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BLASPHEMY PHENOMENON IN TERMS OF HUMAN RIGHTS LAW

Year 2016, Volume: 74 Issue: 2, 549 - 572, 29.12.2016

Abstract

Concept of blasphemy is a problem that is worth discussing and difficult to

solve in terms of human rights. It should also be assessed whether the concept of

blasphemy have any place in the secularized world and secularized legal systems.

Another notion that may come to mind when blasphemy is mentioned is

religious hate speech. But, blasphemy and religious hate speech should not be

confused with each other. While blasphemy laws protect religious feelings and

religions, religious hate speech laws protect human dignity and equality. and this

laws also serve to protect religious minorities from violence and discrimination. /n

this study The phenomenon of blasphemy will be examined in terms of human

rights law. In this context, connection between free speech, freedom of religion

and phenomenon of blasphemy will be discussed. /n this context, It will be determined

whether freedom of religion and conscience covers the right to protectreligious feelings. With regard to freedom of expression, it will be argued whether

or not public order will be a legitimate cause of restriction for blasphemy. Finally,

/t will be tried to bring a critical perspective to European Court of Human Rights’

approach to this subject.

References

  • A.Leo Leonard, D.Gaer,Felice, K.Cassidy, Elizabeth: “Protecting Religions From “Defamation”:A Threat To Unıversal Human Rights Standards” Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy, Vol.34, Sayı 2 Ağırbaşlı Şennur, “Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi Çerçevesinde Din ve Vicdan Özgürlüğü” Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi, Sayı 101, Temmuz- Ağustos 2012. Ahdar Rex Tauati, “The Right to Protection of Religious Feelings”, Otago Law Review, Vol.11, No.4, 2008. Altıparmak Kerem, “Fazıl Say'ın Tweetleri ve Doğru Sandığınız Yedi Yanlış”19.04.2013 ‘çevrimiçi’ erişim, http://www.bianet.org/bianet/siyaset/ 146003-fazil-say-in-tweetleri-ve-dogru-sandiginiz-yedi-yanlis, 18.08.2013. Amjad Malik, “Speech Crimes: What Constitutes The Act of Stirring Up Religious Hatred?”, ‘çevrimiçi’, erişim, http://www.36bedfordrow.co.uk/cmsfiles/The-Barrister---Amjad-MalikQC.pdf, 18.08.2013. Arslan, Zühtü, “Anayasa Teorisi”, Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2. baskı, Ankara,2008. Aydın Öykü Didem, “Üç Demokraside Düşünce Özgürlüğü Ve Ceza Hukuku 1- Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara 2004. Belnap Allison G., “Defamation of Religions: A Vague and Overbroad Theory that Threatens Basic Human Rights”, Brigham Young University Law Review, Vol.2010, Issue:2,2010. Bratza Nicolas, “The ‘Precious Asset’: Freedom of Religion Under the European Convention on Human Rights” Ecclesiastical Law Journal, vol.14, ıssue:2, May 2012. Callamard Agnes, “Freedom of Speech and Offence: Why Blasphemy Laws Are Not The Appropriate Response”, European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC), Issue 18, June 2006 http://eumc.europa.eu/ eumc/material/pub/ev/ev18/ev-18.pdf. Clarke Ben, “Freedom of Speech and Criticism of Religion: What are the Limits?”, elaw Journal, vol.14, no.94,2007. Coleman, Elizabeth Burns, and Kevin White. “Stretching the Sacred.” Negotiating the Sacred: Blasphemy and Sacrilege in a Multicultural Society, Edited by Elizabeth Burns Coleman and Kevın White, ANU Press, 2006.
  • Danchin Peter, “Of Prophets and Proselytes: Freedom of Religion and the Conflict of Rights in International Law,” Harvard International Law Journal 49 no. 2 (Summer 2008). Demir Hande Seher, “Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi Kararları Işığında Türkiye’de Din ve Vicdan Özgürlüğü”, 1. Baskı, Adalet Yayınevi, Ankara, 2011. Dinçer Hülya, “Bir Suç Olarak Dine hakaret, İfade Özgürlüğü ve Dini Hislere Tanınan Korunma”, Prof. Dr. Köksal Bayraktar’a Armağan, Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Yayınları, İstanbul,2010. Dobras Rebecca J., “Is The United Nations Endorsing Human Rights Violations?:' An Analysis of The United Nations' Combating Defamation Of Religions Resolutions And Pakistan's Blasphemy Laws”, The Georgia Journal Of İnternational And Comperative Law, Vol.37, Sayı 2, 2009. Erdem Fazıl Hüsnü, “TCK’nun 312. Maddesinin Koruduğu Hukuksal Değerin Kısa Bir Analizi:Türk Devlet Düzeni v. Demokratik Kamu Düzeni”, Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt:52, Sayı:1, 2003. Erdoğan Mustafa, "Demokratik Toplumda İfade Özgürlüğü: Özgürlükçü Bir Perspektif", Liberal Düşünce, Sayı: 24, Güz 2001, Ankara. Fenwick Helen, “Civil Liberties and Human Rights”, First Edition, Cavendish Publishing, 2002. Freedom House Special Report, “Policing belief: The İmpact Of Blasphemy Laws On Human Rights” October 2010. Goolam Nazeem, “The Cartoon Controversy:A Note On Freedom of Expression, Hate Speech and Blasphemy” The Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa, Vol.39, No:2, July 2006. Hassan, Riaz. “Expressions of Religiosity and Blasphemy in Modern Societies.” Negotiating the Sacred: Blasphemy and Sacrilege in a Multicultural Society, Edited by Elizabeth Burns Coleman and Kevin White, ANU Press, 2006. Human Rights Committee 102nd Session, General Comment No:34, Geneva, 11-29 July, 2011. Leigh İan, “Damned İf They Do, Damned İf They Dont: The Europan Court of Human Rights and The Protection of Religion From Attack” Vol.17 issue:1, 2011. Letsas George, “Is There a Right not to be Offended in One’s Religious Beliefs?” Law, State and Religion in the New Europe: Debates and Dilemmas (ed. Lorenzo Zucca, Camil Ungureanu), Cambridge University Press, 2012. Lester Antony, “Right to Offend”, Freedom of Expression: Essays in Honour of Nicolas Bratza içinde, Wolf Legal Publishers, 2012. Mil J.S., “Özgürlük Üstüne”, (çev.Tuncay Türk), Oda Yayınları,İstanbul, Eylül 2008. Nal Sabahattin, “Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi Çerçevesinde Düşünce, Vicdan ve Din Ozgürlüğü”, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, cilt:57, sayı:4, 2002. Norris David, “Are Laws Proscribing Incitement to Religious Hatred Compatible With Freedom of Speech?”, UCL Human Rights Review, Vol.1, October 2008.
  • Patrick Jeremy, “The Curious Persistence Of Blasphemy”, Florida Journal of International Law, Vol. 23, 2011. Recommendation 1805 (2007) of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. Ross, Rebecca, “Blasphemy and the Modern, ‘Secular’ State”, Appeal: Review of Current Law and Law Reform, Vol. 17, Sayı 1, 2012. Sancar Mithat, “Düşünce, Vicdan ve Din Özgürlüğü- İfade Özgürlüğü” İnsan Hakları Konfreansları (Ankara Barosu İnsan Hakları Merkezi Yayınları), Ankara Barosu,2006. Temperman Jeroen, “Freedom of Expression and Religious Sensitivities in Pluralist Societies: Facing the Challenge of Extreme Speech”, Brigham Young University Law Review, Vol.3, 2011. Temperman Jeroen, “Blasphemy, Defamation of Religions and Human Rights Law” Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights Law vol.26, no:4,2008. Trager, Robert ve Donna L. Dickerson, 21. YY’da İfade Özgürlüğü, (Çev. A.Nuri Yurdusev,) Liberal Düşünce Topluluğu, Ankara,2003. Uslu Cennet, “Nefret Söylemi Suçu Versus İfade Hürriyeti”, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Sayı 38. Uygun Oktay, Devlet Teorisi, İstanbul, On İki Levha Yayınları, 2014. Uzun Mehmet Cengiz, “Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi Işığında Din Özgürlüğü”, Galatasaray Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Kamu Hukuku Ana Bilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Eylül 2006. United States Commision on İnternational Religious Freedom Policy Focus: “The Dangerous Idea of Protecting Religions from “Defamation”: A Threat to Universal Human Rights Standards” Fall 2009. Venice Commission. 2008a. Report on The Relationship Between Freedom of Expression and Freedom of Religion: The Issue of Regulation and Prosecution of Blasphemy, Religious Insult and Incitement to Religious Hatred, Study 406/2006, adopted by the Venice Commission at its 76th Plenary Session, 17–18 October 2008. Visconsi, Elliott. “The Invention of Criminal Blasphemy: Rex v. Taylor (1676)” Representations, Vol. 103, Sayı 1, 2008. Weber Anne, “Nefret Söylemi El Kitabı”, Avrupa Konseyi Yayınları, Fransa, 2009.

İNSAN HAKLARI HUKUKU AÇISINDAN DİNE HAKARET OLGUSU

Year 2016, Volume: 74 Issue: 2, 549 - 572, 29.12.2016

Abstract

Dine hakaret konusu; insan hakları açısından tartışılmaya değer ve çözülmesi zor bir sorundur. Dine hakaret kavramının, günümüzün sekülerleşen dünyasında ve sekürlerleşen hukuk sistemlerinde bir yerinin olup olmadığının da değerlendirilmesi gerekir. Dine hakaret olgusu açısından akla gelebilecek bir diğer kavram, dinsel nefret söylemidir. Dine hakaret ile dinsel nefret söyleminin karıştırılmaması gerekir. Dine hakaret yasaları dinleri ve dini hisleri korurken, nefret söylemi yasaları insan onurunu ve eşitliğini korur. Nefret söylemi yasaları ayrıca dinsel azınlıkların şiddete ve ayrımcılığa maruz kalmasını önleme amacını taşır. Bu çalışmada dine hakaret olgusu insan hakları hukuku açısından incelenecektir. Bu kapsamda dine hakaret olgusunun din ve vicdan özgürlüğü ve ifade özgürlüğüyle olan ilişkisi tartışılacaktır. Bu kapsamda Din ve vicdan özgürlüğünün dinî hislerin korunması hakkını kapsayıp kapsamadığı belirlenecektir. İfade özgürlüğü açısından ise kamu düzenin dine hakaret söz konusu olduğunda meşru bir sınırlama sebebi olup olmayacağı tartışılacaktır. Son olarak, Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi’nin konuya yaklaşımına eleştirel bir bakış açısı getirilmeye çalışılacaktır.  

References

  • A.Leo Leonard, D.Gaer,Felice, K.Cassidy, Elizabeth: “Protecting Religions From “Defamation”:A Threat To Unıversal Human Rights Standards” Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy, Vol.34, Sayı 2 Ağırbaşlı Şennur, “Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi Çerçevesinde Din ve Vicdan Özgürlüğü” Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi, Sayı 101, Temmuz- Ağustos 2012. Ahdar Rex Tauati, “The Right to Protection of Religious Feelings”, Otago Law Review, Vol.11, No.4, 2008. Altıparmak Kerem, “Fazıl Say'ın Tweetleri ve Doğru Sandığınız Yedi Yanlış”19.04.2013 ‘çevrimiçi’ erişim, http://www.bianet.org/bianet/siyaset/ 146003-fazil-say-in-tweetleri-ve-dogru-sandiginiz-yedi-yanlis, 18.08.2013. Amjad Malik, “Speech Crimes: What Constitutes The Act of Stirring Up Religious Hatred?”, ‘çevrimiçi’, erişim, http://www.36bedfordrow.co.uk/cmsfiles/The-Barrister---Amjad-MalikQC.pdf, 18.08.2013. Arslan, Zühtü, “Anayasa Teorisi”, Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2. baskı, Ankara,2008. Aydın Öykü Didem, “Üç Demokraside Düşünce Özgürlüğü Ve Ceza Hukuku 1- Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara 2004. Belnap Allison G., “Defamation of Religions: A Vague and Overbroad Theory that Threatens Basic Human Rights”, Brigham Young University Law Review, Vol.2010, Issue:2,2010. Bratza Nicolas, “The ‘Precious Asset’: Freedom of Religion Under the European Convention on Human Rights” Ecclesiastical Law Journal, vol.14, ıssue:2, May 2012. Callamard Agnes, “Freedom of Speech and Offence: Why Blasphemy Laws Are Not The Appropriate Response”, European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC), Issue 18, June 2006 http://eumc.europa.eu/ eumc/material/pub/ev/ev18/ev-18.pdf. Clarke Ben, “Freedom of Speech and Criticism of Religion: What are the Limits?”, elaw Journal, vol.14, no.94,2007. Coleman, Elizabeth Burns, and Kevin White. “Stretching the Sacred.” Negotiating the Sacred: Blasphemy and Sacrilege in a Multicultural Society, Edited by Elizabeth Burns Coleman and Kevın White, ANU Press, 2006.
  • Danchin Peter, “Of Prophets and Proselytes: Freedom of Religion and the Conflict of Rights in International Law,” Harvard International Law Journal 49 no. 2 (Summer 2008). Demir Hande Seher, “Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi Kararları Işığında Türkiye’de Din ve Vicdan Özgürlüğü”, 1. Baskı, Adalet Yayınevi, Ankara, 2011. Dinçer Hülya, “Bir Suç Olarak Dine hakaret, İfade Özgürlüğü ve Dini Hislere Tanınan Korunma”, Prof. Dr. Köksal Bayraktar’a Armağan, Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Yayınları, İstanbul,2010. Dobras Rebecca J., “Is The United Nations Endorsing Human Rights Violations?:' An Analysis of The United Nations' Combating Defamation Of Religions Resolutions And Pakistan's Blasphemy Laws”, The Georgia Journal Of İnternational And Comperative Law, Vol.37, Sayı 2, 2009. Erdem Fazıl Hüsnü, “TCK’nun 312. Maddesinin Koruduğu Hukuksal Değerin Kısa Bir Analizi:Türk Devlet Düzeni v. Demokratik Kamu Düzeni”, Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt:52, Sayı:1, 2003. Erdoğan Mustafa, "Demokratik Toplumda İfade Özgürlüğü: Özgürlükçü Bir Perspektif", Liberal Düşünce, Sayı: 24, Güz 2001, Ankara. Fenwick Helen, “Civil Liberties and Human Rights”, First Edition, Cavendish Publishing, 2002. Freedom House Special Report, “Policing belief: The İmpact Of Blasphemy Laws On Human Rights” October 2010. Goolam Nazeem, “The Cartoon Controversy:A Note On Freedom of Expression, Hate Speech and Blasphemy” The Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa, Vol.39, No:2, July 2006. Hassan, Riaz. “Expressions of Religiosity and Blasphemy in Modern Societies.” Negotiating the Sacred: Blasphemy and Sacrilege in a Multicultural Society, Edited by Elizabeth Burns Coleman and Kevin White, ANU Press, 2006. Human Rights Committee 102nd Session, General Comment No:34, Geneva, 11-29 July, 2011. Leigh İan, “Damned İf They Do, Damned İf They Dont: The Europan Court of Human Rights and The Protection of Religion From Attack” Vol.17 issue:1, 2011. Letsas George, “Is There a Right not to be Offended in One’s Religious Beliefs?” Law, State and Religion in the New Europe: Debates and Dilemmas (ed. Lorenzo Zucca, Camil Ungureanu), Cambridge University Press, 2012. Lester Antony, “Right to Offend”, Freedom of Expression: Essays in Honour of Nicolas Bratza içinde, Wolf Legal Publishers, 2012. Mil J.S., “Özgürlük Üstüne”, (çev.Tuncay Türk), Oda Yayınları,İstanbul, Eylül 2008. Nal Sabahattin, “Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi Çerçevesinde Düşünce, Vicdan ve Din Ozgürlüğü”, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, cilt:57, sayı:4, 2002. Norris David, “Are Laws Proscribing Incitement to Religious Hatred Compatible With Freedom of Speech?”, UCL Human Rights Review, Vol.1, October 2008.
  • Patrick Jeremy, “The Curious Persistence Of Blasphemy”, Florida Journal of International Law, Vol. 23, 2011. Recommendation 1805 (2007) of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. Ross, Rebecca, “Blasphemy and the Modern, ‘Secular’ State”, Appeal: Review of Current Law and Law Reform, Vol. 17, Sayı 1, 2012. Sancar Mithat, “Düşünce, Vicdan ve Din Özgürlüğü- İfade Özgürlüğü” İnsan Hakları Konfreansları (Ankara Barosu İnsan Hakları Merkezi Yayınları), Ankara Barosu,2006. Temperman Jeroen, “Freedom of Expression and Religious Sensitivities in Pluralist Societies: Facing the Challenge of Extreme Speech”, Brigham Young University Law Review, Vol.3, 2011. Temperman Jeroen, “Blasphemy, Defamation of Religions and Human Rights Law” Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights Law vol.26, no:4,2008. Trager, Robert ve Donna L. Dickerson, 21. YY’da İfade Özgürlüğü, (Çev. A.Nuri Yurdusev,) Liberal Düşünce Topluluğu, Ankara,2003. Uslu Cennet, “Nefret Söylemi Suçu Versus İfade Hürriyeti”, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Sayı 38. Uygun Oktay, Devlet Teorisi, İstanbul, On İki Levha Yayınları, 2014. Uzun Mehmet Cengiz, “Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi Işığında Din Özgürlüğü”, Galatasaray Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Kamu Hukuku Ana Bilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Eylül 2006. United States Commision on İnternational Religious Freedom Policy Focus: “The Dangerous Idea of Protecting Religions from “Defamation”: A Threat to Universal Human Rights Standards” Fall 2009. Venice Commission. 2008a. Report on The Relationship Between Freedom of Expression and Freedom of Religion: The Issue of Regulation and Prosecution of Blasphemy, Religious Insult and Incitement to Religious Hatred, Study 406/2006, adopted by the Venice Commission at its 76th Plenary Session, 17–18 October 2008. Visconsi, Elliott. “The Invention of Criminal Blasphemy: Rex v. Taylor (1676)” Representations, Vol. 103, Sayı 1, 2008. Weber Anne, “Nefret Söylemi El Kitabı”, Avrupa Konseyi Yayınları, Fransa, 2009.
There are 3 citations in total.

Details

Subjects Law in Context
Journal Section Public Law
Authors

Yunus Enes Kaya This is me

Publication Date December 29, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 74 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Kaya, Y. E. (2016). BLASPHEMY PHENOMENON IN TERMS OF HUMAN RIGHTS LAW. Journal of Istanbul University Law Faculty, 74(2), 549-572.
AMA Kaya YE. BLASPHEMY PHENOMENON IN TERMS OF HUMAN RIGHTS LAW. Journal of Istanbul University Law Faculty. December 2016;74(2):549-572.
Chicago Kaya, Yunus Enes. “BLASPHEMY PHENOMENON IN TERMS OF HUMAN RIGHTS LAW”. Journal of Istanbul University Law Faculty 74, no. 2 (December 2016): 549-72.
EndNote Kaya YE (December 1, 2016) BLASPHEMY PHENOMENON IN TERMS OF HUMAN RIGHTS LAW. Journal of Istanbul University Law Faculty 74 2 549–572.
IEEE Y. E. Kaya, “BLASPHEMY PHENOMENON IN TERMS OF HUMAN RIGHTS LAW”, Journal of Istanbul University Law Faculty, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 549–572, 2016.
ISNAD Kaya, Yunus Enes. “BLASPHEMY PHENOMENON IN TERMS OF HUMAN RIGHTS LAW”. Journal of Istanbul University Law Faculty 74/2 (December 2016), 549-572.
JAMA Kaya YE. BLASPHEMY PHENOMENON IN TERMS OF HUMAN RIGHTS LAW. Journal of Istanbul University Law Faculty. 2016;74:549–572.
MLA Kaya, Yunus Enes. “BLASPHEMY PHENOMENON IN TERMS OF HUMAN RIGHTS LAW”. Journal of Istanbul University Law Faculty, vol. 74, no. 2, 2016, pp. 549-72.
Vancouver Kaya YE. BLASPHEMY PHENOMENON IN TERMS OF HUMAN RIGHTS LAW. Journal of Istanbul University Law Faculty. 2016;74(2):549-72.