Multilateral Trading System And Trade Policies: Is Proteting In Import An Easy Task?

Abstract

The issue of protecting domestic industries against competition of foreign industries is a major argument among trade policy debates. While main argument concentrates on protecting against foreigners’ unfair practices, a lot of reasons can be put forward for protection under fair competition as well. Textbooks, related with international economics and international trade are full of protective policy measures and economic analysis of them. Trade unions, employers’ unions, business NGOs and political parties still believe in that protecting domestic industries is an easy policy choice; and are exerting pressures on governments toward this direction. However, the developments, such as the increase of mutual economic dependency among countries, the internalization of production and supply chains and ever increasing recognition by almost all trading nations of the discipline of multilateral trading system since the beginning of the second half the 20th century, especially after 1980s, have made obsolete most of the policy tools of the past and their rezoning. Laid the foundation in 1948 with the enactment of the GATT and reinforced by the establishment of the WTO in 1994, multilateral trading system has disciplined the protectionism to a considerable extent. Protectionism in traditional sense is no more a trade policy tool which can easily be used today.

  

Keywords

• multilateral trading system,trade policies,protectionism,competition,customs tariffs,non tariff barriers

ÇOK TARAFLI TİCARET SİSTEMİ VE TİCARET POLİTİKALARI: İTHALATTA KORUMA KOLAY BİR İŞ Mİ?

Abstract

Ulusal sanayilerin yabancı rakipler karşısında korunması meselesi ti- caret politikası tartışmalarının başata gelen konularındandır. Yabancıların haksız rekabetine karşı koruma temel argüman olmakla birlikte, adil re- kabet ortamında bile koruma konusunda çok sayıda gerekçe bulunabilir. Uluslararası iktisat ve ticaretle ilgili ders kitapları uygulanabilecek koruma politikaları ve bunların etkilerinin ekonomik analizleri ile doludur. İşçi ve işveren sendikaları, sivil toplum kuruluşları ve siyasi partiler hala koruma- nın kolay bir ticaret politikası olduğuna inanmakta ve bu konuda hükümet- lere baskı yapmaktadırlar. Hâlbuki 20. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından, özellikle de 1980’lerden itibaren uluslararası ticarette karşılıklı bağımlılığın artması, üretim ve tedarik zincirinin uluslararasılaşması ve çok taraflı ticaret siste- minin dünyada gittikçe yerleşmesi gibi gelişmeler, geleneksel anlamdaki koruma gerekçeleri ve koruma araçlarının birçoğunu devreden çıkartmıştır. Temelleri 1948’de GATT’ın yürüğe girmesi ile atılan ve 1994’te DTÖ’nün kurulması ile sağlamlaşan çok taraflı ticaret sistemi, korumayı önemli ölçüde disiplin altına almıştır. Günümüzde, geleneksel anlamdaki koruma- cılık artık kolayca başvurulan bir ticaret politikası değildir. 

Keywords

• çok taraflı ticaret sistemi,ticaret politikaları,rekabet,gümrük tarifeleri,tarife dışı önlemler,korumacılık

References

1. Agreement Customs Valuation (1994). www.wto.org (16.12.2015)
2. Agreement on Antidumping (Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General
3. Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1994). www.wto.org (14.12.2015)
4. Agreement on Import Licenses (1994). www.wto.org (16.12.2105)
5. Agreement on Preshipment Inspection. (1994). www.wto.org (22.12.2015)
6. Agreement on Rules Origin (1994). www.wto.org (22.12.2015)
7. Agreement on Safeguard (1994). www.wto.org (14.12.2015) Agreement on Sanitary and Photosanitay Measures. www.wto.org (12.12.2015)
8. Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. (1994). www.wto. org. (9.12.2015)

9. Agreement on Textile and Clothing (1994). www.wto.org (14.12.2015)
10. Agreement Technical Barrier to Trade (1994). www.wto.org (12.12.2015)
11. AKP, Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (2015). 7 Haziran Genel Seçimleri Seçim Beyannamesi
12. Baldwin, R. E. (1969, ss. 295-305). ‘The case against infant industry tariff protection. Journal of Political Economy. Vol. 77, No.3 (May-June 1969)
13. Barone, B. and R. Bendini. (2015). Protectionism in the G 20. http:// www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2015/549028/EXPO_ STU(2015)549028_EN.pdf
14. Corden, W.M. (1994). Economic Policy, Exchange Rates, and the International System, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
15. Crowley, M. A. (2006), ‘Do safeguard tariffs and antidumping duties open or close technology gaps?’, Journal of International Economics 68(2): 469-484.
16. DTM (Ekonomi Bakanlığı). (2007). Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye. Altıncı baskı. Ankara: DTM
17. Eichengeren, B. (1987). Did International Economic Forces Cause the Great Depression? Working Paper, University of California
18. Ekonomi Bakanlığı. (2015). 2015 Ürün Güvenliği Tebliğleri. www. ekonomi.gov.tr (16.12.2015)
19. Emerson, M., T. Kovziridse and V. Movchan. (2014). Russia’s Punitive Trade Policy Measures towards Ukraine, Moldova and Georgia. Working Document no:400. Brucelles: Centre for European Policy Studies. www.ceps.eu (26.11.2015)
20. EU Commission (2015). Food and Feed Safety, Animal Health and Welfare, Plant Health. http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/biosafety/establishments/ index_en.htm (21.12.2015)
21. EU Commission (2015a). Technical Barriers to Trade. http://trade. ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2013/april/tradoc_150987.pdf (24.11.2015
22. Evenet, S. J., J. Fritz. (20015). The Tide Turns? Trade, Protectionism, and Slowing Global Growth The 18th Global Trade Alert Report. London: CEPR, Centre for Economic Policy Research
23. GATT 94 (1994). General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994. www. wto.org
24. Gawande, K., B. Hoekman, Y. Cui (2011). Determinants of Trade Policy Responses to the 2008 Financial Crisis. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 5862
25. Grasstek, C. V. (2013). The History and Future of the World Trade Organization. Geneva: WTO Publications.
26. Hoekman, B. (2012). “Trade policy so far so good?”. Finance and Development. June 2012. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/ fandd/2012/06/pdf/hoekman.pdf (26.12.2015)
27. IISD, International Institute for Sustainable Development ve UNEP, United Nations Environment Program (2014). Trade and Green Economy: A Handbook. Third edition. Geneva: IISD
28. Irwin, D. A. (2015) ‘World trade and production: a long-run view’. (ed) Hoekman, B. The Global Trade Slowdown: A New Normal? A VoxEU.org eBook.: Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR)
29. ISO, International Standardization Organization, (2015). Standards. http:// www.iso.org/iso/home/standards.htm (24.11.2015 İstanbul İhracatçı Birlikleri Genel Sekreterliği (2013) Sirküler Tarih/No: 01.08.2013/593
30. Kalkınma Bakanlığı. (2014). Onuncu Kalkınma Planı 2014-2018, İthalata Olan Bağımlılığın Azaltılması Eylem Planı. Ankara
31. Karluk, R. (2009). Uluslararası Ekonomi, Teori-Politika. Geliştirilmiş 9. Baskı, İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım A.Ş
32. Krugman, P.R., M. Obsfeld and M. J. Melitz. (2015). International Economics-Theory and Policy. Tenth edition (Global edition), Essex:Pearson
33. Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi (2015) 1 Kasım Seçim Beyannamesi
34. Ossa, R. (2015). Is the WTO a failure or a success. http://www. chicagobooth.edu/capideas/magazine/winter-2015/is-the-wto-a-failure-or-a-success?cat=policy&src=Magazine (17.12.2015)
35. Prutzin, D. (2014). Trade Facilitation at WTO, Power point sunum, Geneva
36. Seyidoğlu, H. (2013), Uluslararası İktisat Teori Politika ve Uygulama. Geliştirilmiş 19. Baskı. İstanbul: Güzem Can Yayınları No. 28
37. Stern, M. R. (2007). The Multilateral Trading System. Discussion Paper no:569. Michigan University.
38. Suranovic, S. M. (2003). International Trade Theory and Policy, e-book. Washington D.C:The International Economic Study Center. http:// internationalecon.com/Trade/Tch10/T10-3.php (26.11.2015)
39. Türk Gümrük Kanunu (4458 Sayılı Kanun), Resmi Gazete 4/11/1999 Sayı : 23866, Ankara: Başbakanlık
40. UNCTAD/WTO. (1996). Business Guide To the Uruguay Round. Geneva :ITC/CS
41. Wessels, J. W. (2006). Economics. Forth edition. Newyork: Barons World Bank, WITS, World Integrated Trade Solution. http://wits.
42. worldbank.org/ (1.12.2015)
43. WTO. (2014a). World Tariff Profile. Geneva:WTO
44. WTO. I-TIP Goods: Integrated analysis and retrieval of notified non-tariff measures. http://i-tip.wto.org/goods/Default.aspx (11.12.2015).
45. WTO. (2009). World Trade Report 2009 Trade Policy Commitments and Contingency Measures. Geneva: WTO
46. WTO. (2012). World Trade Report 2012 Trade and Public Policies: A closer look at non-tariff measures in the 21st century. Geneva: WTO
47. WTO. (2012a). United States-Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft -Second Complaint. https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/ dispu_e/cases_e/ds353_e.htm (9.12.2015)
48. WTO. (2012b). Understanding the WTO. Fifth edition. Geneva: WTO WTO. (2014). Legal Texts: The Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations, 21st printing, Cambridge UK: WTO
49. WTO. (2015). International Trade Statistics 2015. www.wto.org (12.12.2015)
50. WTO. (2015). Trade Monitoring. https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/ tpr_e/trade_monitoring_e.htm (22.11.2015)
51. WTO. (2015a). Members and Observers. https://www.wto.org/english/ thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm (23.11.2015
52. WTO. Understanding the WTO. https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/ whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm (1.12.2015)
53. Yaşar, E. (1993). Türk Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon Sektörü. İstanbul: İTKİB, İstanbul Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon İhracatçı Birlikleri