy in the Philippines. In-ternational studies quarterly, 37(3), 297- 320. google scholar
  • Eke, S. (2020). ‘Nomad savage’ and herder-farmer conflicts in Nigeria: the (un) making of an ancient myth. Third World Quarterly, 41(5), 745-763. google scholar
  • Güney, A., & Gökcan, F. (2010). The ‘greater Middle East’ as a ‘modern’ geopolitical imagination in American foreign policy. Geopoli-tics, 15(1), 22-38. google scholar
  • Hannam, K. (2002). 17 Coping with archival and textual data. Doing cultural geography, 189. google scholar
  • Hartmann, B. (2014). Converging on disaster: climate security and the Malthusian anticipatory regime for Africa. Geopolitics, 19(4), 757783. google scholar
  • Higazi, A. (2016). Farmer-pastoralist conflicts on the Jos Plateau, cen-tral Nigeria: security responses of local vigilantes and the Nigerian state. Conflict, Security & Development, 16(4), 365-385. google scholar
  • Herrero, S. T. (2006). Desertification and environmental security. The case of conflicts between farmers and herders in the arid environ-ments of the Sahel. In Desertification in the Mediterranean Region. A Security Issue (pp. 109-132). Springer, Dordrecht. google scholar
  • Ide, T. (2016). Critical geopolitics and school textbooks: The case of envi-ronment-conflict links in Germany. Political Geography, 55, 60-71. google scholar
  • Igwebuike, E. E. (2020). Metaphorical constructions of herding in news reports on Fulani Herdsmen. Continuum, 1-14. google scholar
  • International Crises Group ICG (2018). “Stopping Nigeria’s Spiralling Farmer-Herder Violence”. Africa Report No 262 26 July 2018. https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/west- africa/nigeria/262-stop-ping-nigerias-spirallingfarmer-herder-violence Accessed 13 Sep-tember 2018. google scholar
  • Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). The metaphorical structure of the human conceptual system. Cognitive science, 4(2), 195-208. google scholar
  • Latham, A. A. (2001). China in the contemporary American geopolitical imagination. Asian Afairs: An American Review, 28(3), 138-145. google scholar
  • Madu, I. A., & Nwankwo, C. F. (2020). Spatial pattern of climate change and farmer-herder conflict vulnerabilities in Nigeria. GeoJournal, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-020- 10223-2 google scholar
  • Mamadouh, V., & Dijkink, G. (2006). Geopolitics, international rela-tions and political geography: The politics of geopolitical dis-course. Geopolitics, 11(3), 349-366. google scholar
  • McFarlane, T., & Hay, I. (2003). The battle for Seattle: protest and popular geopolitics in The Australian newspaper. Political Geogra-phy, 22(2), 211-232. google scholar
  • Megoran, N. (2004). The critical geopolitics of the Uzbekistan-Kyrgyz-stan Ferghana Valley boundary dispute, 1999-2000. Political Geog-raphy, 23(6), 731-764. google scholar
  • Nartey, M., & Ladegaard, H. J. Constructing undesirables: A critical discourse analysis of othering of Fulani nomads in the Ghanaian news media. Discourse & Communication, 1750481320982095. google scholar
  • Nwankwo, C. F. (2018a). The battles for supremacy and agenda-setting: Representations of the farmers-herders conflict in Nigerian newspa-pers. Unpublished MA dissertation, Keele University, UK. google scholar
  • Nwankwo, C. F. (2018b). Critical geopolitics of the farmers-pastoral-ists conflict in Nigeria. A paper presented at the 1st Africanity Schol-ars Network International Conference [Knowledge loss, bondage and regrets in post-contact societies] at University of Nigeria, Nsuk-ka, Nigeria. December 8-10, 2018. google scholar
  • Nwankwo, C. F. (2019a). The spatial pattern of voter choice homogene-ity in the Nigerian presidential elections of the fourth republic. Bul-letin of Geography. Socio-economic Series, 43(43), 143-165. google scholar
  • Nwankwo, C. F. (2019b). Religion and Voter Choice Homogeneity in the Nigerian Presidential Elections of the Fourth Republic. Statis-tics, Politics and Policy, 10(1), 1-25. google scholar
  • Nwankwo, C. F. (2020). Essentialising critical geopolitics of the farm-ers-pastoralists conflicts in West Africa. GeoJournal, 85(5), 12911308. google scholar
  • Nwankwo, C. F. (2021). Discursive construction of the farmer-pastoral-ist conflict in Nigeria. Open Political Science, 4(1), 136-146. google scholar
  • Nwankwo, C. F., Ayadiuno, R. U., Ali, A. N., & Madu, I. A. (2020). Farmer-herder conflict: the politics of media discourse in Nige-ria. Ponte, 76(1), 191-221. google scholar
  • Pinkerton, A., & Dodds, K. (2009). Radio geopolitics: broadcasting, lis-tening and the struggle for acoustic spaces. Progress in Human Ge-ography, 33(1), 10-27. google scholar
  • PR Press Nigeria (2018). ‘Nigeria accounts for about 70% of the illegal small arms in West Africa’. 13 March 2018. Available at: https:// prnigeria.com/2018/03/13/nigeria-llegal- arms-west-africa/ Ac-cessed 20 February 2021. google scholar
  • Robison, B. (2004). Putting Bosnia in its place: Critical geopolitics and the representation of Bosnia in the British print media. Geopoli-tics, 9(2), 378-401. google scholar
  • Sharp, J. P. (1993). Publishing American identity: popular geopolitics, myth and The Reader’s Digest. Political Geography, 12(6), 491503. google scholar
  • Tonah, S. (2006). Migration and farmer-herder conflicts in Ghana’s Volta Basin. Canadian Journal of African Studies 40(1), 152-178. google scholar
  • Tuathail, G. O. (2002). Theorising practical geopolitical reasoning: the case of the United States’ response to the war in Bosnia. Political Geography, 21(5), 601-628. google scholar
  • Turner, M. D. (2004). Political ecology and the moral dimensions of “resource conflicts”: the case of farmer-herder conflicts in the Sa-hel. Political Geography, 23(7), 863-889. google scholar
  • UK Parliament House of Lords (2018). Nigeria: Fulani Herdsmen and Boko Haram. Volume 792: debated on Tuesday 17 July 2018. Avail-able at: https://hansard.parliament.uk/lords/2018-07-17/debates/ A8FECBDE-64F9-44B6-8298-653B08AE59C2/NigeriaFulani-HerdsmenAndBokoHaram. Accessed 20 February 2021. google scholar
  • Verhoeven, H. (2014). Gardens of Eden or hearts of darkness? The ge-nealogy of discourses on environmental insecurity and climate wars in Africa. Geopolitics, 19(4), 784-805. google scholar
  • Walwa, W. J. (2020). Growing farmer-herder conflicts in Tanzania: the licenced exclusions of pastoral communities interests over access to resources. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 47(2), 366-382. google scholar
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Cletus Nwankwo 0000-0003-0071-4903

Publication Date July 8, 2022
Submission Date February 28, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Issue: 44

Cite

APA Nwankwo, C. (2022). Grammar of Geopolitics: Geopolitical Imaginations of Farmer-herder Conflicts in Nigeria. Coğrafya Dergisi(44), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2022-888146
AMA Nwankwo C. Grammar of Geopolitics: Geopolitical Imaginations of Farmer-herder Conflicts in Nigeria. Coğrafya Dergisi. July 2022;(44):1-18. doi:10.26650/JGEOG2022-888146
Chicago Nwankwo, Cletus. “Grammar of Geopolitics: Geopolitical Imaginations of Farmer-Herder Conflicts in Nigeria”. Coğrafya Dergisi, no. 44 (July 2022): 1-18. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2022-888146.
EndNote Nwankwo C (July 1, 2022) Grammar of Geopolitics: Geopolitical Imaginations of Farmer-herder Conflicts in Nigeria. Coğrafya Dergisi 44 1–18.
IEEE C. Nwankwo, “Grammar of Geopolitics: Geopolitical Imaginations of Farmer-herder Conflicts in Nigeria”, Coğrafya Dergisi, no. 44, pp. 1–18, July 2022, doi: 10.26650/JGEOG2022-888146.
ISNAD Nwankwo, Cletus. “Grammar of Geopolitics: Geopolitical Imaginations of Farmer-Herder Conflicts in Nigeria”. Coğrafya Dergisi 44 (July 2022), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2022-888146.
JAMA Nwankwo C. Grammar of Geopolitics: Geopolitical Imaginations of Farmer-herder Conflicts in Nigeria. Coğrafya Dergisi. 2022;:1–18.
MLA Nwankwo, Cletus. “Grammar of Geopolitics: Geopolitical Imaginations of Farmer-Herder Conflicts in Nigeria”. Coğrafya Dergisi, no. 44, 2022, pp. 1-18, doi:10.26650/JGEOG2022-888146.
Vancouver Nwankwo C. Grammar of Geopolitics: Geopolitical Imaginations of Farmer-herder Conflicts in Nigeria. Coğrafya Dergisi. 2022(44):1-18.
 Download Cover Image