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İktisadi Küreselleşmenin ve Finansal Kalkınmanın Türkiye’deki Karbondioksit Emisyonuna Etkisi: Çok Boyutlu İndeksler Yeni Bulgular Sunuyor Mu?

Year 2021, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 75 - 100, 04.08.2021

Abstract

Bu araştırmada, iktisadi küreselleşmenin ve finansal kalkınmanın Türkiye’deki çevresel etkileri çok boyutlu indeksler üzerinden incelenmiştir. Üç modelin tahmin edildiği bu araştırmada, 1980-2016 dönemi temel alınmış ve yöntem olarak genişletilmiş dağıtılmış gecikmeli otoregresif (genişletilmiş ARDL) sınır testi yaklaşımı kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın bulgularına göre, uzun dönemde, iktisadi ve finansal küreselleşmenin Türkiye’deki karbondioksit emisyonunu etkilemediği fakat ticari küreselleşmenin karbondioksit emisyonunu azalttığı bulunmuştur. İlaveten, kısa dönemde, iktisadi küreselleşme (ticari ve finansal küreselleşme boyutları da dahil olmak üzere) karbondioksit emisyonunu etkilememektedir. Ayrıca finansal kalkınmanın (uzun dönemde veya kısa dönemde) karbondioksit emisyonunu arttırdığı da tespit edilmiştir. Bu sonuçlar, araştırmada kullanılmış kontrol değişkenlerine (gelir, gelirin karesi, enerji tüketimi, sanayileşme ve kentleşme) ait bulgularla birlikte değerlendirilerek çeşitli politika önerileri ileri sürülmüştür.

References

  • Akçay, S., & Karasoy, A. (2018). Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar ve Karbondioksit Emisyonu İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği (The Relationship Between Foreign Direct Investments and Carbon Dioxide Emissions: The Case of Turkey). Ankara Üniversitesi SBFDergisi, 73(2), 501-526. https://doi.Org/https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002507 google scholar
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  • Dar, J. A., & Asif, M. (2018). Does financial development improve environmental quality in Turkey? An application of endogenous structural breaks based cointegration approach. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 29(2), 368-384. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-02-2017-0021 google scholar
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  • Dreher, A. (2006). Does globalization affect growth? Evidence from a new index of globalization. Applied Economics, 38(10), 1091-1110. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500392078 google scholar
  • Gokmenoglu, K. K., Taspinar, N., & Rahman, M. M. (2020). Military expenditure, financial development and environmental degradation in Turkey: A comparison ofCO2 emissions and ecological footprint. International Journal of Finance & Economics, February 2019, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.1831 google scholar
  • Gokmenoglu, K., & Taspinar, N. (2016). The relationship between CO2 emissions, energy consumption, economic growth and FDI: the case of Turkey. Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 25(5), 706723. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2015.1119876 google scholar
  • Gygli, S., Haelg, F., Potrafke, N., & Sturm, J.-E. (2019). The KOF Globalisation Index - revisited. The Review of International Organizations, 14(3), 543-574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-019-09344-2 google scholar
  • Halicioglu, F. (2009). An econometric study of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade in Turkey. Energy Policy, 37(3), 1156-1164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.11.012 google scholar
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  • Karasoy, Alper, & Akçay, S. (2019). Effects of renewable energy consumption and trade on environmental pollution: The Turkish case. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 30(2), 437-455. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-04-2018-0081 google scholar
  • Katircioglu, S., & Celebi, A. (2018). Testing the role of external debt in environmental degradation: empirical evidence from Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(9), 8843-8852. https://doi. org/10.1007/s11356-018-1194-0 google scholar
  • Katircioğlu, S. T., & Taşpinar, N. (2017). Testing the moderating role of financial development in an environmental Kuznets curve: Empirical evidence from Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 68(February 2015), 572-586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.127 google scholar
  • Kılıçarslan, Z., & Dumrul, Y. (2017). Foreign Direct Investments and CO2 Emissions Relationship: The Case of Turkey. Business and Economics Research Journal, 4(8), 647-660. https://doi.org/10.20409/berj.2017.73 google scholar
  • Koçak, E., & Şarkgüneşi, A. (2018). The impact of foreign direct investment on CO2 emissions in Turkey: new evidence from cointegration and bootstrap causality analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(1), 790-804. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0468-2 google scholar
  • KOF Swiss Economic Institute. (2020). KOF Globalisation Index. https://www.kof.ethz.ch/en/forecasts-and-indicators/indicators/kof-globalisation-index.html google scholar
  • Lee, J., & Strazicich, M. C. (2003). Minimum Lagrange Multiplier Unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks. The Review of Economics andStatistics, 85(4), 1082-1089. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3211829 google scholar
  • Lee, J., & Strazicich, M. C. (2013). Minimum LM Unit Root Test with one Structural Break. Economics Bulletin, 33(4), 2483-2492. google scholar
  • McNown, R., Sam, C. Y., & Goh, S. K. (2018). Bootstrapping the autoregressive distributed lag test for cointegration. Applied Economics, 50(13), 1509-1521. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2017.1366643 google scholar
  • Mert, M., & Caglar, A. E. (2020). Testing pollution haven and pollution halo hypotheses for Turkey: a new perspective. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09469-7 google scholar
  • Mishkin, F. S. (2009). Globalization and financial development. Journal of Development Economics, 89(2), 164169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2007.11.004 google scholar
  • Ozatac, N., Gokmenoglu, K. K., & Taspinar, N. (2017). Testing the EKC hypothesis by considering trade openness, urbanization, and financial development: the case of Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(20), 16690-16701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9317-6 google scholar
  • Özdemir, B. K., & Koç, K. (2020). Türkiye’de Karbon Emisyonları, Yenilenebilir Enerji Ve Ekonomik Büyüme. Ege Stratejik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(1), 66-86. https://doi.org/10.18354/esam.665191 google scholar
  • Ozturk, I., & Acaravci, A. (2013). The long-run and causal analysis of energy, growth, openness and financial development on carbon emissions in Turkey. Energy Economics, 36, 262-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. eneco.2012.08.025 google scholar
  • Öztürk, S., & Saygın, S. (2020). Türkiye’de 1974-2016 Döneminde Yapısal Kırılma Altında Kişi Başına Reel Gelir, Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar, Ticari Açıklık ve Karbon Emisyonları Arasındaki İlişki. Sosyoekonomi, 28(44), 69-90. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.02.04 google scholar
  • Öztürk, Z., & Öz, D. (2016). The Relationship between Energy Consumption, Income, Foreign Direct Investment, and CO2 Emissions: The Case of Turkey. Çankırı Karatekin University Journal of the Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences, 6(2), 269-288. google scholar
  • Pata, U. K. (2018). The effect of urbanization and industrialization on carbon emissions in Turkey: evidence from ARDL bounds testing procedure. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(8), 7740-7747. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-1088-6 google scholar
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (1995). An Autoregressive Distributed-Lag Modelling Approach to Cointegration Analysis. Içinde S. Strom (Ed.), Econometrics and Economic Theory in the 20th Century (ss. 371-413). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CCOL521633230.011 google scholar
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal ofApplied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616 google scholar
  • Sadorsky, P. (2010). The impact of financial development on energy consumption in emerging economies. Energy Policy, 38(5), 2528-2535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.12.048 google scholar
  • Saini, N., & Sighania, M. (2019). Environmental impact of economic growth, emission and FDI: systematic review of reviews. Qualitative Research in Financial Markets, 11(1), 81-134. https://doi.org/10.1108/QRFM-09-2017-0087 google scholar
  • Sam, C. Y., McNown, R., & Goh, S. K. (2019). An augmented autoregressive distributed lag bounds test for cointegration. Economic Modelling, 80, 130-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2018.11.001 google scholar
  • Seker, F., Ertugrul, H. M., & Cetin, M. (2015). The impact of foreign direct investment on environmental quality: A bounds testing and causality analysis for Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 347-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.118 google scholar
  • Shangquan, G. (2000). Economic Globalization: Trends, Risks and Risk Prevention Contents. Içinde Economic & Social Affairs (ST/ESA/2000/CDP/1; CDP Background Papers). http://www.un.org/esa/policy/devplan/ google scholar
  • Svirydzenka, K. (2016). Introducing a New Broad-based Index of Financial Development. IMF Working Paper, January, 1-43. google scholar
  • Tamazian, A., Chousa, J. P., & Vadlamannati, K. C. (2009). Does higher economic and financial development lead to environmental degradation: Evidence from BRIC countries. Energy Policy, 37(1), 246-253. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.08.025 google scholar
  • The World Bank. (2020). Dünya Kalkınma Göstergeleri. https://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators google scholar
  • Yildirim, J., Alpaslan, B., & Eker, E. E. (2020). The role of social capital in environmental protection efforts: evidence from Turkey. Journal of Applied Statistics, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/02664763.2020.1843609 google scholar
  • Yuxiang, K., & Chen, Z. (2011). Financial development and environmental performance: Evidence from China. Environment and Development Economics, 16(1), 93-111. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X10000422 google scholar

The Impacts of Economic Globalization and Financial Development on Turkey’s Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Do Multi-Dimensional Indices Provide Fresh Evidence?

Year 2021, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 75 - 100, 04.08.2021

Abstract

This research investigates the environmental impacts of economic globalization and financial development in Turkey by considering multi- dimensional indices. Three models are estimated in this research for the 1980-2016 period by employing the augmented autoregressive distributed lag (augmented ARDL) bounds testing procedure. According to the findings, in the long run (LR), economic and financial globalization do not affect Turkey’s carbon dioxide emissions, whereas trade globalization decreases them. Additionally, in the short-run (SR), economic, trade, and financial globalization do not impact Turkey’s carbon emissions. Moreover, financial development intensifies carbon dioxide emissions either in the LR or in the SR. These results, coupled with the evidence retrieved from control variables (income, income squared, energy consumption, industrialization, and urbanization), are utilized to put forward various policy suggestions.

References

  • Akçay, S., & Karasoy, A. (2018). Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar ve Karbondioksit Emisyonu İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği (The Relationship Between Foreign Direct Investments and Carbon Dioxide Emissions: The Case of Turkey). Ankara Üniversitesi SBFDergisi, 73(2), 501-526. https://doi.Org/https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002507 google scholar
  • Birdsall, N., & Wheeler, D. (1993). Trade Policy and Industrial Pollution in Latin America: Where Are the Pollution Havens? The Journal of Environment & Development, 2(1), 137-149. https://doi. org/10.1177/107049659300200107 google scholar
  • BP Statistical Review of World Energy. (2019). Data. https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/ statistical-review-of-world-energy.html google scholar
  • Brown, S. P. A., & McDonough, I. K. (2016). Using the Environmental Kuznets Curve to evaluate energy policy: Some practical considerations. Energy Policy, 98, 453-458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.09.020 CAT. (2020). Turkey | Climate Action Tracker. https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/turkey/ google scholar
  • Cetin, M., & Ecevit, E. (2017). The Impact of Financial Development on Carbon Emissions Under The Structural Breaks : Empirical Evidence from Turkish Economy. International Journal of Economics Perspectives, 11(1), 64-78. google scholar
  • Dar, J. A., & Asif, M. (2018). Does financial development improve environmental quality in Turkey? An application of endogenous structural breaks based cointegration approach. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 29(2), 368-384. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-02-2017-0021 google scholar
  • Day, T., Gonzales, S., & Röschel, L. (2016). İklim Hareketine Geçmenin Yan Faydaları: Türkiye İklim Taahhüdünün Değerlendirmesi. google scholar
  • Destek, M. A., & Ozsoy, F. N. (2015). Relationships between economic growth, energy consumption, globalization, urbanization and environmental degradation in Turkey. International Journal of Energy and Statistics, 03(04), 1550017. https://doi.org/10.1142/S2335680415500179 google scholar
  • Difiglio, C., Güray, B. Ş., & Merdan, E. (2020). Türkiye Enerji Görünümü 2020. https://iicec.sabanciuniv.edu/teo google scholar
  • Dreher, A. (2006). Does globalization affect growth? Evidence from a new index of globalization. Applied Economics, 38(10), 1091-1110. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500392078 google scholar
  • Gokmenoglu, K. K., Taspinar, N., & Rahman, M. M. (2020). Military expenditure, financial development and environmental degradation in Turkey: A comparison ofCO2 emissions and ecological footprint. International Journal of Finance & Economics, February 2019, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.1831 google scholar
  • Gokmenoglu, K., & Taspinar, N. (2016). The relationship between CO2 emissions, energy consumption, economic growth and FDI: the case of Turkey. Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 25(5), 706723. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2015.1119876 google scholar
  • Gygli, S., Haelg, F., Potrafke, N., & Sturm, J.-E. (2019). The KOF Globalisation Index - revisited. The Review of International Organizations, 14(3), 543-574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-019-09344-2 google scholar
  • Halicioglu, F. (2009). An econometric study of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade in Turkey. Energy Policy, 37(3), 1156-1164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.11.012 google scholar
  • IMF. (2020). Financial Development Index Database. https://data.imf.org/?sk=F8032E80-B36C-43B1-AC26-493C5B1CD33B google scholar
  • Kaika, D., & Zervas, E. (2013). The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) theory-Part A: Concept, causes and the CO2 emissions case. Energy Policy, 62, 1392-1402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.07.131 google scholar
  • Karasoy, Alper. (2019). Drivers of carbon emissions in Turkey: considering asymmetric impacts. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(9), 9219-9231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04354-4 google scholar
  • Karasoy, Alper, & Akçay, S. (2019). Effects of renewable energy consumption and trade on environmental pollution: The Turkish case. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 30(2), 437-455. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-04-2018-0081 google scholar
  • Katircioglu, S., & Celebi, A. (2018). Testing the role of external debt in environmental degradation: empirical evidence from Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(9), 8843-8852. https://doi. org/10.1007/s11356-018-1194-0 google scholar
  • Katircioğlu, S. T., & Taşpinar, N. (2017). Testing the moderating role of financial development in an environmental Kuznets curve: Empirical evidence from Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 68(February 2015), 572-586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.127 google scholar
  • Kılıçarslan, Z., & Dumrul, Y. (2017). Foreign Direct Investments and CO2 Emissions Relationship: The Case of Turkey. Business and Economics Research Journal, 4(8), 647-660. https://doi.org/10.20409/berj.2017.73 google scholar
  • Koçak, E., & Şarkgüneşi, A. (2018). The impact of foreign direct investment on CO2 emissions in Turkey: new evidence from cointegration and bootstrap causality analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(1), 790-804. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0468-2 google scholar
  • KOF Swiss Economic Institute. (2020). KOF Globalisation Index. https://www.kof.ethz.ch/en/forecasts-and-indicators/indicators/kof-globalisation-index.html google scholar
  • Lee, J., & Strazicich, M. C. (2003). Minimum Lagrange Multiplier Unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks. The Review of Economics andStatistics, 85(4), 1082-1089. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3211829 google scholar
  • Lee, J., & Strazicich, M. C. (2013). Minimum LM Unit Root Test with one Structural Break. Economics Bulletin, 33(4), 2483-2492. google scholar
  • McNown, R., Sam, C. Y., & Goh, S. K. (2018). Bootstrapping the autoregressive distributed lag test for cointegration. Applied Economics, 50(13), 1509-1521. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2017.1366643 google scholar
  • Mert, M., & Caglar, A. E. (2020). Testing pollution haven and pollution halo hypotheses for Turkey: a new perspective. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09469-7 google scholar
  • Mishkin, F. S. (2009). Globalization and financial development. Journal of Development Economics, 89(2), 164169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2007.11.004 google scholar
  • Ozatac, N., Gokmenoglu, K. K., & Taspinar, N. (2017). Testing the EKC hypothesis by considering trade openness, urbanization, and financial development: the case of Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(20), 16690-16701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9317-6 google scholar
  • Özdemir, B. K., & Koç, K. (2020). Türkiye’de Karbon Emisyonları, Yenilenebilir Enerji Ve Ekonomik Büyüme. Ege Stratejik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(1), 66-86. https://doi.org/10.18354/esam.665191 google scholar
  • Ozturk, I., & Acaravci, A. (2013). The long-run and causal analysis of energy, growth, openness and financial development on carbon emissions in Turkey. Energy Economics, 36, 262-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. eneco.2012.08.025 google scholar
  • Öztürk, S., & Saygın, S. (2020). Türkiye’de 1974-2016 Döneminde Yapısal Kırılma Altında Kişi Başına Reel Gelir, Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar, Ticari Açıklık ve Karbon Emisyonları Arasındaki İlişki. Sosyoekonomi, 28(44), 69-90. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.02.04 google scholar
  • Öztürk, Z., & Öz, D. (2016). The Relationship between Energy Consumption, Income, Foreign Direct Investment, and CO2 Emissions: The Case of Turkey. Çankırı Karatekin University Journal of the Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences, 6(2), 269-288. google scholar
  • Pata, U. K. (2018). The effect of urbanization and industrialization on carbon emissions in Turkey: evidence from ARDL bounds testing procedure. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(8), 7740-7747. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-1088-6 google scholar
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (1995). An Autoregressive Distributed-Lag Modelling Approach to Cointegration Analysis. Içinde S. Strom (Ed.), Econometrics and Economic Theory in the 20th Century (ss. 371-413). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CCOL521633230.011 google scholar
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal ofApplied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616 google scholar
  • Sadorsky, P. (2010). The impact of financial development on energy consumption in emerging economies. Energy Policy, 38(5), 2528-2535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.12.048 google scholar
  • Saini, N., & Sighania, M. (2019). Environmental impact of economic growth, emission and FDI: systematic review of reviews. Qualitative Research in Financial Markets, 11(1), 81-134. https://doi.org/10.1108/QRFM-09-2017-0087 google scholar
  • Sam, C. Y., McNown, R., & Goh, S. K. (2019). An augmented autoregressive distributed lag bounds test for cointegration. Economic Modelling, 80, 130-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2018.11.001 google scholar
  • Seker, F., Ertugrul, H. M., & Cetin, M. (2015). The impact of foreign direct investment on environmental quality: A bounds testing and causality analysis for Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 347-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.118 google scholar
  • Shangquan, G. (2000). Economic Globalization: Trends, Risks and Risk Prevention Contents. Içinde Economic & Social Affairs (ST/ESA/2000/CDP/1; CDP Background Papers). http://www.un.org/esa/policy/devplan/ google scholar
  • Svirydzenka, K. (2016). Introducing a New Broad-based Index of Financial Development. IMF Working Paper, January, 1-43. google scholar
  • Tamazian, A., Chousa, J. P., & Vadlamannati, K. C. (2009). Does higher economic and financial development lead to environmental degradation: Evidence from BRIC countries. Energy Policy, 37(1), 246-253. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.08.025 google scholar
  • The World Bank. (2020). Dünya Kalkınma Göstergeleri. https://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators google scholar
  • Yildirim, J., Alpaslan, B., & Eker, E. E. (2020). The role of social capital in environmental protection efforts: evidence from Turkey. Journal of Applied Statistics, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/02664763.2020.1843609 google scholar
  • Yuxiang, K., & Chen, Z. (2011). Financial development and environmental performance: Evidence from China. Environment and Development Economics, 16(1), 93-111. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X10000422 google scholar
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Alper Karasoy 0000-0001-9447-3375

Publication Date August 4, 2021
Submission Date January 14, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 8 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Karasoy, A. (2021). İktisadi Küreselleşmenin ve Finansal Kalkınmanın Türkiye’deki Karbondioksit Emisyonuna Etkisi: Çok Boyutlu İndeksler Yeni Bulgular Sunuyor Mu?. Journal of Economic Policy Researches, 8(2), 75-100.
AMA Karasoy A. İktisadi Küreselleşmenin ve Finansal Kalkınmanın Türkiye’deki Karbondioksit Emisyonuna Etkisi: Çok Boyutlu İndeksler Yeni Bulgular Sunuyor Mu?. JEPR. August 2021;8(2):75-100.
Chicago Karasoy, Alper. “İktisadi Küreselleşmenin Ve Finansal Kalkınmanın Türkiye’deki Karbondioksit Emisyonuna Etkisi: Çok Boyutlu İndeksler Yeni Bulgular Sunuyor Mu?”. Journal of Economic Policy Researches 8, no. 2 (August 2021): 75-100.
EndNote Karasoy A (August 1, 2021) İktisadi Küreselleşmenin ve Finansal Kalkınmanın Türkiye’deki Karbondioksit Emisyonuna Etkisi: Çok Boyutlu İndeksler Yeni Bulgular Sunuyor Mu?. Journal of Economic Policy Researches 8 2 75–100.
IEEE A. Karasoy, “İktisadi Küreselleşmenin ve Finansal Kalkınmanın Türkiye’deki Karbondioksit Emisyonuna Etkisi: Çok Boyutlu İndeksler Yeni Bulgular Sunuyor Mu?”, JEPR, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 75–100, 2021.
ISNAD Karasoy, Alper. “İktisadi Küreselleşmenin Ve Finansal Kalkınmanın Türkiye’deki Karbondioksit Emisyonuna Etkisi: Çok Boyutlu İndeksler Yeni Bulgular Sunuyor Mu?”. Journal of Economic Policy Researches 8/2 (August 2021), 75-100.
JAMA Karasoy A. İktisadi Küreselleşmenin ve Finansal Kalkınmanın Türkiye’deki Karbondioksit Emisyonuna Etkisi: Çok Boyutlu İndeksler Yeni Bulgular Sunuyor Mu?. JEPR. 2021;8:75–100.
MLA Karasoy, Alper. “İktisadi Küreselleşmenin Ve Finansal Kalkınmanın Türkiye’deki Karbondioksit Emisyonuna Etkisi: Çok Boyutlu İndeksler Yeni Bulgular Sunuyor Mu?”. Journal of Economic Policy Researches, vol. 8, no. 2, 2021, pp. 75-100.
Vancouver Karasoy A. İktisadi Küreselleşmenin ve Finansal Kalkınmanın Türkiye’deki Karbondioksit Emisyonuna Etkisi: Çok Boyutlu İndeksler Yeni Bulgular Sunuyor Mu?. JEPR. 2021;8(2):75-100.