Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Investor-Citizenship Concept in Comparative Law and Turkish Law: Ius Pecuniae

Year 2018, Volume: 38 Issue: 1, 191 - 216, 05.09.2018

Abstract

Recently, many states have started to develop programs that facilitate the citizenship applications of wealthy individuals
investing in their adopted countries. In comparative law, some states entitle the investors to reside in the country,
and the acquisition of citizenship comes after the usual requirements for residency and other conditions are met. On
the other hand, in some of the other state and administration practices, investors are allowed to acquire citizenship
directly, without going through the normal naturalization procedures. The main criticism of the doctrine toward investor
citizenship concept is the lack of a genuine link, based on the notion of the Nottebohm case of the International Court
of Justice, between the individual and the state and society. The regulation enabling foreign investors to acquire Turkish
citizenship has recently been approved in Turkish law, by means of the sub-paragraph (b) added to the first paragraph of
Article 12 of the Turkish Citizenship Act No. 5901. The main point of criticism in the doctrine is also valid for Turkish law,
in terms of certain types of investment, which are enshrined in the aforementioned Act. 

References

  • ARMSTRONG Chris, The Price of Selling Citizenship, Should Citizenship be for Sale?, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European Union Democracy Observatory on Citizenship, EUI Working Paper, Ed. Ayelet Shachar/ Rainer Bauböck, RSCAS 2014/01.
  • BARBULESCU Roxana, Global Mobility Corridors for the Ultra-Rich The Neoliberal Transformation of Citizenship, Should Citizenship be for Sale?, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European Union Democracy Observatory on Citizenship, EUI Working Paper, Ed. Ayelet Shachar/ Rainer Bauböck, RSCAS 2014/01.
  • BAUBÖCK Rainer, What is wrong with selling citizenship? It corrupts democracy! Should Citizenship be for Sale?, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European Union Democracy Observatory on Citizenship, EUI Working Paper, Ed. Ayelet Shachar/ Rainer Bauböck, RSCAS 2014/01.
  • BUCHANAN James Michael, An Economic Theory of Clubs, Economica, New Series, Vol. 32, No. 125, 1-14, February 1965 (https://www.jstor.org).
  • CARRERA Sergio, How Much Does EU Citizenship Cost? The Maltese Citizenship-for-Sale Affair: A Breakthrough for Sincere Cooperation in Citizenship of the Union? CEPS Papers in Liberty and Security in Europe, No. 64, April 2014.
  • ÇELİKEL Aysel, Yabancılar Hukuku, Yenilenmiş 23. Baskı, Beta Yayınları, İstanbul, Mart 2017
  • DEMİRKOL Berk, Uluslararası Hukukta Dikkate Alınan Vatandaşlık: Gerçek Kişilerde “Etkin Vatandaşlık” Sorunsalı, Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 159-193, 2015/2.
  • DOĞAN Vahit, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku, Savaş Yayınevi, Güncellenmiş 14. Baskı, Ankara, Eylül 2017.
  • DOĞAN Vahit, Türk Yabancılar Hukuku, Yenilenmiş 2. Baskı, Ankara, 2017.
  • DZANKIC Jelena, Investment-Based Citizenship and Residence Programmes in the EU, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, EUDO Citizenship Observatory, RSCAS 2015/08. (Investment-Based Citizenship)
  • DZANKIC Jelena, The Maltese Falcon, or: My Porsche for a Passport!, Should Citizenship be for Sale?, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European Union Democracy Observatory on Citizenship, EUI Working Paper, Ed. Ayelet Shachar/ Rainer Bauböck, RSCAS 2014/01. (The Maltese Falcon)
  • DZANKIC Jelena, The Pros and Cons of Ius Pecuniae: Investor Citizenship in Comparative Perspective, EUI Working Papers, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, EUDO Citizenship Observatory, RSCAS 2012/14. (Ius Pecuniae)
  • ERDEM B. Bahadır, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku, 3. Baskı, Beta Yayınları, İstanbul, Ekim 2013.
  • EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT Resolution on EU citizenship For Sale - 2013/2995 (RSP).
  • GÜNGÖR Gülin, Tabiiyet Hukuku Gerçek Kişiler-Tüzel Kişiler-Şeyler, Yetkin Yayınları, 5. Bası, Ankara 2017.
  • http://homepage.univie.ac.at/
  • http://workpermit.com/immigration/united-kingdom/tier-1-investor-visa
  • http://workpermit.com/immigration/united-kingdom/tier-1-investor-visa
  • http://www.europarl.europa.eu/
  • http://www.icj-cij.org/
  • http://www.sef.pt/
  • http://www.sknsidf.org/
  • http://www2.tbmm.gov.tr/
  • https://ab.gov.tr/files/pub/antlasmalar.pdf
  • https://www.eui.eu/Projects/EUDO/
  • https://www.henleyglobal.com/residence-canada-residence/
  • https://www.henleyglobal.com/residence-switzerland/
  • https://www.henleyglobal.com/residence-united-kingdom-res-cit/
  • https://www.henleyglobal.com/residence-united-states-overview/
  • https://www.jstor.org
  • https://www.nvi.gov.tr/
  • KOCHENOV Dimitry, Citizenship for Real: Its Hypocrisy, Its Randomness, Its Price, Should Citizenship be for Sale?, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European Union Democracy Observatory on Citizenship, EUI Working Paper, Ed. Ayelet Shachar/ Rainer Bauböck, RSCAS 2014/01.
  • NOMER Ergin, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku, 23. Bası, Filiz Kitabevi, İstanbul, Kasım 2017.
  • OCHOA Paulina, What Money Can’t Buy: Face-to-Face Cooperation and Local Democratic Life, Should Citizenship be for Sale?, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European Union Democracy Observatory on Citizenship, EUI Working Paper, Ed. Ayelet Shachar/ Rainer Bauböck, RSCAS 2014/01.
  • ÖZKAN Işıl, Avrupa Birliği Kamu Hukuku Lizbon Antlaşmasındaki Son Değişikliklerle, Seçkin Yayınevi, Ankara 2011.
  • PARKER Owen, Commercializing Citizenship in Crisis EU: The Case of Immigrant Investor Programmes, Journal of Common Market Studies (JCMS), Vol. 55. No. 2, 332-348, 2017.
  • SCHNEIDER Jeffrey C./ Diaz-Cortes Marcelo, The Bitter Side of Ius Pecuniae in the United States: Risks Facing EB-5 Investors, Miami, International Law Quarterly, 37-40, Vol. XXXIII, No. 2, Spring 2017.
  • SHACHAR Ayelet, Dangerous Liaisons: Money and Citizenship, Should Citizenship be for Sale?, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European Union Democracy Observatory on Citizenship, EUI Working Paper, Ed. Ayelet Shachar/ Rainer Bauböck, RSCAS 2014/01.
  • STERN Joachim, Ius Pecuniae - Staatsbürgerschaft Zwischen Ausreichendem Lebensunterhalt, Mindestsicherung und Menschenwürde, Migration und Integration - Wissenschaftliche Perspektiven aus Österreich, Vienna University Press, 55-74, Jahrbuch 1/2011.
  • SUMPTION Madeleine/ HOOPER Kate, Selling Visas and Citizenship: Policy Questions from the Global Boom in Investor Immigration Report, Migration Policy Institute, Washington DC, October 2014.
  • SURAK Kristin, Global Citizenship 2.0 The Growth of Citizenship by Investment Programs, Investment Migration Working Paper, IMC-RP 2016/3.
  • TEKİNALP/ TEKİNALP; Avrupa Birliği Hukuku, Güncelleştirilmiş 2. Bası, Beta Yayınları, İstanbul 2000.
  • TURAN Turgut/ TANRIBİLİR Feriha Bilge, Vatandaşlık Hukuku, Yetkin Yayınları, 4. Baskı, Ankara 2017.
  • WALZER Michael, Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality, Basic Books, 1983 (Dzankic, 2012, 2 ve 3’ten naklen).
  • XU Xin/ EL-ASHRAM Ahmed/ GOLD Judith, Too Much of a Good Thing? Prudent Management of Inflows under Economic Citizenship Programs, IMF Working Paper, May 2015.

Mukayeseli Hukukta ve Türk Hukukunda Yatırımcı Vatandaşlık Olgusu: Ius Pecuniae

Year 2018, Volume: 38 Issue: 1, 191 - 216, 05.09.2018

Abstract

Günümüzde pek çok devlet, ülkelerinde yatırım yapan varlıklı bireylerin, o devletin vatandaşlığını kolaylaştırılmış biçimde

kazanmasına imkân tanıyan bazı programlar geliştirmektedir. Mukayeseli hukukta bazı devletlerin hukuk nizamlarında

yatırımcılara, öncelikle ilgili ülkede ikamet etme hakkı verilmekte, vatandaşlığın iktisabı ise söz konusu ikamet şartı ve

öngörülen diğer şartların karşılanmasından sonra gündeme gelmektedir. Buna karşılık başka bazı devlet ve yönetim

uygulamalarında ise ikamet ve diğer şartlar aranmaksızın, yatırımcıların doğrudan vatandaşlık kazanabilmelerine imkân

tanınmaktadır. Yatırımcı vatandaşlık olgusuna ilişkin doktrindeki eleştiri noktasını, temeli Uluslararası Adalet Divanının

Nottebohm kararına dayanan, birey ile devlet ve toplum arasında gerçek bir bağ kurulamaması oluşturmaktadır. Türk

hukukunda yabancı yatırımcıların Türk vatandaşlığını kazanmalarına imkân sağlayan düzenleme, yakın zamanda, 5901

sayılı Türk Vatandaşlığı Kanununun 12. maddesinin birinci fıkrasına eklenen (b) bendiyle kabul edilmiştir. Doktrindeki

temel eleştiri, Türk hukukunda söz konusu düzenlemeyle uygulamaya konan bazı yatırım türleri bakımından da geçerlilik

arz etmektedir.

References

  • ARMSTRONG Chris, The Price of Selling Citizenship, Should Citizenship be for Sale?, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European Union Democracy Observatory on Citizenship, EUI Working Paper, Ed. Ayelet Shachar/ Rainer Bauböck, RSCAS 2014/01.
  • BARBULESCU Roxana, Global Mobility Corridors for the Ultra-Rich The Neoliberal Transformation of Citizenship, Should Citizenship be for Sale?, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European Union Democracy Observatory on Citizenship, EUI Working Paper, Ed. Ayelet Shachar/ Rainer Bauböck, RSCAS 2014/01.
  • BAUBÖCK Rainer, What is wrong with selling citizenship? It corrupts democracy! Should Citizenship be for Sale?, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European Union Democracy Observatory on Citizenship, EUI Working Paper, Ed. Ayelet Shachar/ Rainer Bauböck, RSCAS 2014/01.
  • BUCHANAN James Michael, An Economic Theory of Clubs, Economica, New Series, Vol. 32, No. 125, 1-14, February 1965 (https://www.jstor.org).
  • CARRERA Sergio, How Much Does EU Citizenship Cost? The Maltese Citizenship-for-Sale Affair: A Breakthrough for Sincere Cooperation in Citizenship of the Union? CEPS Papers in Liberty and Security in Europe, No. 64, April 2014.
  • ÇELİKEL Aysel, Yabancılar Hukuku, Yenilenmiş 23. Baskı, Beta Yayınları, İstanbul, Mart 2017
  • DEMİRKOL Berk, Uluslararası Hukukta Dikkate Alınan Vatandaşlık: Gerçek Kişilerde “Etkin Vatandaşlık” Sorunsalı, Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 159-193, 2015/2.
  • DOĞAN Vahit, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku, Savaş Yayınevi, Güncellenmiş 14. Baskı, Ankara, Eylül 2017.
  • DOĞAN Vahit, Türk Yabancılar Hukuku, Yenilenmiş 2. Baskı, Ankara, 2017.
  • DZANKIC Jelena, Investment-Based Citizenship and Residence Programmes in the EU, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, EUDO Citizenship Observatory, RSCAS 2015/08. (Investment-Based Citizenship)
  • DZANKIC Jelena, The Maltese Falcon, or: My Porsche for a Passport!, Should Citizenship be for Sale?, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European Union Democracy Observatory on Citizenship, EUI Working Paper, Ed. Ayelet Shachar/ Rainer Bauböck, RSCAS 2014/01. (The Maltese Falcon)
  • DZANKIC Jelena, The Pros and Cons of Ius Pecuniae: Investor Citizenship in Comparative Perspective, EUI Working Papers, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, EUDO Citizenship Observatory, RSCAS 2012/14. (Ius Pecuniae)
  • ERDEM B. Bahadır, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku, 3. Baskı, Beta Yayınları, İstanbul, Ekim 2013.
  • EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT Resolution on EU citizenship For Sale - 2013/2995 (RSP).
  • GÜNGÖR Gülin, Tabiiyet Hukuku Gerçek Kişiler-Tüzel Kişiler-Şeyler, Yetkin Yayınları, 5. Bası, Ankara 2017.
  • http://homepage.univie.ac.at/
  • http://workpermit.com/immigration/united-kingdom/tier-1-investor-visa
  • http://workpermit.com/immigration/united-kingdom/tier-1-investor-visa
  • http://www.europarl.europa.eu/
  • http://www.icj-cij.org/
  • http://www.sef.pt/
  • http://www.sknsidf.org/
  • http://www2.tbmm.gov.tr/
  • https://ab.gov.tr/files/pub/antlasmalar.pdf
  • https://www.eui.eu/Projects/EUDO/
  • https://www.henleyglobal.com/residence-canada-residence/
  • https://www.henleyglobal.com/residence-switzerland/
  • https://www.henleyglobal.com/residence-united-kingdom-res-cit/
  • https://www.henleyglobal.com/residence-united-states-overview/
  • https://www.jstor.org
  • https://www.nvi.gov.tr/
  • KOCHENOV Dimitry, Citizenship for Real: Its Hypocrisy, Its Randomness, Its Price, Should Citizenship be for Sale?, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European Union Democracy Observatory on Citizenship, EUI Working Paper, Ed. Ayelet Shachar/ Rainer Bauböck, RSCAS 2014/01.
  • NOMER Ergin, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku, 23. Bası, Filiz Kitabevi, İstanbul, Kasım 2017.
  • OCHOA Paulina, What Money Can’t Buy: Face-to-Face Cooperation and Local Democratic Life, Should Citizenship be for Sale?, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European Union Democracy Observatory on Citizenship, EUI Working Paper, Ed. Ayelet Shachar/ Rainer Bauböck, RSCAS 2014/01.
  • ÖZKAN Işıl, Avrupa Birliği Kamu Hukuku Lizbon Antlaşmasındaki Son Değişikliklerle, Seçkin Yayınevi, Ankara 2011.
  • PARKER Owen, Commercializing Citizenship in Crisis EU: The Case of Immigrant Investor Programmes, Journal of Common Market Studies (JCMS), Vol. 55. No. 2, 332-348, 2017.
  • SCHNEIDER Jeffrey C./ Diaz-Cortes Marcelo, The Bitter Side of Ius Pecuniae in the United States: Risks Facing EB-5 Investors, Miami, International Law Quarterly, 37-40, Vol. XXXIII, No. 2, Spring 2017.
  • SHACHAR Ayelet, Dangerous Liaisons: Money and Citizenship, Should Citizenship be for Sale?, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European Union Democracy Observatory on Citizenship, EUI Working Paper, Ed. Ayelet Shachar/ Rainer Bauböck, RSCAS 2014/01.
  • STERN Joachim, Ius Pecuniae - Staatsbürgerschaft Zwischen Ausreichendem Lebensunterhalt, Mindestsicherung und Menschenwürde, Migration und Integration - Wissenschaftliche Perspektiven aus Österreich, Vienna University Press, 55-74, Jahrbuch 1/2011.
  • SUMPTION Madeleine/ HOOPER Kate, Selling Visas and Citizenship: Policy Questions from the Global Boom in Investor Immigration Report, Migration Policy Institute, Washington DC, October 2014.
  • SURAK Kristin, Global Citizenship 2.0 The Growth of Citizenship by Investment Programs, Investment Migration Working Paper, IMC-RP 2016/3.
  • TEKİNALP/ TEKİNALP; Avrupa Birliği Hukuku, Güncelleştirilmiş 2. Bası, Beta Yayınları, İstanbul 2000.
  • TURAN Turgut/ TANRIBİLİR Feriha Bilge, Vatandaşlık Hukuku, Yetkin Yayınları, 4. Baskı, Ankara 2017.
  • WALZER Michael, Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality, Basic Books, 1983 (Dzankic, 2012, 2 ve 3’ten naklen).
  • XU Xin/ EL-ASHRAM Ahmed/ GOLD Judith, Too Much of a Good Thing? Prudent Management of Inflows under Economic Citizenship Programs, IMF Working Paper, May 2015.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Alper Çağrı Yılmaz This is me

Publication Date September 5, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 38 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Yılmaz, A. Ç. (2018). Mukayeseli Hukukta ve Türk Hukukunda Yatırımcı Vatandaşlık Olgusu: Ius Pecuniae. Milletlerarası Hukuk Ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni, 38(1), 191-216.
AMA Yılmaz AÇ. Mukayeseli Hukukta ve Türk Hukukunda Yatırımcı Vatandaşlık Olgusu: Ius Pecuniae. Milletlerarası Hukuk ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni. September 2018;38(1):191-216.
Chicago Yılmaz, Alper Çağrı. “Mukayeseli Hukukta Ve Türk Hukukunda Yatırımcı Vatandaşlık Olgusu: Ius Pecuniae”. Milletlerarası Hukuk Ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni 38, no. 1 (September 2018): 191-216.
EndNote Yılmaz AÇ (September 1, 2018) Mukayeseli Hukukta ve Türk Hukukunda Yatırımcı Vatandaşlık Olgusu: Ius Pecuniae. Milletlerarası Hukuk ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni 38 1 191–216.
IEEE A. Ç. Yılmaz, “Mukayeseli Hukukta ve Türk Hukukunda Yatırımcı Vatandaşlık Olgusu: Ius Pecuniae”, Milletlerarası Hukuk ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 191–216, 2018.
ISNAD Yılmaz, Alper Çağrı. “Mukayeseli Hukukta Ve Türk Hukukunda Yatırımcı Vatandaşlık Olgusu: Ius Pecuniae”. Milletlerarası Hukuk ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni 38/1 (September 2018), 191-216.
JAMA Yılmaz AÇ. Mukayeseli Hukukta ve Türk Hukukunda Yatırımcı Vatandaşlık Olgusu: Ius Pecuniae. Milletlerarası Hukuk ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni. 2018;38:191–216.
MLA Yılmaz, Alper Çağrı. “Mukayeseli Hukukta Ve Türk Hukukunda Yatırımcı Vatandaşlık Olgusu: Ius Pecuniae”. Milletlerarası Hukuk Ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni, vol. 38, no. 1, 2018, pp. 191-16.
Vancouver Yılmaz AÇ. Mukayeseli Hukukta ve Türk Hukukunda Yatırımcı Vatandaşlık Olgusu: Ius Pecuniae. Milletlerarası Hukuk ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni. 2018;38(1):191-216.