Hayatı Yitirmek: Alzheimer Hastalığında Otobiyografik Bellek Üzerine Bir Derleme

Abstract

Alzheimer hastalığı, progresif ve nörodejeneratif bir beyin hastalığı olup yaşlı yetişkinler arasında en yaygın görülen demans tipidir. Alzheimer hastalığı, diğer demans tiplerinin aksine progresif bellek bozulmaları ile karakterizedir. Alzheimer hastalığında görülen bellek bozulmalarından biri olan otobiyografik bellek ise kişinin yaşamı boyunca meydana gelen olayların depolandığı bellek olarak tanımlanır. Alzheimer hastalığında otobiyografik bellek süreçlerinde gözlemlenen düşüşün bir sonucu, geçmiş dönemden ziyade, yakın dönem otobiyografik anıların geri getirilmesinde yaşanan zorluktur. Hem olaysal hem de anlamsal bileşenleri içeren bu bellek tipi, kişinin benlik kavramı için de önemlidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Alzheimer hastalarında otobiyografik bellek süreçlerinin güncel alan yazında nasıl ele alındığını incelemektir. Derlemenin giriş kısmında Alzheimer hastalığı ve hastalık ile ilişkilendirilen bilişsel süreçler, otobiyografik bellek performansının benlik için önemiyle birlikte detaylı olarak sunulmuştur. Derlemenin ikinci kısmında Alzheimer hastalarında otobiyografik bellek bozulmaları tartışılmış ve otobiyografik belleğe etki eden duygu ve koku duyusu gibi faktörlerden ilgili nöral yapılar ile birlikte bahsedilmiştir. Bu bağlamda sırasıyla duygusal boyutun (örneğin, değerlik) otobiyografik anıların oluşumu ve geri getirilmesi üzerindeki etkisi tartışılmış ve otobiyografik belleğin koku uyaranlarıyla nasıl çalışıldığı ele alınmıştır. Otobiyografik bellek ve duygu arasındaki ilişki üzerine yapılan çalışmalar, Alzheimer hastalığında otobiyografik anıların içeriğinin olumluya doğru kaydığını, bu kapsamda Alzheimer hastalarının daha olumlu otobiyografik anılarını hatırladıklarını göstermiştir. Ek olarak, koku uyaranlarının sözel ve görsel uyaranlardan daha fazla otobiyografik anı üretmeye neden olduğu bulunmuştur. Mevcut derlemenin sonuç kısmı, gelecek çalışmalara yön verebilecek bazı önerilere ayrılmıştır. Örneğin, Alzheimer hastalığının farklı evrelerinde otobiyografik belleğin incelenmesi ve bellek performansının ilgili değişkenler açısından karşılaştırılması, Alzheimer hastalığında otobiyografik belleğin doğası hakkında ayrıntılı bulgular sağlamanın yollarından biri olabilir.

Keywords

• Alzheimer hastalığı
• otobiyografik bellek
• duygu
• koku duyusu

Losing the Life: A Review on Autobiographical Memory in Alzheimer’s Disease

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common type of dementia among older adults, is a progressive and neurodegenerative brain disease. AD is characterized by progressive memory impairments, but not other types of dementia. Autobiographical memory (AM) is defined as episodes recollected from individuals’ life, and it is one of the memory systems impaired in AD. One consequence of AM decline in AD is difficulties in the retrieval of recent AMs rather than past ones. AM contains both episodic and semantic components, and it is crucial for self-concept. The aim of the present study is to review the current understanding of AM in people with AD. In the introduction part of the review, AD and its cognitive correlates are presented in detail, with how AM performance is important for the self. In the second part of the review, AM deteriorations in patients with AD are discussed. Factors, such as emotion and olfaction, affecting AM are mentioned along with the neural substrates. In this regard, the effect of the emotional dimension (e.g., valence) on the formation and retrieval of AMs is discussed and how AM is studied with olfactory stimuli is presented, respectively. Studies on the link between AM and emotion have shown that there is a positive shift of AM in AD, indicating that patients with AD remember their AMs more positively. In addition, olfactory stimuli evoke more AMs than verbal and visual stimuli. The conclusion section of the current review is devoted to some recommendations that might guide future research. For instance, stage-by-stage investigation of AM in AD and the comparison of them in relation to relevant variables could be one way of providing detailed findings on the nature of AM in AD.

Keywords

• Alzheimer’s disease
• autobiographical memory
• emotion, olfaction

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