OLAĞANÜSTÜ DURUMLARDA ÇOCUK SAĞLIĞININ KORUNMASI

Abstract

Deprem gibi doğal afetler, başta çocuklar olmak üzere tüm toplumun kırılganlığının arttığı acil durumlardır. Acil durumlarda, besleyici özelliği, biyoimmünolojik içeriği, ideal sıcaklıkta ve hazır olması nedeniyle benzersiz özelliklere sahip anne sütü ile beslenme çok önemlidir. Sağlıklı beslenmenin sağlanması, çocukluk çağı aşılarının uygulanması, bulaşıcı hastalıkların önlenmesi, barınma ve çocuk güvenliğinin sağlanması, ruh sağlığının korunması acil durumlarda çocuk sağlığının korunmasında temel konulardır. Afet yaşayan çocukların takibi, uzun süreli fiziksel ve psikolojik etkiler açısından gereklidir. Ayrıca büyüme ve gelişmenin izlenmesi, kronik hastalığı olan çocukların bakımının sürdürülmesi ve okula devamın sağlanması gereklidir. Bu makalenin amacı, acil durumlarda çocuk sağlığını korumanın temel ilkelerini sunmaktır.

Keywords

• Çocuk sağlığı
• afetler
• acil durumlar
• emzirme
• süt annelik
• aşı uygulamaları

CHILD HEALTH PROTECTION DURING EMERGENCY SITUATIONS

Abstract

Natural disasters such as earthquakes are emergency situations when the fragility of the entire society, especially children, increases. In emergency situations, breastfeeding is crucial due to its unique characteristics: nutrient and bio-immunological content, optimum temperature and readiness for the baby. Ensuring healthy nutrition, maintaining childhood vaccination, preventing infectious diseases, providing sheltering and child safety, and preserving mental health are the basic issues in protecting child health during emergencies. Following the children who have experienced a disaster currently is necessary regarding longterm physical and psychological effects. Moreover, monitoring the growth and development, maintaining the care of children with chronic diseases, and continuity of school attendance are essential under these circumstances. The aim of this article is to present the basic principles of child health protection during emergency situations.

Keywords

• Child health
• disasters
• emergency situations
• breastfeeding
• wet nursing
• vaccination

References

1. Carothers C, Gribble K. Infant and young child feeding in emergencies. J Hum Lact 2014;30(3):272-5. [CrossRef] google scholar
2. Chen B, Halliday TJ, Fan VY. The impact of internal displacement on child mortality in post-earthquake Haiti: a difference-in-differences analysis. Int J Equity Health 2016;15:1-9. [CrossRef] google scholar
3. Tashiro A, Sakisaka K, Okamoto E, Yoshida H. Differences in infant and child mortality before and after the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami: a large population-based ecological study. BMJ open 2018;8(11):e022737. [CrossRef] google scholar
4. Wisner B, Adams J. Environmental Health in Emergencies and Disasters: A Practical Guide. Geneva: World Health Organization 2002 p.9-22. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/42561 google scholar
5. UNICEF. Nutrition in emergencies. 09.02.2023 https://www. unicef.org/media/97011/file/Nutrition-in-emergencies-Saving-Lives-Today-Strengthening-Systems-for-Tomorrow.pdf. google scholar
6. World Health Organization. Breastfeeding inemergency situations. 09.02.2023 https://www.globalbreastfeedingcollective.org/media/376/file/ Breastfeeding%20in%20emergency%20situations.pdf google scholar
7. Lawrence RA. Biochemistry of Human Milk. In: A guide for the medical profession. Lawrence RA, Lawrence RM ed. 9th edition. 2022 p.93-144. [CrossRef] google scholar
8. Keskindemirci G, Karabayir N, İstanbullu A, Törün SH, Altay C, Sebirli MF, et al. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Antigens and Antibodies in Breast Milk. İst Tıp Fak Derg 2021;84(3):287-92. [CrossRef] google scholar

9. Perez-Escamilla R, Tomori C, Hernandez-Cordero S, Baker P, Barros AJ, Begin F, et al. Breastfeeding: Crucially important, but increasingly challenged in a market-driven world. Lancet 2023;401(10375):472-85. [CrossRef] google scholar
10. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı. Duyurular. 14.02.2023. Available from: https://www.saglik.gov.tr/TR,94764/bakan-koca-hatay-afet-koordinasyon-merkezinde-aciklamalarda-bulundu.html google scholar
11. West D, Marasco L. Physical techniques to make more milk. In: Breastfeeding mother's guide to making more milk. McGraw-Hill, 2009. 155-167. google scholar
12. Krol KM, Grossmann T. Psychological effects of breastfeeding on children and mothers. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2018;61 (8):977-85. [CrossRef] google scholar
13. Calderon-Rodriguez C, Noble L. Infant Feeding After a Disaster. In: Breastfeeding a guide for the medical profession. Lawrence RA, Lawrence RM ed. 9th edition. 2022 p.695-703. [CrossRef] google scholar
14. Gökçay G. Olağan üstü durumlarda çocuk sağlığı. Turkiye Klinikleri J Pediatr Sci 2008;4(6):67-71. google scholar
15. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı Deprem Bilgilendirme 29.Platformu. Afet Durumlarında Bebek Beslenmesi.15.02.2023. Available from: https://deprem.saglik.gov.tr/halk-sagligina-yonelik-bilgiler/anne-ve-cocuk-sagligi/afet-durumlarinda-bebek-beslenmesi.html google scholar
16. Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®). Bethesda google scholar
17. (MD): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; 2006-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/books/NBK501922/ google scholar
18. Sriraman NK, Evans AE, Lawrence R, Noble L, Academyof Breastfeeding Medicine's Board of Directors. Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine's 2017 position statement on informal breast milk sharing for the term healthy infant.Breastfeed Med 2018;13(1):2-4. [CrossRef] google scholar
19. Lawrence RA. Induced Lactation and Relactation (IncludingNursing an Adopted Baby) and Cross-Nursing. In: Breastfeeding A guide for the Medical Profession. Lawrence RA, Lawrence RM ed. 9th edition. 2022 p.628-46. [CrossRef] google scholar
20. Stuebe AM. Population Health and Informed Feeding Decisions. In: Breastfeeding A guide for the Medical google scholar
21. Profession. Lawrence RA, Lawrence RM ed. 9th edition.2022 p.193-205 [CrossRef] google scholar
22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Facts About Infant Feeding During Emergencies. 11.02.2023 Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/nutrition/emergencies-infant-feeding/downloads/pages/Infant-Feeding-IYCF-E-H.pdf google scholar
23. Çocuk Sağlığı Derneği. İlk 5 Yaşta Çocuk Sağlığı ve Güvenliği İçin Ailelere Güvenli Bilgiler Eğitim Kiti.12.02.2023. Available from: https://cocuksagligidernegi.org/ilk-5-yasta-cocuk-sagligi-ve-guvenligi-icin-ailelere-temel-bilgiler-kitapcigi-yayimlandi/ 37. google scholar
24. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Deprem Bilgilendirme Platformu. Su ve Besinler ile Bulaşan Hastalıkları. 15.02.2023. Available from: https://deprem.saglik.gov.tr/deprem/deprem-sonrasi-su-ve-besinler-ile-bulasan-hastaliklari-onlemek-i-cin.html google scholar
25. World Health Organization. Safe preparation, storage and handling of powdered infant formula. 15.02.2023. Available from: https://www.ennonline.net/attachments/93/pif.pdf google scholar
26. Fewtrell M, Bronsky J, Campoy C, Domellöf M, EmbletonN, Mis NF, et al. Complementary feeding: a position paper by the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) Committee on Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2017;64(1): 119-32. google scholar
27. Victora CG, Bahl R, Barros AJ, França GV, Horton S,Krasevec J, et al. Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. Lancet 2016;387(10017):475-90. [CrossRef] google scholar
28. Hipgrave DB, Assefa F, Winoto A, Sukotjo S. Donated breast milk substitutes and incidence of diarrhoea among infants and young children after the May 2006 earthquake in Yogyakarta and Central Java. Public Health Nutr 2012:15(2):307-15. [CrossRef] google scholar
29. Giri BR, Chapagain RH, Sharma S, Shrestha S, Ghimire S,Shankar PR. Effect of the 2015 earthquake on pediatric google scholar
30. inpatient pattern at a tertiary care hospital in Nepal. BMC Pediatr 2018;18:1-7. [CrossRef] google scholar
31. UNICEF. Child protection in emergencies. A Toolkit for 44. google scholar
32. Practitioners in Pacific Island Countries. UNICEF Pacific 2015. 11.02.2023. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/ pacificislands/media/961/file/Child-protection-toolkit.pdf Khanal B. The impacts of the 2015 Gorkha earthquake on children's health in Nepal. World Dev 2022;153:105826. [CrossRef] google scholar
33. Dağlı ET, Akço S, Akbulut B. Salgın ve doğal afetler sırasında çocukların korunması, çocuk hakları örgütleri için bir izleme raporu. İstanbul, 2021. 09.02.2023 Available from: https:// cokmed.net/ps-sistem/dosyalar/files/Salgin%20ve%20 Dogal%20Afetlerde%20Cocuklarin%20Korunmasi(1).pdf Sosyal Pediatri Derneği, Aşısız çocuklar için aşı takvimi önerisi-2022. 14.02.2023 https://www.sosyalpediatri.org. tr/sosyal-pediatri-dernegi-asisiz-cocuklar-icin-asi-takvimi-onerisi---2022-84570.html google scholar
34. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı. Genişletilmiş bağışıklama programı genelgesi. 21.04.2023hsgm.saglik.gov.trgenelge/1117gbpgenelge2008pdf.pdf google scholar
35. World Health Organization. Measles. 14.02.2023 Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/measles google scholar
36. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. Kızamık eliminasyon programı. 14.02.2023 Available from: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/dosya/mevzuat/ genel_nitelikli_yazilar/asi_db/kizamik_eliminasyon_ programi_67643.pdf google scholar
37. Halıcıoğlu Baltalı O, İncebağ Ö. Tetanoz aşısı. İlk 5 yaşta çocuk sağlığı izlemi. Gökçay G, Beyazova U. 2. baskı, Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, İstanbul 2021 p.585-93. google scholar
38. Keskindemirci G. Çocuklarda özel durumlarda ve kronik hastalıklarda aşılama. Gökçay G, Aşılar. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri 2021. p.142-52. google scholar
39. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. 03.02.2020 tarihli 21001706-131.02 sayılı Risk grubu ve sağlık çalışanı aşılamaları, Ek1 -2. Available from: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/asi-onlenebilir-hast-db/saglik_calisanlari_asilama/Risk_Grubu_ve_Saglik.pdf Rimmer J, Belk C, Lund V, Swift A, White P. I mmunizations and antibiotics in patients with anterior skull base cerebrospinal fluid leaks. J Laryngol Otol 2014;128(7):626-9. [CrossRef] google scholar
40. Curtis T, Miller BC, Berry EH. Changes in reports and incidence of child abuse following natural disasters. Child Abuse Negl 2000;24(9):1151-62. [CrossRef] google scholar
41. Gupta J, Agrawal A. Chronic aftershocks of an earthquake on the well-being of children in Haiti: violence, psychosocial health and slavery. CMAJ 2010;182(18):1997-9. [CrossRef] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Caring for children in a disaster. 13.02.2023 https://www.cdc.gov/ childrenindisasters/features/disasters-mental-health.html World Health Organization, War trauma foundation and world vision international. Psychological first aid: Facilitator's manual for orienting field workers. Geneva: World Health Organization 2013. 15.02.2023 Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/ google scholar
42. handle/10665/102380/978924154?sequence=1 Kinoshita I, Woolley H. Children's play environment after a disaster: the great east Japan earthquake. Children (Basel) 2015;2(1):39-62. [CrossRef] google scholar
43. Raccanello D, Rocca E, Barnaba V, Vicentini G, Hall R, Brondino M. Coping strategies and psychologicalmaladjustment/adjustment: a meta-analytic approach with children and adolescents exposed to natural disasters. Child Youth Care Forum 2023;52(1):25-63. [CrossRef] google scholar
44. Olness K. Children's mental health at times of disasters: a narrative review. Pediatr Med 2022;5:17. [CrossRef] google scholar
45. Newnham EA, Mergelsberg ELP, Chen Y, Kim Y, Gibbs L, Dzidic PL, et al. Long-term mental health trajectories after disasters and pandemics: a multilingual systematic review of prevalence, risk, and protective factors. Clin Psychol Rev 2022;97:102203. [CrossRef] google scholar
46. Cohen JA, Scheeringa MS. Post-traumatic stress disorder diagnosis in children: challenges and promises. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2009;11(1):91-9. [CrossRef] google scholar
47. Piyasil V, Ketuman P, Plubrukarn R, Jotipanut V, Tanprasert S, Aowjinda S, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder in children after Tsunami disaster in Thailand: 2 years follow-up. J Med Ass Thai 2007;90(11):2370- google scholar
48. Chen Y, Lam C, Deng H, Ko KY. Changes over time in post-traumatic stress disorder among children who survived the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and predictive variables. Front Psychiatry 2021;12:691765. [CrossRef] google scholar
49. Honda Y, Fujiwara T, Yagi J, Homma H, Mashiko H, Nagao K, et al. Long-term impact of parental post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms on mental health of their offspring after the great east Japan earthquake. Front Psychiatry 2019;10:496. [CrossRef] google scholar