Adaptation of the Bergen Work Addition Scale into Turkish: A Validity and Reliability Testing Study

Year 2020, , 105 - 125, 27.03.2020

Emrah Özsoy

https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0002

Abstract

This study aimed to adapt the Bergen Work Addiction Scale (BWAS) developed by Andreassen, Griffiths, Hetland and Pallesen (2012) into Turkish and to test its validity and reliability. In this context, the factor structure (confirmatory factor analyses), construct validity (convergent validity and relations with other structures), and reliability (internal consistency) of the Turkish version of BWAS (BWAS-T) were tested. In order to test the convergent validity of the scale, the relationship of BWAS-T with a Turkish form of the Dutch Work Addiction Scale was examined. To test the relationship of the scale with other structures, the relationship of BWAS-T with job stress, job satisfaction, life satisfaction, and weekly average working hours was examined. The properties of the scale were tested with linguistic equivalence, item analysis, construct validity, and Cronbach Alpha reliability analysis methods. Two hundred ninety-four employees working in various sectors participated in the study. According to the findings of the study, it was determined that the values of the fit indices obtained for factor structure of BWAS-T were within an acceptable range and that the one-factor structure was supported in accordance with the original study. Confirmatory factor analysis findings were χ2 = 45.916, p < .001, χ2/df = 3.53, TLI = .88, CFI = .93, GFI = .96, AGFI = .91, RMSEA = .07. The internal consistency value of BWAS-T was calculated as .78 and it was concluded that reliability of the scale was acceptable. It was found that BWAS-T has positive associations with DUWAS-TR’s total score and DUWAS-TR’s sub-dimensions (i.e., working excessively and working compulsively), and thus the convergent validity was supported. As expected, BWAS-T was positively associated with job stress and weekly average working hours and negatively associated with job satisfaction and life satisfaction. In addition, BWAS-T and DUWAS-TR correlated with job stress, job satisfaction, life satisfaction and weekly average working hours with similar effect sizes. Based on these findings, BWAS-T is a measurement tool with evidence of psychometric properties.

Keywords

Workaholism, work addiction, Bergen work addiction scale, validity, reliability

Bergen İş Bağımlılığı Ölçeği’nin Türkçeye Uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Sınama Çalışması

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Andreassen, Griffiths, Hetland ve Pallesen (2012) tarafından geliştirilmiş Bergen İş Bağımlılığı Ölçeği’nin (Bergen Work Addiction Scale, BWAS) Türkçeye uyarlanması, geçerlik ve güvenirliğinin sınanması amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda BWAS’ın Türkçe formunun (BWAS-T) faktör yapısı (doğrulayıcı faktör analizi), yapı geçerliği (yakınsak geçerlik ve diğer yapılarla ilişkiler) ve güvenirliği (içsel tutarlılık) test edilmiştir. Ölçeğin yakınsak geçerliğinin sınanması için BWAS-T’nin, DUWAS İşkoliklik Ölçeği’nin Türkçe formu ile ilişkisi incelenmiştir. Ölçeğin diğer yapılarla ilişkisinin sınanması için iş stresi, iş tatmini, yaşam tatmini ve haftalık ortalama çalışma saati ile ilişkisi incelenmiştir. Ölçeğin özellikleri dilsel eşdeğerlik, madde analizi, yapı geçerliği ve Cronbach Alpha güvenirlik analizi yöntemleriyle sınanmıştır. Araştırmaya çeşitli sektörlerde çalışan 294 işgören katılmıştır. Araştırma bulgularına göre BWAS-T’nin faktör yapısına ilişkin elde edilen uyum indeksleri değerlerinin kabul edilebilir aralıkta olduğu ve orijinali ile uyumlu bir şekilde tek faktörlü yapısının desteklendiği tespit edilmiştir. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi bulguları, χ2 = 45.916, p < .001, χ2/df = 3.53, TLI = .88, CFI = .93, GFI = .96, AGFI = .91, RMSEA = .07 şeklindedir. BWAS-T’nin içsel tutarlılık değeri .78 olarak hesaplanmış ve ölçeğin güvenirliğinin kabul edilebilir düzeyde olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. BWAS-T’nin DUWAS-TR’nin toplam skoru ve DUWAS-TR’nin alt faktörleri (aşırı çalışma ve kompulsif çalışma) ile pozitif ilişkili olduğu ve yakınsak geçerliğinin desteklendiği sonucuna varılmıştır. Beklenildiği üzere BWAS-T, iş stresi ile pozitif iş tatmini ve yaşam tatmini ile de negatif bir ilişki sergilemiştir. Ayrıca BWAS-T ve DUWASTR, iş stresi, iş tatmini, yaşam tatmini ve haftalık ortalama çalışma saati ile benzer etki büyüklüğünde korelasyon sergilemiştir. Tüm bu bulgulara dayanarak BWAST’nin psikometrik özelliklerine yönelik çeşitli kanıtlar elde edilmiş bir ölçüm aracı olduğu söylenebilir.

Keywords

İşkoliklik, iş bağımlılığı, Bergen iş bağımlılığı ölçeği, geçerlik, güvenirlik

References

• Akçakanat, T., Muhammet, M., ve Demirgil, Z. (2017). İşkolikliğin kuşaklara göre karşılaştırılması: Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi akademisyenleri üzerine bir araştırma. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(3), 135–155.
• Akın, U. ve Oğuz, E. (2010). Öğretmenlerin işkoliklik ve tükenmişlik düzeylerinin ilişkisi ve çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 16(3) 309–327.
• Andreassen, C. S. (2014). Workaholism: An overview and current status of research. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 3(1), 1–11. doi:10.1556/JBA.2.2013.017
• Andreassen, C. S., Griffiths, M. D., Hetland, J. ve Pallesen, S. (2012). Development of a work addiction scale. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 53(3), 265–72. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2012.00947.x
• Andreassen, C. S., Hetland, J., Molde, H. ve Pallesen, S. (2011). “Workaholism” and potential outcomes in wellbeing and health in a cross-occupational sample. Stress and Health, 27(3), 209– 214. doi:10.1002/smi.1366
• Andreassen, C, S., Hetland, J. ve Pallesen, S. (2014). Psychometric assessment of workaholism measures. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 29(1), 7–24. doi:10.1108/JMP-05-2013-0143
• Andreassen C. S., Pallesen S., ve Torsheim T. (2018). Workaholism as a mediator between work-related stressors and health outcomes.International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(1), 73. doi:10.3390/ijerph15010073
• Atroszko, P. A., Pallesen, S., Griffiths, M. D. ve Andreassen, C. S. (2017). Work addiction in Poland: Adaptation of the Bergen Work Addiction Scale and relationship with psychopathology. Health Psychology Report, 5(4), 345–355. doi:10.5114/hpr.2017.68759
• Avanzi, L., van Dick, R., Fraccaroli, F. ve Sarchielli, G. (2012). The downside of organizational identification: Relations between identification, workaholism and well-being. Work and Stress, 26(3), 289–307. doi:10.1080/02678373.2012.712291
• Aziz, S., Adkins, C. T., Walker, A. G., ve Wuensch, K. L. (2010). Workaholism and work–life imbalance: Does cultural origin influence the relationship? International Journal of Psychology, 41(1), 72–79. doi: 10.1080/00207590902913442
• Aziz, S., Wuensch, K. L. ve Brandon, H. R. (2010). A comparison among worker types using a composites approach and median splits. Psychological Record, 60(4), 627–642. doi:10.1007/BF03395736
• Aziz, S. ve Zickar, M. J. (2006). A cluster analysis investigation of workaholism as a syndrome. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11(1), 52–62. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.11.1.52
• Bilgin, N. (1995). Sosyal Psikolojiye Giriş. 3. Basım. İzmir Kitaplığı: İzmir.
• Bovornusvakool, W., Vodanovich, S. J., Ariyabuddhiphongs, C. ve Sakkaphat, N. (2012). Examining the antecedents and consequences of workaholism. The Psychologist-Manager Journal, 15(1), 56–70. doi:10.1080/10887156.2012.649994
• Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., ve Burke, R. (2009). Workaholism and relationship quality: A spillovercrossover perspective. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 14(1) 23–33. doi: 10.1037/ a0013290.
• Brayfield, A. H. ve Rothe, H. F. (1951). An index of job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 35(5), 307–311. doi:10.1037/h0055617
• Burke, R. J. (2000). Workaholism in organizations: Psychological and physical well–being consequences. Stress Medicine, 16(1)11–16. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1700(200001)16:1<11::AID-SMI825>3.0.CO;2-U
• Bulgurcu Gürel, E. B. ve Altunoğlu, A. E. (2016). İşkoliklik, iş stresi ve yaşam doyumu arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi: Muğla ilinde bir araştırma. Journal of International Social Research, 9(42), 1431–1438. doi:10.33206/mjss.460701
• Burke, R. J. ve MacDermid, G. (1999). Are workaholics job satisfied and successful in their careers? Career Development International, 4(5), 277–282. doi:10.1108/13620439910279761
• Cheung, F. ve Lucas, R. E. (2014). Assessing the validity of single-item life satisfaction measures: Results from three large samples. Quality of Life Research, 23(10), 2809–2818. doi:10.1007/ s11136-014-0726-4
• Clark, M. A., Michel, J. S., Stevens, G. W., Howell, J. W. ve Scruggs, R. S. (2014). Workaholism, work engagement, and work–family outcomes: Exploring the mediating role of positive and negative emotion traits. Stress and Health, 30(4), 287–300. doi:10.1002/smi.2511
• Clark, M. A., Michel, J. S., Zhdanova, L., Pui, S. ve Baltes, B. B. (2016). All work and no play? A metaanalytic examination of the correlates and outcomes of workaholism. Journal of Management, 42(7), 1836–1873. doi:10.1177/0149206314522301
• del Libano, M., Llorens, S., Salanova, M. ve Schaufeli, W. B. (2010). Validity of a brief workaholism scale. Psicothema, 22(1)143–150.
• del Libano, M., Llorens, S., Salanova, M. ve Schaufeli, W. B. (2012). About the dark and bright sides of selfefficacy: Workaholism and work engagement. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15(2), 688–701. doi:10.5209/rev_SJOP.2012.v15.n2.38883
• Doğan, S. ve Aslan, M. (2018). Psikolojik sermaye, içsel motivasyon ve iş tatmini ilişkisi. Ömer Halis Demir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(3)112–125. doi: 10.25287/ ohuiibf.423129
• Doğan, T. ve Tel, F. D. (2011). Duwas işkoliklik ölçeği Türkçe formunun (DUWAS-TR) geçerlik ve güvenirliğinin incelenmesi. AİBÜ, Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(1), 61–69.
• Efeoğlu, İ. E. (2006). İş-aile yaşam çatışmasının iş stresi, iş doyumu ve örgütsel bağlılık üzerindeki etkileri: İlaç sektöründe bir araştırma. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana.
• Emhan A., Mete M. ve Emhan, A. (2012). Kamu ve özel sektör çalışanlarında işkoliklik ve obsesyon arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Dicle Tıp Dergisi, 39(1), 75–79. doi:10.5798/ diclemedj.0921.2012.01.0098
• Ersoy-Kart, M. (2005). Reliability and validity of the Workaholism Battery (WORK-BAT): Turkish form. Social Behavior and Personality, 33(6), 609–618. doi:10.2224/sbp.2005.33.6.609
• Flowers, C. P. ve Robinson, B. E. (2002). A structural and discriminant analysis of the work addiction risk test. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 62(3), 517-526. doi:10.1177/00164402062003008
• House, R. J. ve Rizzo, J. R. (1972). Role conflict and ambiguity as critical variables in a model of organizational behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 7(3), 467–505. doi:10.1016/0030-5073(72)90030-X
• Jenaabadi, H., Nejad, B. A., Abadi, F. S. M., Haghi, R. ve Hojatinasab, M. (2016). Relationship of workaholism with stress and job burnout of elementary school teachers. Health, 8(1), 1–8. doi:10.4236/health.2016.81001
• Kanai, A., Wakabayashi, M. ve Fling, S. (1996). Workaholism among employees in Japanese corporations: An examination based on the Japanese version of the Workaholism Scales. Japanese Psychological Research, 38(4), 192–203. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5884.1996.tb00024.x
• Machlowitz, M. (1980). Workaholics: Living with them, working with them. New York: Simon & Schuster.
• McMillan, L. H. W., Brady, E. C., O’Driscoll, M. P. ve Marsh, N. V. (2002). A multifaceted validation study of Spence and Robbins’ (1992) Workaholism Battery. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75(3), 357–368. doi:10.1348/096317902320369758
• McMillan, L. H. W., O’Driscoll, M. P., Marsh, N. V. ve Brady, E. C. (2001). Under-standing workaholism: Data synthesis, theoretical critique, and future design strategies. International Journal of Stress Management, 8(2), 69–91. doi:10.1023/A:1009573129142
• Molino, M. (2012). Workaholism: Definitions, measures, and dynamics (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). University of Torino, İtalya.
• Molino, M., Bakker, A. B., ve Ghislieri, G. (2016). The role of workaholism in the job demandsresources model, Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 29(4), 400–414, doi: 10.1080/10615806.2015.1070833
• Mudrack, P. E. (2006). Understanding workaholism: The case for behavioral tendencies. R.J. Burke (Ed.), Research companion to working time and work addiction içinde (s. 108–128).
• Northapton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing. Myers, N., Ahn, S. ve Jin, Y. (2011). Sample size and power estimates for a confirmatory factor analytic model in exercise and sport: A Monte Carlo approach. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 82(3), 412–423. doi:10.1080/02701367.2011.10599773
• Ng, T. W. H., Sorensen, K. L. ve Feldman, D. C. (2007). Dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of workaholism: A conceptual integration and extension. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28, 111–136.
• Oates, W. E. (1971). Confessions of a workaholic: The facts about work addiction. New York: World Publishing.
• Orosz, G., Loránd, E., Dombi, E., Andreassen, C. S., Griffiths, M. D. ve Demetrovics, Z. (2016). Analyzing models of work addiction: Single factor and bi-factor models of the Bergen Work Addiction Scale. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 14, 662–671.
• Özsoy, E. (2018). Comparing the workaholism level of managers and non-managers. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 6(4), 806–821. doi:10.15295/bmij.v6i4.294
• Quinones, C. ve Griffiths, M. D. (2015). Addiction to work. A critical review of the workaholism construct and recommendations for assessment. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 53(10), 48–59. doi:10.3928/02793695-20150923-04
• Robinson, B. E. (1989). Workaholism: Hidden legacies of adult children.Deerfield Beach, FL. Health Communications. Robinson, B. E. (1999). The Work Addiction Risk Test: Development of a tentative measure of workaholism. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 88(1), 199–210. doi:10.2466/pms.1999.88.1.199
• Robinson, B. E., Flowers, C., ve Ng, K. M. (2006). The relationship between workaholism and marital disaffection: Husbands’ perspective. Family Journal, 14(3)213–220. doi.org/10.1177/1066480706287269
• Robinson, B. E. ve Post, P. (1994). Validity of the work addiction risk test. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 78(1), 337-338. doi:10.2466/pms.1994.78.1.337
• Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., van der Heijden, F. M. M. A. ve Prins, J. T. (2009). Workaholism, burnout, and well-being among junior doctors: The mediating role of role conflict. Work and Stress, 23(2), 155–172. doi:10.1080/02678370902834021
• Schaufeli, W. B., Shimazu, A. ve Taris, T. W. (2009). Being driven to work excessively hard, the evaluation of a two-factor measure of workaholism in the Netherlands and Japan. Cross-Cultural Research, 43(4), 320–348. doi:10.1177/1069397109337239
• Schaufeli, W.B., Taris, T.W. ve Bakker, A. (2006). Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hide: On the differences between work engagement and workaholism. R. Burke (Ed.), Research companion to working time and work addiction içinde (s. 193-217). Edward Elgar: Northampton, MA.
• Schaufeli, W. B., Taris., T. W. ve van Rhenen, W. (2008). Workaholism, burnout, and engagement: Three of a kind or three different kinds of employee well-being? Applied Psychology: An International Review, 57(2), 173–203. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2007.00285.x
• Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H. ve Müler, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2),23–74.
• Scott, K. S., Moore, K. S. ve Miceli, M. P. (1997). An exploration of the meaning and consequences of workaholism. Human Relations, 50(3), 287–314. doi:10.1177/001872679705000304
• Shimazu, A. ve Schaufeli, W. B. (2009). Is workaholism good or bad for employee well-being? The distinctiveness of workaholism and work engagement among Japanese employees. Industrial Health, 47(5), 495–502. doi:10.2486/indhealth.47.495
• Shimazu, A., Schaufeli, W. B., Kamiyama, K. ve Kawakami, N. (2015). Workaholism vs. work engagement: the two different predictors of future well-being and performance. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 22(1), 18–23. doi:10.1007/s12529-014-9410-x
• Shimazu, A., Schaufeli, W. B. ve Taris, T. W. (2010). How does workaholism affect worker health and performance? The mediating role of coping. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 17(2), 154–160. doi:10.1007/s12529-010-9077-x
• Sousa, V. D. ve Rojjanasrirat, W. (2011). Translation, adaptation and validation of instruments or scales for use in cross-cultural health care research: A clear and user-friendly guideline. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 17(2), 268–274. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2753.2010.01434.x
• Spence, J. T. ve Robbins, A. S. (1992). Workaholism – definition, measurement, and preliminary results. Journal of Personality Assessment, 58(1), 160–178. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5801_15
• Srivastava, M. (2012). Stress, workaholism and job demands: A study of executives in Mumbai. NMIMS Management Review, 22(12), 94–116.
• Steiger, J. H. (1980). Tests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 87(2), 245–251. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.87.2.245
• Sussman, S. (2012). Workaholism: A Review. Journal of Addiction Research & Therapy, 6(1). doi:10.4172/2155-6105.S6-001.
• Taris, T. W., Schaufeli, W. B. ve Verhoeven, L. C. (2005). Workaholism in the Netherlands: Measurement and implications for job strain and work-nonwork conflict. Applied Psychology, 54(1), 37–60. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2005.00195.x
• van Beek, I, Q., Hu, Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W. ve Schreurs, B. H. (2012). For fun, love or money. What drives workaholic, engaged and burned-out employees at work? Applied Psychology: An International Review, 61(1), 30–55. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2011.00454.x
• van Beek, I, Q., Hu, Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W., ve Schreurs, B. H. (2012). For fun, love or money. What drives workaholic, engaged and burned-out employees at work? Applied Psychology: An International Review, 61(1), 30–55. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2011.00454.x
• van Someron, M. V., Barnard, Y. F. ve Sandberg, Y. A. C. (1994). The think aloud method: a practical guide to modelling cognitive processes. London: Academic Press.
• Yeşiltaş, M. D. ve Ekici, E. (2017). İş akış deneyiminin kişilik özellikleri ve iş stresi ile ilişkisi: akademik personel üzerine bir araştırma. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 26(1), 1–11.
• Yıldırım, S. (2008). Muhasebe öğretim elemanları ve meslek mensuplarının mesleki stres düzeyi üzerine bir araştırma. Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, 38(2) 153–162.
• Yürür, Ş., ve Keser, A. (2011). İşe bağlı gerginlik ile iş tatmini ilişkisinde duygusal tükenmenin aracı rolü. Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 65(4) 165–194.