Research Article
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De l’image à la narration: la reconstruction mémorielle du génocide cambodgien par Rithy Panh

Year 2018, Volume: 28 Issue: 2, 131 - 149, 18.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.26650/LITERA477513

Abstract

« La vérité est un poison » selon un proverbe khmer. Entre mille neuf cents soixante-quinze (1975) et mille neuf cents soixante-dix-neuf, (1979) presque 2 millions de personnes ont été massacrées au Cambodge au nom de cette « vérité » qui a formé l’idéologie des Khmers rouges. Rithy Panh, rescapé lui-même, a décidé de s’exprimer pour comprendre la logique derrière cette catastrophe : d’abord à travers le cinéma, et ensuite l’écriture. Dans ses documentaires, Panh ne raconte pas uniquement ses mémoires individuelles du génocide cambodgien. Il fait face aux génocidaires pour les faire parler et ensuite filmer, tandis que lui, dans un silence total, les observe derrière sa caméra sans aucune intervention. Ce silence grandit en lui-même et le mène à s’exprimer à travers l’écriture. Ainsi, en deux mille onze (2011), il décide de publier L’Élimination où il revisite ses rencontres avec les bourreaux, mais cette fois-ci, en prenant la parole, pour mieux transmettre la réalité. Cette étude vise à élaborer les stratégies cinématographiques et narratives utilisées par Rithy Panh pour transmettre la réalité du génocide cambodgien, en tant que témoin, réalisateur, et écrivain. Nous proposons que le discours de Panh se présente comme un dispositif visuel dans lequel les fragments du passé se décomposent au profit d’une reconstruction mémorielle à travers les images et les mots.


References

  • Baqué, D. (2009). L’effroi du présent : Figurer la violence. Paris, FR: Flammarion.
  • Caruth, C. (1996). Unclaimed experience trauma, narrative, and history. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Cazenave, J. (2018). Earth as archive : Reframing memory and mourning in the missing picture. Cinema Journal, 57(2), 44–65.
  • Clarke, P. (2011). Charlotte Lacoste [Radio series episode]. In Dans Comme on nous parle. Retrieved from http://www.franceinter.fr/emissions/comme-nous-parle/comme-nous-parle-23-fevrier-2011
  • Hayes, S. (2015). Trauma and memory : Healing through art. Journal of Art for Life, 7(1), 1 –20.
  • Lacoste, C. (2014, April 20). Le devoir de mémoire est devenu un slogan [Interview]. Retrieved from https://www.lejdd.fr/Culture/Livres/Charlotte-Lacoste-Le-devoir-de-memoire-est-devenu-un-slogan-productiviste-662577.
  • Lamy-Rested, E. (2014). Dénier, théoriser, éliminer : le « travail » de Duch Sur L’élimination de Rithy Panh avec Christophe Bataille. Retrieved from http://www.revue-texto.net/index.php?id=3459
  • Lee, J. H. X. (2011). Genocide, healing, justice, and peace in Cambodia. Peace Review, 23(4), 429–430.
  • Maillard, D. (2010). Penser le génocide cambodgien. Humanitaire. Enjeux, Pratiques, Débats, 27, 1–4.
  • Panh, R. (2003). S21, la machine de mort Khmère rouge. Retrieved from http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0368954/
  • Panh, R. (2011). Duch, le maître des forges de l’enfer. Retrieved from http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1922589/
  • Panh, R. (2012, January 5). L’ Élimination [Interview]. Retrieved from https://www.mollat.com/videos/rithy-panh-l-elimination
  • Panh, R. (2013, May 10). Cannes 2013 - interview de Rithy Panh [Interview]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FW7ASth6-dw
  • Panh, R. (2013, June 14). 7 Questions with Rithy Panh [Interview]. Retrieved from https://www.phnompenhpost.com/video/7-questions-rithy-panh
  • Panh, R., & Bataille, C. (2011). L’Élimination. Paris, FR : Grasset & Fasquelle.
  • Panh, R., & Bataille, C. (2012). « Chaque mot amène une image. » [Interview]. Retrieved from https://www.lemonde.fr/livres/article/2012/01/12/rithy-panh-et-christophe-bataille-chaque-mot-amene-une-image_1628586_3260.html
  • Peel, M. (2017). ‘I was brave but I’m paying for it ’, Cambodian film-maker Rithy Panh. Retrieved from https://www.ft.com/content/3f0ee2e8-81a9-11e7-a4ce-15b2513cb3ff
  • Petitjean, V. (2013). Rithy Panh: Un art de la Mémoire. Témoigner. Entre histoire et mémoire. 115, 122–134.
  • Rollet, S. (2013). L’institution du « spectateur-témoin »: S21, la machine de mort Khmère rouge de Rithy Panh. Intermédialités : Histoire et théorie des arts, des lettres et des techniques, (21). https://doi.org/10.7202/1020621ar
  • Sontag, S. (1990). On photography. New York, NY: Anchor Books.

Images and Words: Remembrance and Reconstruction of the Cambodian Genocide by Rithy Panh

Year 2018, Volume: 28 Issue: 2, 131 - 149, 18.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.26650/LITERA477513

Abstract

“The truth is poison,” goes a Khmer saying. Between 1975 and 1979, an estimated two million Cambodians were massacred following this “truth” that Khmers called “ideology.” To fully grasp the dynamics of this poisonous “truth,” Rithy Panh, a survivor of the Khmer Rouge genocide, focused on the legacy of the regime through the examination of its agents and atrocities. Cinema became the first medium that motivated Panh to revisit this most tragic chapter of Cambodian history. In his films, Panh personally encounters the persecutors and asks them to speak, without being a part of the discourse himself. Elimination (2011) emerges from this silence, the strategy of dissimulation in his cinema. In this work, Panh revisits his experience of encountering the persecutors, while expressing himself by presenting a complete picture of the genocide to the public. This article aims to examine narrative and visual strategies utilized by Panh in order to communicate the reality of the Cambodian Genocide as a witness, filmmaker and writer. I argue that Panh’s consummate discourse stands as a visual-narrative construction, where the fragments of history are broken down to reconstruct the memory of the genocide through a combination of images and words.

References

  • Baqué, D. (2009). L’effroi du présent : Figurer la violence. Paris, FR: Flammarion.
  • Caruth, C. (1996). Unclaimed experience trauma, narrative, and history. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Cazenave, J. (2018). Earth as archive : Reframing memory and mourning in the missing picture. Cinema Journal, 57(2), 44–65.
  • Clarke, P. (2011). Charlotte Lacoste [Radio series episode]. In Dans Comme on nous parle. Retrieved from http://www.franceinter.fr/emissions/comme-nous-parle/comme-nous-parle-23-fevrier-2011
  • Hayes, S. (2015). Trauma and memory : Healing through art. Journal of Art for Life, 7(1), 1 –20.
  • Lacoste, C. (2014, April 20). Le devoir de mémoire est devenu un slogan [Interview]. Retrieved from https://www.lejdd.fr/Culture/Livres/Charlotte-Lacoste-Le-devoir-de-memoire-est-devenu-un-slogan-productiviste-662577.
  • Lamy-Rested, E. (2014). Dénier, théoriser, éliminer : le « travail » de Duch Sur L’élimination de Rithy Panh avec Christophe Bataille. Retrieved from http://www.revue-texto.net/index.php?id=3459
  • Lee, J. H. X. (2011). Genocide, healing, justice, and peace in Cambodia. Peace Review, 23(4), 429–430.
  • Maillard, D. (2010). Penser le génocide cambodgien. Humanitaire. Enjeux, Pratiques, Débats, 27, 1–4.
  • Panh, R. (2003). S21, la machine de mort Khmère rouge. Retrieved from http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0368954/
  • Panh, R. (2011). Duch, le maître des forges de l’enfer. Retrieved from http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1922589/
  • Panh, R. (2012, January 5). L’ Élimination [Interview]. Retrieved from https://www.mollat.com/videos/rithy-panh-l-elimination
  • Panh, R. (2013, May 10). Cannes 2013 - interview de Rithy Panh [Interview]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FW7ASth6-dw
  • Panh, R. (2013, June 14). 7 Questions with Rithy Panh [Interview]. Retrieved from https://www.phnompenhpost.com/video/7-questions-rithy-panh
  • Panh, R., & Bataille, C. (2011). L’Élimination. Paris, FR : Grasset & Fasquelle.
  • Panh, R., & Bataille, C. (2012). « Chaque mot amène une image. » [Interview]. Retrieved from https://www.lemonde.fr/livres/article/2012/01/12/rithy-panh-et-christophe-bataille-chaque-mot-amene-une-image_1628586_3260.html
  • Peel, M. (2017). ‘I was brave but I’m paying for it ’, Cambodian film-maker Rithy Panh. Retrieved from https://www.ft.com/content/3f0ee2e8-81a9-11e7-a4ce-15b2513cb3ff
  • Petitjean, V. (2013). Rithy Panh: Un art de la Mémoire. Témoigner. Entre histoire et mémoire. 115, 122–134.
  • Rollet, S. (2013). L’institution du « spectateur-témoin »: S21, la machine de mort Khmère rouge de Rithy Panh. Intermédialités : Histoire et théorie des arts, des lettres et des techniques, (21). https://doi.org/10.7202/1020621ar
  • Sontag, S. (1990). On photography. New York, NY: Anchor Books.
Year 2018, Volume: 28 Issue: 2, 131 - 149, 18.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.26650/LITERA477513

Abstract

References

  • Baqué, D. (2009). L’effroi du présent : Figurer la violence. Paris, FR: Flammarion.
  • Caruth, C. (1996). Unclaimed experience trauma, narrative, and history. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Cazenave, J. (2018). Earth as archive : Reframing memory and mourning in the missing picture. Cinema Journal, 57(2), 44–65.
  • Clarke, P. (2011). Charlotte Lacoste [Radio series episode]. In Dans Comme on nous parle. Retrieved from http://www.franceinter.fr/emissions/comme-nous-parle/comme-nous-parle-23-fevrier-2011
  • Hayes, S. (2015). Trauma and memory : Healing through art. Journal of Art for Life, 7(1), 1 –20.
  • Lacoste, C. (2014, April 20). Le devoir de mémoire est devenu un slogan [Interview]. Retrieved from https://www.lejdd.fr/Culture/Livres/Charlotte-Lacoste-Le-devoir-de-memoire-est-devenu-un-slogan-productiviste-662577.
  • Lamy-Rested, E. (2014). Dénier, théoriser, éliminer : le « travail » de Duch Sur L’élimination de Rithy Panh avec Christophe Bataille. Retrieved from http://www.revue-texto.net/index.php?id=3459
  • Lee, J. H. X. (2011). Genocide, healing, justice, and peace in Cambodia. Peace Review, 23(4), 429–430.
  • Maillard, D. (2010). Penser le génocide cambodgien. Humanitaire. Enjeux, Pratiques, Débats, 27, 1–4.
  • Panh, R. (2003). S21, la machine de mort Khmère rouge. Retrieved from http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0368954/
  • Panh, R. (2011). Duch, le maître des forges de l’enfer. Retrieved from http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1922589/
  • Panh, R. (2012, January 5). L’ Élimination [Interview]. Retrieved from https://www.mollat.com/videos/rithy-panh-l-elimination
  • Panh, R. (2013, May 10). Cannes 2013 - interview de Rithy Panh [Interview]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FW7ASth6-dw
  • Panh, R. (2013, June 14). 7 Questions with Rithy Panh [Interview]. Retrieved from https://www.phnompenhpost.com/video/7-questions-rithy-panh
  • Panh, R., & Bataille, C. (2011). L’Élimination. Paris, FR : Grasset & Fasquelle.
  • Panh, R., & Bataille, C. (2012). « Chaque mot amène une image. » [Interview]. Retrieved from https://www.lemonde.fr/livres/article/2012/01/12/rithy-panh-et-christophe-bataille-chaque-mot-amene-une-image_1628586_3260.html
  • Peel, M. (2017). ‘I was brave but I’m paying for it ’, Cambodian film-maker Rithy Panh. Retrieved from https://www.ft.com/content/3f0ee2e8-81a9-11e7-a4ce-15b2513cb3ff
  • Petitjean, V. (2013). Rithy Panh: Un art de la Mémoire. Témoigner. Entre histoire et mémoire. 115, 122–134.
  • Rollet, S. (2013). L’institution du « spectateur-témoin »: S21, la machine de mort Khmère rouge de Rithy Panh. Intermédialités : Histoire et théorie des arts, des lettres et des techniques, (21). https://doi.org/10.7202/1020621ar
  • Sontag, S. (1990). On photography. New York, NY: Anchor Books.
There are 20 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Linguistics
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Didem Alkan This is me 0000-0002-8118-5291

Publication Date December 18, 2018
Submission Date September 8, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 28 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Alkan, D. (2018). Images and Words: Remembrance and Reconstruction of the Cambodian Genocide by Rithy Panh. Litera: Journal of Language, Literature and Culture Studies, 28(2), 131-149. https://doi.org/10.26650/LITERA477513
AMA Alkan D. Images and Words: Remembrance and Reconstruction of the Cambodian Genocide by Rithy Panh. Litera. December 2018;28(2):131-149. doi:10.26650/LITERA477513
Chicago Alkan, Didem. “Images and Words: Remembrance and Reconstruction of the Cambodian Genocide by Rithy Panh”. Litera: Journal of Language, Literature and Culture Studies 28, no. 2 (December 2018): 131-49. https://doi.org/10.26650/LITERA477513.
EndNote Alkan D (December 1, 2018) Images and Words: Remembrance and Reconstruction of the Cambodian Genocide by Rithy Panh. Litera: Journal of Language, Literature and Culture Studies 28 2 131–149.
IEEE D. Alkan, “Images and Words: Remembrance and Reconstruction of the Cambodian Genocide by Rithy Panh”, Litera, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 131–149, 2018, doi: 10.26650/LITERA477513.
ISNAD Alkan, Didem. “Images and Words: Remembrance and Reconstruction of the Cambodian Genocide by Rithy Panh”. Litera: Journal of Language, Literature and Culture Studies 28/2 (December 2018), 131-149. https://doi.org/10.26650/LITERA477513.
JAMA Alkan D. Images and Words: Remembrance and Reconstruction of the Cambodian Genocide by Rithy Panh. Litera. 2018;28:131–149.
MLA Alkan, Didem. “Images and Words: Remembrance and Reconstruction of the Cambodian Genocide by Rithy Panh”. Litera: Journal of Language, Literature and Culture Studies, vol. 28, no. 2, 2018, pp. 131-49, doi:10.26650/LITERA477513.
Vancouver Alkan D. Images and Words: Remembrance and Reconstruction of the Cambodian Genocide by Rithy Panh. Litera. 2018;28(2):131-49.