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BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER ÇEVRE PROGRAMI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME

Year 2013, Volume: 33 Issue: 1, 61 - 90, 03.03.2016

Abstract

1972 tarihli Stockholm Bildirisini müteakip kurulan Birleşmiş Milletler Çevre Programı (UNEP), kurulduğu tarihten itibaren Birleşmiş Milletler (BM) yapısı içerisinde çevre faaliyetlerinde önemli rol oynamıştır. Çevre yönetimi, ozon tabakasının incelmesi, iklim değişikliği, denizlere ilişkin bölgesel programlar gibi birçok alanda Devletlerin işbirliğini sağlamaya çalışmış, kalkınmakta olan Devletlerin çevre faaliyetlerine katkıda bulunmuştur. Günümüzde, küresel çevre sorunların artması ve çevreye ilişkin uluslararası çok farklı düzenlemelerin meydana getirilmesi ile bir program olarak etkinliği tartışmalara konu olmuştur. Programın BM içerisinde zayıf bulunması ve mali açıdan kısıtlı imkânlarla yönetilmesi uluslararası toplumda eleştirilere konu olmuş ve yerine yeni bir uluslararası örgüt kurulması veya güçlendirilerek yenilenmesi hususunda çeşitli fikirler ortaya atılmış- tır. Benzeri görüşler BM Genel Kurulunda da dile getirilmiş ve yakın geçmişte evrensel üyelik sistemine geçilmesi ve BM genel bütçesinde payının arttırılması gibi çeşitli adımlar atılmıştır. Elbette bu adımların yeterliliği de ayrıca tartışmaya açıktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Birleşmiş Milletler Çevre Programı, BMÇP, Uluslararası Çevre Örgütleri, Uluslararası Çevre Hukuku, Rio+20 Zirvesi, Birleşmiş Milletler Genel Kurul Kararı 67/213.


References

  • BACON, T. C.; The Role of The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) in the Development of International Environmental Law, The Canadian Yearbook of International Law, 1974, s. 255-266.
  • BIRNIE, Patricia; BOYLE, Alan; REDGWELL, Catherine; International Law and the Environment, Third Edition, Oxford University Press, New York, 2009.
  • BROWNLIE, Ian; Principles of Public International Law, Seventh Edition, Oxford University Press, New York,
  • CHAMBERS, Bradnee W.; From Environmental to Sustainable Development Governance: Thirty Years of Coordination Within the United Nations, Reforming International Environmental Governance, Ed. By. Bradnee W. Chambers & Jessica F. Green, United Nations Press, New York, 2005, s. 13-39.
  • DESAI, Bharat H.; Institutionalizing International Environmental Law, Transnational Publishers, Ardsley NY, 2004.
  • DESAI, Bharat H.; Quest for a UN Specialised Agency for the Environment, The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 101(2), 2012: Special Issue: Environmental Governance: Securing Our Common Wealth, s. 1-13.
  • DURU, Bülent; Dünya Bankası, GEF ve Küresel Çevre Sorunları, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 58-2, s. 79-95.
  • ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BUSINESS ETHICS AND SOCIETY, UNEP, 2008, Sage Publications.
  • ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GEOGRAPHY, UNEP, Sage Publications, 2010. FARR, Karen Tylor; A New Global Environmental Organization, Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, Vol. 28, 1999-2000, s. 493-525.
  • HIERLMEIER, Jodie; UNEP: Retrospect and Prospect - Options for Reforming the Global Environmental Governance Regime, Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, Vol. 14, 2001-2002, s. 767-805.
  • HEIMER, Matthew; The UN Environment Programme: Thinking Globally, Retreating Locally, Yale Human Rights & Development Law Journal, Vol. 1, 1998, s. 129-136.
  • IVANOVA, Maria; Understanding UNEP: Myths and Realities in Global Environmental Governance, 2006, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, (çevrimiçi) proquest.com 10.05.2013.
  • KISS, Alexander; SHELTON, Dinah; Guide to International Environmental Law, Leiden Netherlands, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2007.
  • KOCH, Philippe; PERREZ, Franz Xaver; International Environmental Governance: The Strive Towards a Comprehensive, Coherent, Effective and Efficient Environmental Regime, Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy, Vol. 6, 2005, s. 1-25.
  • LOUKA, Elli; International Environmental Law: Fairness, Effectiveness and World Order, Cambridge University Press, United States, 2006.
  • MURPHY, Sean; Principles of International Law, Thomson-West, United States, 2006.
  • NAGAI, Masa; UNEP Factsheet: Environmental Governance, (çevrimiçi) unep.org, 15.05.2013.
  • NAJAM, Adil; The Case Against a New Environmental Organization, Global Governance Vol. 9, 2003, s. 367-384.
  • OHLENDORF, Nils Meyer; Would a United Nations Environment Organization Help to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals?, Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law, Vol. 15 (1), 2006, s. 23-29.
  • PETSONK, Carol Annette; The Role of The United Nations Environment Programme (Unep) in the Development of International Environmental Law, American University International Law Review, Vol. 5, 19891990, s. 351-392.
  • SAND, Peter H.; Lessons Learned in Global Environmental Governance, Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review, Vol. 18(2), s. 213277.
  • SANDS, Philippe; Principles of International Environmental Law, Cambridge University Press, United States, 2003.
  • STEINER, Achim; Focusing on the Good or the Bad: What Can International Environmental Law Do to Accelerate the Transition Towards a Green Economy?, American University International Law Review, Vol. 25, No. 5, 2010, s. 834-875.
  • STRUTHERS, David; The United Nations Environment Program After a Decade: The Nairobi Session of a Special Character, May 1981, Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, Vol. 12, 1982-1983, s. 269-284.
  • UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME ENVIRONMENTAL LAW UNIT; RUMEL-BULSKA, Iwona vd.; Summary of UNEP Activities on Environmental Law in 1989, Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law & Policy, 1990, s. 147-157.
  • WAKEFIELD, Penny; Is UNEP still a good investment?, Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, Vol. 24, No. 4, May 1982, s. 7-38.
  • ZAHEDI, Kaveh; UNEP Factsheet: Climate Change, (çevrimiçi) www. unep.org, 15.04.2013.

A REVIEW OF UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAM

Year 2013, Volume: 33 Issue: 1, 61 - 90, 03.03.2016

Abstract

Since its implementation after the Stockholm Declaration in 1972, the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), has played a significant role in environmental activi- ties in the United Nations (UN) System. UNEP has sought the coordination of states in areas such as environmental governance, depletion of the ozone layer, climate change and the regional seas; it has also assisted the developing states in environmental activi- ties. Nowadays, a world with increasing global environmental problems and variety of arrangements presents the question whether UNEP is sufficient as a UN Program. UNEP has been criticized by the international community for being a weak program in the UN system with limited sources. Strengthening the UNEP or establishing a new environmental organization are some of the ideas put forward. UNEP has been a topic of discussion in the United Nations General Assembly for some time, and recently a number of decisions were taken to increase the general budget and to enable universal membership. There is yet another debate about whether those actions will be sufficient or not.

References

  • BACON, T. C.; The Role of The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) in the Development of International Environmental Law, The Canadian Yearbook of International Law, 1974, s. 255-266.
  • BIRNIE, Patricia; BOYLE, Alan; REDGWELL, Catherine; International Law and the Environment, Third Edition, Oxford University Press, New York, 2009.
  • BROWNLIE, Ian; Principles of Public International Law, Seventh Edition, Oxford University Press, New York,
  • CHAMBERS, Bradnee W.; From Environmental to Sustainable Development Governance: Thirty Years of Coordination Within the United Nations, Reforming International Environmental Governance, Ed. By. Bradnee W. Chambers & Jessica F. Green, United Nations Press, New York, 2005, s. 13-39.
  • DESAI, Bharat H.; Institutionalizing International Environmental Law, Transnational Publishers, Ardsley NY, 2004.
  • DESAI, Bharat H.; Quest for a UN Specialised Agency for the Environment, The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 101(2), 2012: Special Issue: Environmental Governance: Securing Our Common Wealth, s. 1-13.
  • DURU, Bülent; Dünya Bankası, GEF ve Küresel Çevre Sorunları, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 58-2, s. 79-95.
  • ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BUSINESS ETHICS AND SOCIETY, UNEP, 2008, Sage Publications.
  • ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GEOGRAPHY, UNEP, Sage Publications, 2010. FARR, Karen Tylor; A New Global Environmental Organization, Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, Vol. 28, 1999-2000, s. 493-525.
  • HIERLMEIER, Jodie; UNEP: Retrospect and Prospect - Options for Reforming the Global Environmental Governance Regime, Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, Vol. 14, 2001-2002, s. 767-805.
  • HEIMER, Matthew; The UN Environment Programme: Thinking Globally, Retreating Locally, Yale Human Rights & Development Law Journal, Vol. 1, 1998, s. 129-136.
  • IVANOVA, Maria; Understanding UNEP: Myths and Realities in Global Environmental Governance, 2006, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, (çevrimiçi) proquest.com 10.05.2013.
  • KISS, Alexander; SHELTON, Dinah; Guide to International Environmental Law, Leiden Netherlands, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2007.
  • KOCH, Philippe; PERREZ, Franz Xaver; International Environmental Governance: The Strive Towards a Comprehensive, Coherent, Effective and Efficient Environmental Regime, Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy, Vol. 6, 2005, s. 1-25.
  • LOUKA, Elli; International Environmental Law: Fairness, Effectiveness and World Order, Cambridge University Press, United States, 2006.
  • MURPHY, Sean; Principles of International Law, Thomson-West, United States, 2006.
  • NAGAI, Masa; UNEP Factsheet: Environmental Governance, (çevrimiçi) unep.org, 15.05.2013.
  • NAJAM, Adil; The Case Against a New Environmental Organization, Global Governance Vol. 9, 2003, s. 367-384.
  • OHLENDORF, Nils Meyer; Would a United Nations Environment Organization Help to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals?, Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law, Vol. 15 (1), 2006, s. 23-29.
  • PETSONK, Carol Annette; The Role of The United Nations Environment Programme (Unep) in the Development of International Environmental Law, American University International Law Review, Vol. 5, 19891990, s. 351-392.
  • SAND, Peter H.; Lessons Learned in Global Environmental Governance, Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review, Vol. 18(2), s. 213277.
  • SANDS, Philippe; Principles of International Environmental Law, Cambridge University Press, United States, 2003.
  • STEINER, Achim; Focusing on the Good or the Bad: What Can International Environmental Law Do to Accelerate the Transition Towards a Green Economy?, American University International Law Review, Vol. 25, No. 5, 2010, s. 834-875.
  • STRUTHERS, David; The United Nations Environment Program After a Decade: The Nairobi Session of a Special Character, May 1981, Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, Vol. 12, 1982-1983, s. 269-284.
  • UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME ENVIRONMENTAL LAW UNIT; RUMEL-BULSKA, Iwona vd.; Summary of UNEP Activities on Environmental Law in 1989, Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law & Policy, 1990, s. 147-157.
  • WAKEFIELD, Penny; Is UNEP still a good investment?, Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, Vol. 24, No. 4, May 1982, s. 7-38.
  • ZAHEDI, Kaveh; UNEP Factsheet: Climate Change, (çevrimiçi) www. unep.org, 15.04.2013.
There are 27 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Law in Context
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ali Kayhan This is me

Publication Date March 3, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2013 Volume: 33 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kayhan, A. (2016). BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER ÇEVRE PROGRAMI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME. Milletlerarası Hukuk Ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni, 33(1), 61-90.
AMA Kayhan A. BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER ÇEVRE PROGRAMI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME. Milletlerarası Hukuk ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni. March 2016;33(1):61-90.
Chicago Kayhan, Ali. “BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER ÇEVRE PROGRAMI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME”. Milletlerarası Hukuk Ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni 33, no. 1 (March 2016): 61-90.
EndNote Kayhan A (March 1, 2016) BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER ÇEVRE PROGRAMI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME. Milletlerarası Hukuk ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni 33 1 61–90.
IEEE A. Kayhan, “BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER ÇEVRE PROGRAMI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME”, Milletlerarası Hukuk ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 61–90, 2016.
ISNAD Kayhan, Ali. “BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER ÇEVRE PROGRAMI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME”. Milletlerarası Hukuk ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni 33/1 (March 2016), 61-90.
JAMA Kayhan A. BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER ÇEVRE PROGRAMI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME. Milletlerarası Hukuk ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni. 2016;33:61–90.
MLA Kayhan, Ali. “BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER ÇEVRE PROGRAMI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME”. Milletlerarası Hukuk Ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni, vol. 33, no. 1, 2016, pp. 61-90.
Vancouver Kayhan A. BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER ÇEVRE PROGRAMI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME. Milletlerarası Hukuk ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni. 2016;33(1):61-90.