KÜRESELLEŞME SONRASI HUKUK DEVLETİ: MİT Mİ, GERÇEKLİK Mİ?

Year 2013, Volume: 71 Issue: 1, 963 - 1002, 16.08.2013

Mehmet Özcan

Abstract

ÖZET

Kapitalist toplumun siyasal-hukuksal bünyesi olarak, hukuk devleti ta­rihsel bir bağlam içinde ortaya çıkmıştır. Her hukuk sisteminin ortaya çıkışı ve gelişmesine benzer şekilde, onun biçimine ve yürüttüğü işlevlere hukukçuların veya hukuk felsefecilerinin kendi mesleklerinden kaynaklanan çabaları veya fikir yürütmeleri aracılığıyla yön verilemez. Hukuk devleti bizim “klasik libera­lizm” dediğimiz kuvvetler ayrılığının olduğu durumda, hukuksal iktidarı siyasal iktidardan farklılaştırdığımız ve adına cumhuriyet dediğimiz belli koşullar al­tında ortaya çıkmıştır. Daha önceki hukuksal biçimlerden farklı olarak, kapita­lizm üstyapısının hukuk sisteminin ekseni oluşturduğu bir modele göre ek­lemlenmesiyle kendine özgüdür. Burada, kamusal ve özel alanlar dikotomisiyle uyumlulaşan şekilde hukuksal alan ve siyasal alan arasında fiili bir denge bu­lunur. Tekelci kapitalizm sonrasında, liberalizm koşullarında ortaya çıkmış olan toplumsal konumlanış bazı büyük boy değişikliklere maruz kaldı. Bunla­rın birincisi tekelleşmiş sermayenin yol açtığı liberal bireyin yerinden edilmesi­dir. İkincisi ise, kitle toplumunun sonucu olarak, çalışan sınıfların mücadelele­rinin sonucunda siyasal eşitliğe ulaşmalarıdır. Böylece, hukuk devleti demok­ratikleşmiş kitle toplumunun depolitikleşmesi olarak değişiklik yaşadı; bu, hukuk devletini refah toplumu veya sosyal hukuk devleti yönünde değişikliğe uğrattı. 1980'leri izleyen küreselleşme sonrasında siyasal toplumların cumhu­riyetçi modeli gerilemeye başladı. Bu noktada ulusaşırı sermayenin yol açtığı, piyasalar, hiyerarşiler, bölgecilikler cemaat konumlanmaları politika ve hukuk arasındaki dengeyi enine kesti. Nihayet, iktidar yapısında yeni ortaya çıkmış olan eklemlenme tarzı hukuk devletinin varlığı zorunlu olan temellerinin altını oydu.

Anahtar sözcükler: hukuk devleti, kapitalizm, liberalizm, sosyal devlet, küreselleşme.

 

Keywords

hukuk devleti, kapitalizm, liberalizm, sosyal devlet, küreselleşme.

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