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The Similarities Between al-Ghazālī’s Science of the Hereafter and Rasāil Ikhwān al-Safā

Year 2022, , 107 - 126, 30.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/iuitd.2022.1031206

Abstract

In Munqidh, al-Ghazālī states that there were four classes of seekers of truth: theologians, followers of the doctrine of Ta‘līm, philosophers, and Sufis. He depicts himself here as a Sufi who denounces the others, especially the philosophers. This image of al-Ghazālī became the major perception of him from the beginning. This perception changed in the twentieth century. The most recent scholarship views him as a scholar who was heavily influenced by philosophy and disseminated its teachings in disguise. However, the focus is given mostly to the philosophy of Avicenna while searching the source of this influence. While not denying the influence of Ibn Sīnā, this study argues that Rasā’il Ikhwān Ṣafā’ must be taken seriously as a major source of philosophical influence on al-Ghazālī’s thought despite the negative remarks he makes about them. For its purpose, this study considers al-Ghazālī as a philosopher whose main concern was to direct the attention of his readers to their inner states and the behaviors resulting from them. This concern led him to search for and develop an ethical theology in which the theory of the soul and its purification played a role of utmost importance. For this purpose, al-Ghazālī presented a new science in Iḥyā. This study tries to show that al-Ghazālī found the essential ingredients of this theology in Rasā’il, gave it a new form with a new name, “the Science of the Hereafter” with its two subdivisions: the science of practice and the science of unveiling. 

References

  • Al-Akiti, M. Afifi. “The Good, The Bad, and the Ugly ofFalsafa: al-Ghazâlî’sMadnün, Tahafut, andMaqaşid, with Particular Attention to Their Falsafı Treatments of God’s Knowledge of Temporal Events”. In Avicenna and His Legacy: A Golden Age of Science and Philosophy. Edited by Y. Tzvi Langermann, 51100. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2009. google scholar
  • al-Ghazâlî, Abu Hâmid. al-Arba‘ınfi Uşülal-Dın. Edited by Muhammad Muhammad Jâbir. Egypt: Maktabat al-Jundî, 1963. google scholar
  • al-Ghazâlî, Abu Hâmid. al-Maqşad al-Asna ’ fi Sharh Asma 'Allah al-Husna. Beirut: Dâr al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyyah, n.d. google scholar
  • al-Ghazâlî, Abu Hâmid. al-Munqidhmin al-Dalal. InMajmü’atR.asa'ilal-Imâmal-Ghazalı. Edited by Ahmad Shams al-Din. Beirut: Dâr al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 1997. google scholar
  • al-Ghazâlî, Abu Hâmid. al-Mustaşfa’min ‘Hm al-Uşül. Beirut: Dâr Ihyâ’ al-Turâth, 1324. google scholar
  • al-Ghazâlî, Abu Hâmid. Fada'ih al-Batiniyyah. Edited by ‘Abd al-Rahmân al-Badawi. al-Qâhirah: Dâr al-Qawmiyyah li al-Tibâ‘ah wa al-Nashr, 1964. google scholar
  • al-Ghazâlî, Abu Hâmid. Ihya’ ‘Ulimı al-Dın. 5 vols. Cairo: Mu’assasat al-Halabî, 1967. google scholar
  • al-Ghazalı, Abu Hamid. Jawahir al-Qur ’m wa Duraruh. Edited by Hadıjah Muhammad Kamil and ‘Iffat al-Sharqawı. al-Qahirah: Dar al-Kutub wa al-Watha’iq al- Qawmiyyah, 2011/1432. google scholar
  • al-Ghazalı, Abu Hamid. Makatib-e Farsi-ye Ghazalı be-nam Fada’il al-Anam min Rasa’ilHujjat al-Islam. Edited by ‘Abbas Iqbal. Tehran: Ketab-furushi-ya Ibn Sına, 1333. google scholar
  • al-Ghazalı, Abu Hamid. Mizan al- 'Amal. Edited by Muhammad Mustafa Abu al-‘Ala. Egypt: Maktabat al-Jundı, 1973. google scholar
  • al-Zabıdı, Murtada. Ithaf al-Sadat al-Muttaqın bi-sharh Ihya’ ‘Ulûm al-Dın. Egypt: Dar al-Fikr, n.d. google scholar
  • Baffioni, Carmela. “From Sense Perception to the Vision of God: A Path Towards Knowledge According to the Ihwan al-Şafa’”. Arabic Sciences andPhilosophy, 8 (1998): 213-231. google scholar
  • Faris, Nabih Amin. “The Book of Knowledge”. New Delhi: Islamic Book Service. google scholar
  • Garden, Kenneth. The First Islamic Reviver: Abû Hamid al-Ghazali and His Revival of the Religious Sciences. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. google scholar
  • Garden. Kenneth. “Al-Ghazalı’s Contested Revival: Ihya’ Ulûm al-Din and its Critics in Khorasan and the Maghrib”. Chicago: University of Chicago, PhD Dissertation, 2005. google scholar
  • Ikhwan al-Safa’. Rasa’ilIkhwan al-Safa’waKhullan al-Wafa’. Edited by ‘Arif Tamir. 5 vols. Beirut and Paris: Manshurat ‘Uwaydat, 1995. google scholar
  • Ikhwan al-Safa’. Rasa’il Ikhwan al-Safa’ wa Khullan al-Wafa’. Edited by Butrus al-Bustanı. 4 vols. Beirut: Dar Şadir, 1957. google scholar
  • Quasem, Muhammad Abul. The Jewels of the Qur’an: al-Ghazali’s Theory. Malaysia: National University of Malaysia, 1977. google scholar
  • Shihadeh, Ayman. “Classical Ash‘arı Anthropology: Body, Life, and Spirit”. The Muslim World 102, no. 3-4 (2012): 433-477. google scholar
  • Treiger, Alexander. “al-Ghazalı’s Classifications of the Sciences and Descriptions of the Highest Theoretical Science.” Dîvân: Disiplinler Arası Çalışmalar Dergisi 16, no. 30 (2011/1): 1-32. google scholar
  • Treiger, Alexander. Inspired Knowledge in Islamic Thought: Al-Ghazali’s Theory ofMystical Cognition and its Avicennian Foundation. New York: Routledge, 2012. google scholar
  • Watt, W. Montgomery. The Faith and Practice ofAl-Ghazali. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1953. google scholar

Gazâlî’nin Ahiret İlmi ve İhvân-ı Safâ Risâleleri Arasındaki Benzerlikler

Year 2022, , 107 - 126, 30.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/iuitd.2022.1031206

Abstract

Dalâletten Kurtuluş’ta Gazâlî, hakikatin peşinde koşan grupları kelamcılar, Bâtınîler, filozoflar ve mutasavvıflar şeklinde dört sınıfa ayırmakta ve kendisini de diğerlerini beğenmeyip tasavvufa bağlanan bir kimse olarak sunmaktadır. Onun kendisi hakkında sunduğu bu imaj, başlangıçtan itibaren onun daha çok bir mutasavvıf olduğu algısının ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Fakat bu algının yirminci yüzyılda tamamen değiştiği görülmektedir. Modern araştırmalar, Gazâlî hakkındaki bu algıya meydan okumakta ve onu felsefeden önemli ölçüde etkilenen ve bu etkiyi örtülü bir şekilde İslam düşüncesinin bütün alanlarına yayan bir ilim adamı olarak görmektedir. Fakat Gazâlî üzerindeki felsefî etkinin kökenleri araştırıldığında doğal olarak dikkatler İbn Sînâ üzerinde yoğunlaşmaktadır. Bu çalışma, Gazâlî üzerindeki İbn Sînâ etkisini reddetmemekle birlikte Gazâlî’nin onlar hakkındaki olumsuz ifadelerine rağmen İhvân-ı Safâ’ Risâleleri’nin de onun üzerindeki felsefî etkinin önemli bir kaynağı olarak dikkate alınması gerektiğini iddia etmektedir. Bu amaçla bu çalışma Gazâlî’yi temel endişesi okurlarının dikkatini onların içsel durumlarına ve bu durumlardan kaynaklanan davranışlara çekmeye çalışan bir filozof olarak kabul etmektedir. Bu endişe Gazâlî’yi içerisinde nefis teorisinin ve nefsin temizlenmesinin merkezi bir yer işgal ettiği etik bir teoloji arayışına ve böyle bir teoloji geliştirmeye yöneltmiştir. Bu hedefe yönelik olarak Gazâlî İhyâ’da yeni bir ilim ortaya koymuş ve hayatının geri kalan kısmında bütün çabasını bu ilmi yaymak için harcamıştır. Bu çalışma, Gazâlî’nin bu arayışı neticesinde “Ahiret İlmi” şeklinde ortaya koyduğu ilmin temel malzemelerinin bir kısmını İhvân-ı Safâ Risaleleri’nde bulduğunu göstermeye çalışmaktadır. O bu malzemeyi almış, muamele ve mükaşefe şeklinde ikiye ayırıp yeni bir forma sokarak ona ahiret ilmi ismini vermiş ve bu yeni bir formla birlikte onu yeniden piyasaya sürmüştür.

References

  • Al-Akiti, M. Afifi. “The Good, The Bad, and the Ugly ofFalsafa: al-Ghazâlî’sMadnün, Tahafut, andMaqaşid, with Particular Attention to Their Falsafı Treatments of God’s Knowledge of Temporal Events”. In Avicenna and His Legacy: A Golden Age of Science and Philosophy. Edited by Y. Tzvi Langermann, 51100. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2009. google scholar
  • al-Ghazâlî, Abu Hâmid. al-Arba‘ınfi Uşülal-Dın. Edited by Muhammad Muhammad Jâbir. Egypt: Maktabat al-Jundî, 1963. google scholar
  • al-Ghazâlî, Abu Hâmid. al-Maqşad al-Asna ’ fi Sharh Asma 'Allah al-Husna. Beirut: Dâr al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyyah, n.d. google scholar
  • al-Ghazâlî, Abu Hâmid. al-Munqidhmin al-Dalal. InMajmü’atR.asa'ilal-Imâmal-Ghazalı. Edited by Ahmad Shams al-Din. Beirut: Dâr al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 1997. google scholar
  • al-Ghazâlî, Abu Hâmid. al-Mustaşfa’min ‘Hm al-Uşül. Beirut: Dâr Ihyâ’ al-Turâth, 1324. google scholar
  • al-Ghazâlî, Abu Hâmid. Fada'ih al-Batiniyyah. Edited by ‘Abd al-Rahmân al-Badawi. al-Qâhirah: Dâr al-Qawmiyyah li al-Tibâ‘ah wa al-Nashr, 1964. google scholar
  • al-Ghazâlî, Abu Hâmid. Ihya’ ‘Ulimı al-Dın. 5 vols. Cairo: Mu’assasat al-Halabî, 1967. google scholar
  • al-Ghazalı, Abu Hamid. Jawahir al-Qur ’m wa Duraruh. Edited by Hadıjah Muhammad Kamil and ‘Iffat al-Sharqawı. al-Qahirah: Dar al-Kutub wa al-Watha’iq al- Qawmiyyah, 2011/1432. google scholar
  • al-Ghazalı, Abu Hamid. Makatib-e Farsi-ye Ghazalı be-nam Fada’il al-Anam min Rasa’ilHujjat al-Islam. Edited by ‘Abbas Iqbal. Tehran: Ketab-furushi-ya Ibn Sına, 1333. google scholar
  • al-Ghazalı, Abu Hamid. Mizan al- 'Amal. Edited by Muhammad Mustafa Abu al-‘Ala. Egypt: Maktabat al-Jundı, 1973. google scholar
  • al-Zabıdı, Murtada. Ithaf al-Sadat al-Muttaqın bi-sharh Ihya’ ‘Ulûm al-Dın. Egypt: Dar al-Fikr, n.d. google scholar
  • Baffioni, Carmela. “From Sense Perception to the Vision of God: A Path Towards Knowledge According to the Ihwan al-Şafa’”. Arabic Sciences andPhilosophy, 8 (1998): 213-231. google scholar
  • Faris, Nabih Amin. “The Book of Knowledge”. New Delhi: Islamic Book Service. google scholar
  • Garden, Kenneth. The First Islamic Reviver: Abû Hamid al-Ghazali and His Revival of the Religious Sciences. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. google scholar
  • Garden. Kenneth. “Al-Ghazalı’s Contested Revival: Ihya’ Ulûm al-Din and its Critics in Khorasan and the Maghrib”. Chicago: University of Chicago, PhD Dissertation, 2005. google scholar
  • Ikhwan al-Safa’. Rasa’ilIkhwan al-Safa’waKhullan al-Wafa’. Edited by ‘Arif Tamir. 5 vols. Beirut and Paris: Manshurat ‘Uwaydat, 1995. google scholar
  • Ikhwan al-Safa’. Rasa’il Ikhwan al-Safa’ wa Khullan al-Wafa’. Edited by Butrus al-Bustanı. 4 vols. Beirut: Dar Şadir, 1957. google scholar
  • Quasem, Muhammad Abul. The Jewels of the Qur’an: al-Ghazali’s Theory. Malaysia: National University of Malaysia, 1977. google scholar
  • Shihadeh, Ayman. “Classical Ash‘arı Anthropology: Body, Life, and Spirit”. The Muslim World 102, no. 3-4 (2012): 433-477. google scholar
  • Treiger, Alexander. “al-Ghazalı’s Classifications of the Sciences and Descriptions of the Highest Theoretical Science.” Dîvân: Disiplinler Arası Çalışmalar Dergisi 16, no. 30 (2011/1): 1-32. google scholar
  • Treiger, Alexander. Inspired Knowledge in Islamic Thought: Al-Ghazali’s Theory ofMystical Cognition and its Avicennian Foundation. New York: Routledge, 2012. google scholar
  • Watt, W. Montgomery. The Faith and Practice ofAl-Ghazali. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1953. google scholar
There are 22 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Religious Studies
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Abdullah Özkan 0000-0001-5928-8078

Publication Date March 30, 2022
Submission Date December 1, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

ISNAD Özkan, Abdullah. “The Similarities Between Al-Ghazālī’s Science of the Hereafter and Rasāil Ikhwān Al-Safā”. İslam Tetkikleri Dergisi 12/1 (March 2022), 107-126. https://doi.org/10.26650/iuitd.2022.1031206.