Counting Grains of Sand: A Glance at the Subjective Perception of Time in Latin Poetry from the Perspective of Conceptual Metaphor

Abstract

As is known, time has been an important subject of philosophy since antiquity. Metaphor and poetry –in which metaphors are considered essential– have also engaged the attention of philosophers all through the ages. Some have used metaphors as a means of expression, while others have considered them directly as an object of research, and inquiries into the nature of poetry have played a significant role in the emergence of the philosophy of aesthetics. This article approaches time, metaphor, and poetry from the perspectives of philology and literary criticism rather than philosophy with the hope that it will contribute to other multidisciplinary or directly philosophical studies as almost every step in it concerns philosophy in one way or another. That the tension between literature and philosophy, united by the aim of understanding the world and human nature and separated by their form of truth-seeking, has been fruitful in many ways and that new approaches and areas of knowledge such as cognitive aesthetics have added dimensions to this relationship are self-evident. This study analyzes certain loci classici that involve metaphors based on the subjective perception of time in Latin poetry, mainly from the Augustan period (27 BCE–14 CE) within the framework of conceptual metaphor theory and provides a general discussion of this framework’s potential for a critical analysis of Latin poetry from various angles. Based on a selection of examples from Catullus, Horace, Ovid, Tibullus, Statius, and Phaedrus, the findings from the study support the view that both cognitive processes and narrative techniques are involved in the emergence and perception of metaphors in poetry and indicate that Latin poetry can be interpreted more efficiently from this double perspective. Although the examples were selected from subjective metaphors about time (i.e., metaphors in which the individual perception of the poet or narrator comes to the fore), it has been observed that the cultural and subjective images of time cannot be sharply separated from one another, and they constitute different layers of specific conceptual systems.

Keywords

• Latin poetry
• conceptual metaphor theory
• poetry criticism
• time metaphors
• subjective perception of time

Kum Tanelerini Saymak: Latin Şiirinde Öznel Zaman Algısına Kavramsal Metafor Açısından Bakış

Abstract

Bilindiği gibi zaman Antik Çağ’dan itibaren felsefenin önemli konularından biri olmuştur. Metafor ve metaforun olmazsa olmaz sayıldığı şiir de hemen her çağda filozofların ilgisini çekmiş, metaforu kimileri ifade aracı olarak kullanmış, kimileri doğrudan araştırma nesnesi saymış, şiirin doğasına ilişkin sorgulamalar estetik felsefesinin doğmasında önemli rol oynamıştır. Bu makale zaman, metafor ve şiire felsefe değil filoloji ve edebiyat eleştirisi perspektifinden yaklaşmıştır ama hemen her adımı felsefeyi çeşitli açılardan ilgilendirdiğinden çok disiplinli ya da doğrudan felsefi başka çalışmalara katkı sağlayacağını umuyoruz. Dünyayı ve insan doğasını anlama amacının birleştirdiği, hakikati arama biçimlerinin ayırdığı edebiyat ve felsefenin tarih boyunca şiddeti değişse de süren geriliminin pek çok açıdan verimli olduğu, bilişsel estetik gibi yeni yaklaşım ve bilgi alanlarının da bu ilişkiye boyut kazandırdığı açıktır. Çalışmamızda, öznel zaman algısına dayalı zaman metaforlarının ağırlıklı olarak Augustus Dönemi’ne (MÖ 27–MS 14) ait Latin şiirlerindeki başlıca örnekleri kavramsal metafor kuramı çerçevesinde çözümlenmiş ve bu kuramsal çerçevenin Latin şiirine ilişkin eleştirel çözümlemelerin geneli açısından sağlayabileceği imkânlar çeşitli yönleriyle tartışılmıştır. Catullus, Horatius, Ovidius, Tibullus, Statius ve Phaedrus’tan örnekler içeren bir seçki üzerinde yaptığımız bu çalışmanın bulguları şiirdeki metaforların oluşmasında ve algılanmasında hem bilişsel süreçlerin hem anlatı tekniklerinin devrede olduğu görüşünü desteklemekte ve Latin şiirlerinin bu çifte bakış açısıyla daha verimli yorumlanabileceğine işaret etmektedir. İncelenen örnekler zamana ilişkin öznel, başka deyişle, şair ya da anlatıcının bireysel algısının öne çıktığı metaforlardan seçilmiş olmakla birlikte, zamanla ilgili kültürel ve öznel tasarımların birbirinden kesin biçimde ayrılamadığı, belirli kavram sistemlerinin farklı katmanlarını oluşturduğu görülmüştür.

Keywords

• Latin şiiri
• kavramsal metafor kuramı
• şiir eleştirisi
• zaman metaforları
• öznel zaman algısı

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