Investigation of the Effects of Authoritarian vs. Democratic Parental Attitudes, and Parental Attachment on Shame and Guilt by Quasi-Experimental Method

Abstract

In this research, the effects of authoritarian-democratic parental attitudes and children’s attachment to parents, on emotions of guilt and shame, were investigated. Authoritarian-democratic parental attitudes have been manipulated through vignettes presented to the participants, and emotions of guilt and shame have been measured in a scenario-based manner. To this end, two quasi-experimental studies have been carried out. A total of 143 primary school students, 72 in the first study (41 females, 31 males), and 71 in the second study (37 females, 34 males) participated in the research. In the first study, parental attachments were obtained before the manipulation, and they were included in the MANCOVA as a covariant variable. According to the results, attachment to the mother had a significant main effect on shame. On the other hand, authoritarian-democratic parental attitudes did not have significant effects either on guilt or on shame. Therefore, attachments to the parents were measured after the manipulation in order to eradicate its priming effect on emotions in the second study. The second study showed that both insecure attachments to the mother and to the father have significant moderation effects on shame. However, according to bootstrapping done on 5000 samples, only the moderation effect of insecure attachment to the father was significant. That is, participants who are insecurely attached to their fathers reported more shame when parents in the vignettes responded with democratic attitudes towards adolescents’ lying. A highly positive correlation between guilt and shame was observed in both studies as well, but no significant effect of gender on shame and guilt was found.

Keywords

• Authoritarian vs. democratic parents’ attitude,guilt,parental attachment,quasi-experimental research,shame

Otoriter veya Demokratik Ebeveyn Tutumunun ve Ebeveyne Bağlanma Biçiminin Suçluluk ve Utanç Duygularına Etkisinin Yarı-Deneysel Yöntemle İncelenmesi

Abstract

Bu araştırmada, yalan söyleyen bir ergenin otoriter veya demokratik ebeveyn tutumuyla karşılaşmasının, ayrıca, ebeveyne bağlanma biçiminin suçluluk ve utanç duygularını ne derece etkilediği incelenmiştir. Otoriter-demokratik ebeveyn tutumları, katılımcılara sunulan senaryolar vasıtasıyla değişimlenmiş, suçluluk ve utanç duyguları da senaryo-temelli bir biçimde ölçülmüştür. Bu amaçla iki yarı-deneysel çalışma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Birinci çalışmada 72 (41 kız, 31 erkek), ikinci çalışmada 71 (37 kız, 34 erkek) olmak üzere toplam 143 ilköğretim öğrencisi araştırmaya katılmıştır. Birinci çalışmada anneye ve babaya bağlanma envanteri, manipülasyondan önce uygulanarak MANCOVA’ya kovaryant değişken olarak dâhil edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, anneye güvenli bağlanmanın suçluluk duygusu üzerindeki temel etkisinin anlamlı olduğunu göstermiştir. Buna karşın, senaryo aracılığıyla değişimlenen otoriter-demokratik ebeveyn tutumları, katılımcıların suçluluk veya utanç duyguları üzerinde anlamlı bir etki ortaya çıkarmamıştır. Ebeveyne bağlanma envanterini başta uygulamanın duygular üzerinde hazırlayıcı bir etki ortaya çıkarabileceği düşünüldüğünden, ikinci çalışmada bağlanma ölçümü manipülasyondan sonra alınmıştır. İkinci çalışmanın analizleri sonunda hem anneye hem babaya güvensiz bağlanmanın demokratik ebeveyn tutumu koşulundaki katılımcıların suçluluk duygusu üzerinde anlamlı bir düzenleyici etkiye sahip olduğu bulunmuştur. 5000 örneklem üzerinde yapılan bootstrapping analizi, babaya güvensiz bağlanmanın suçluluk üzerindeki düzenleyici etkisinin anlamlı olduğunu göstermiştir. Babaya güvensiz bağlanan ergenler, yalan söyledikleri durumda senaryodaki gibi demokratik bir baba tutumuyla karşılaştığında, hatayı onarıcı bir duygu olan suçluluk duygusunu anlamlı olarak daha fazla hissettiklerini belirtmişlerdir. Her iki çalışmada da suçluluk ve utanç duyguları birbiriyle yüksek düzeyde pozitif ilişki göstermiştir. Buna karşın, cinsiyetin suçluluk ve utanç duyguları üzerinde anlamlı bir etkisi gözlenmemiştir.

Keywords

• otoriter-demokratik ebeveyn tutumu,suçluluk,utanç,Ebeveyne bağlanma,yarı-deneysel çalışma

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