Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

“Forgetting Oneself”: Humility in Psychology Studies

Year 2019, Volume: 39 Issue: 1, 209 - 243, 28.06.2019

Emine Yücel Gökhan Arslantürk

https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0015

Abstract

Humility has been a neglected virtue in psychology studies for a long time. In recent years, however, a substantial upsurge in the number of studies on humility has been observed. Delving into a relatively limited but promising research area, this review begins by presenting an etymological and conceptual examination on humility. Even though there is no consensus on how to define humility, its difference from other related concepts such as modesty, low self-esteem, and self-depreciation is pointed out. In addition to the discussions on the general structure of humility, the related literature also refers to context-specific forms of humility. Accordingly, the notions of intellectual humility, cultural humility, and relational humility are introduced as the sub-types of humility. Humility eventually entails one’s forgetting oneself. However, such an attribute poses an inconvenience for the measurement of humility by self-report techniques. In a quest of an appropriate method to evaluate humility, the current review also summarizes the different measurement techniques with a comparative focus. Those people who are really humble are expected to more effectively manage the situations in which it is difficult to show humility (e.g., interpersonal conflict, competition, acceptance of criticism). Relatedly, the importance of such stress tests is underlined for the more precise analysis of humble response patterns. The succeeding parts of this review scrutinize the precursors and consequences of humility in the light of existing empirical findings. Religiosity, secure attachment, and other character strengths (e.g., forgiveness, gratitude, and hardiness) are identified as the forerunners of humility. Humility-related outcomes are considered with reference to its restorative impact on psychological health, interpersonal relationships, work life, and societal tolerance. Whether it is possible to promote humility with certain psychological interventions is also considered with an applied perspective. Suggestions for prospective studies are proposed at the end of the current review.

Keywords

Humility humble modesty virtue

References

  • Akarsu, B. (1962). Sokrates’de erdem düşüncesi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Felsefe Arkivi Dergisi, 13, 57-73.
  • Akhtar, S. (2018). The realm of humility. S. Akhtar ve A. Smolen (Ed.), Arrogance: Developmental, cultural, and clinical realms içinde (s. 147-181). New York: Routledge.
  • Aksan, Y., Aksan, M., Koltuksuz, A., Sezer, T., Mersinli, Ü., Demirhan, U. U., … ve Kurtoğlu, Ö. (2012). Construction of the Turkish National Corpus (TNC). Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2012). İstanbul, Türkiye.
  • Aksoy, A. B., Güngör-Aytar, A. ve Kaytez, N. (2017). Üniversite öğrencilerinin mutluluk ve alçakgönüllülük düzeylerinin bazı değişkenlere göre incelenmesi. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 25(3), 1123-1137.
  • Barrett, J. L. (2017). Intellectual humility. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(1), 1-2.
  • Basford, T. E., Offermann, L. R. ve Behrend, T. S. (2014). Please accept my sincerest apologies: Examining follower reactions to leader apology. Journal of Business Ethics, 119(1), 99-117.
  • Bhattacharya, O., Chatterjee, A. ve Basu, J. (2017). Humility: An emerging construct in moral psychology. Psychological Studies, 62(1), 1-11.
  • Brummelman, E., Nikolic, M. ve Bögels, S. M. (2018). What’s in a blush? Physiological blushing reveals narcissistic children’s social-evaluative concerns. Psychophysiology, 55(10), 1-10.
  • Chancellor, J. ve Lyubomirsky, S. (2013). Humble beginnings: Current trends, state perspectives, and humility hallmarks. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(11), 819-833.
  • Costa, P. T. ve McCrae, R. R. (1985). The NEO personality inventory manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Davis, D. E. ve Hook, J. N. (2014). Humility, religion, and spirituality: An endpiece. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 42(1), 111-117.
  • Davis, D. E., Hook, J. N., Worthington, E. L., van Tongeren, D. R., Gartner, A. L., Jennings, D. J. ve Emmons, R. A. (2011). Relational humility: Conceptualizing and measuring humility as a personality judgment. Journal of Personality Assessment, 93(3), 225-234.
  • Davis, D. E., McElroy, S., Choe, E., Westbrook, C. J., DeBlaere, C., van Tongeren, D. R., … ve Placeres, V. (2017). Development of the experiences of humility scale. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 45(1), 3-16.
  • Davis, D. E., Rice, K., McElroy, S., DeBlaere, C., Choe, E., van Tongeren, D. R. ve Hook, J. N. (2016). Distinguishing intellectual humility and general humility. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(3), 215-224.
  • Davis, D. E., Worthington, E. L. ve Hook, J. N. (2010). Humility: Review of measurement strategies and conceptualization as personality judgment. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(4), 243- 252.
  • Davis, D. E., Worthington, E. L., Hook, J. N., Emmons, R. A., Hill, P. C., Bollinger, R. A. ve van Tongeren, D. R. (2013). Humility and the development and repair of social bonds: Two longitudinal studies. Self and Identity, 12(1), 58-77.
  • Dwiwardani, C., Hill, P. C., Bollinger, R. A., Marks, L. E., Steele, J. R., Doolin, H. N., … ve Davis, D. E. (2014). Virtues develop from a secure base: Attachment and resilience as predictors of humility, gratitude, and forgiveness. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 42(1), 83-90.
  • Dwiwardani, C., Ord, A. S., Fennell, M., Eaves, D., Ripley, J. S., Perkins, A., … ve van Tongeren, D. R. (2018). Spelling HUMBLE with U and ME: The role of humility in romantic relationships. Journal of Positive Psychology, 13(5), 449-459.
  • Elliott, J. C. (2010). Humility: Development and analysis of a scale (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi). University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
  • Emmons, R. A. (2000). Is spirituality an intelligence? Motivation, cognition, and the psychology of ultimate concern. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 10(1), 3-26. Etimolojiturkce.com. (t.y.). Online etimoloji sözlüğü. Erişim Tarihi: 12 Şubat 2019, https://www.etimolojiturkce.com/
  • Etymonline.com. (t.y.). Online etymology dictionary. Erişim Tarihi: 12 Şubat 2019, https://www.etymonline.com/
  • Exline, J. J., Campbell, W. K., Baumeister, R. F., Joiner, T., Krueger, J. ve Kachorek, L.V. (2004). Humility and modesty. C. Peterson ve M. Seligman (Ed.), Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification içinde (s. 461-475). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Exline, J. J. ve Geyer, A. L. (2004). Perceptions of humility: A preliminary study. Self and Identity, 3(2), 95-114.
  • Exline, J. J. ve Hill, P. C. (2012). Humility: A consistent and robust predictor of generosity. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 7(3), 208-218.
  • Farrell, J. E., Hook, J. N., Ramos, M., Davis, D. E., van Tongeren, D. R. ve Ruiz, J. M. (2015). Humility and relationship outcomes in couples: The mediating role of commitment. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 4(1), 14-26.
  • Gregg, A. P. ve Mahadevan, N. (2014). Intellectual arrogance and intellectual humility: An evolutionaryepistemological account. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 42(1), 7-18.
  • Gulliford, L. ve Roberts, R. C. (2018). Exploring the “unity” of the virtues: The case of an allocentric quintet. Theory & Psychology, 28(2), 208-226.
  • Hilbig, B. E. ve Zettler, I. (2009). Pillars of cooperation: Honesty-humility, social value orientations, and economic behavior. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(3), 516-519.
  • Hook, J. N. ve Davis, D. E. (2014). Humility, religion, and spirituality: Introduction to the special issue. Journal of Psychology & Theology, 42(1), 3-6.
  • Hook, J. N., Davis, D. E., van Tongeren, D. R., Hill, P. C., Worthington, E. L., Farrell, J. E. ve Dieke, P. (2015). Intellectual humility and forgiveness of religious leaders. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(6), 499-506.
  • Hook, J. N., Farrell, J. E., Davis, D. E., DeBlaere, C., van Tongeren, D. R. ve Utsey, S. O. (2016). Cultural humility and racial microaggressions in counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(3), 269-277.
  • Hook, J. N., Farrell, J. E., Johnson, K. A., van Tongeren, D. R., Davis, D. E. ve Aten, J. D. (2017). Intellectual humility and religious tolerance. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(1), 29-35.
  • Jankowski, P. J., Sandage, S. J. ve Hill, P. C. (2013). Differentiation-based models of forgivingness, mental health, and social justice commitment: Mediator effects for differentiation of self and humility. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(1), 412-424.
  • Jarvinen, M. J. ve Paulus, T. B. (2017). Attachment and cognitive openness: Emotional underpinnings of intellectual humility. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(1), 74-86.
  • Johnson, M., Rowatt, W. C. ve Petrini, L. (2011). A new trait on the market: Honesty-humility as a unique predictor of job performance ratings. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(6), 857-862.
  • Kesebir, P. (2014). A quiet ego quiets death anxiety: Humility as an existential anxiety buffer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(4), 610-623.
  • Kohlberg, L. (1969). Stage and sequence: The cognitive-developmental approach to socialization. D. A. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research içinde (s. 347-480). Chicago: Rand McNally.
  • Krause, N. (2010). Religious involvement, humility, and self-rated health. Social Indicators Research, 98(1), 23-39.
  • Krause, N. (2014). Exploring the relationships among humility, negative interaction in the church, and depressed affect. Aging and Mental Health, 18(8), 970-979.
  • Krause, N. (2018). Assessing the relationships among religion, humility, forgiveness, and self-rated health. Research in Human Development, 15(1), 33-49.
  • Krause, N. ve Hayward, R. D. (2014). Religious involvement and humility. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9(3), 254-265.
  • Krause, N. ve Hayward, R. D. (2015). Humility, compassion, and gratitude to God: Assessing the relationships among key religious virtues. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 7(3), 192-204.
  • Krause, N., Pargament, K. I., Hill, P. C. ve Ironson, G. (2016). Humility, stressful life events, and psychological well-being: Findings from the landmark spirituality and health survey. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(5), 499-510.
  • Krumrei-Mancuso, E. J., Haggard, M. C., LaBouff, J. P. ve Rowatt, W. J. (2019). Links between intellectual humility and acquiring knowledge. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1-17.
  • Krumrei-Mancuso, E. J. ve Rouse, S. V. (2016). The development and validation of the comprehensive intellectual humility scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98(2), 209-221.
  • Kruse, E., Chancellor, J. ve Lyubomirsky, S. (2017). State humility: Measurement, conceptual validation, and intrapersonal processes. Self and Identity, 16(4), 399-438.
  • Kruse, E., Chancellor, J., Ruberton, P. M. ve Lyubomirsky, S. (2014). An upward spiral between gratitude and humility. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5(7), 805-814.
  • LaBouff, J. P., Rowatt, W. C., Johnson, M. K., Tsang, J. ve Willerton, G. M. (2012). Humble persons are more helpful than less humble persons: Evidence from three studies. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 7(1), 16-29.
  • Landrum, R. E. (2011). Measuring dispositional humility: A first approximation. Psychological Reports, 108(1), 217-228.
  • Lavelock, C. R., Worthington, E. L., Davis, D. E., Griffin, B. J., Reid, C. A., Hook, J. N. ve van Tongeren, D. R. (2014). The quiet virtue speaks: An intervention to promote humility. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 42(1), 99-110.
  • Leary, M. R., Diebels, K. J., Davisson, E. K., Jongman-Sereno, K. P., Isherwood, J. C., Raimi, K. T., … ve Hoyle, R. H. (2017). Cognitive and interpersonal features of intellectual humility. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(6), 793-813.
  • Leary, M. R. ve Terry, M. L. (2012). Hypo-egoic mindsets: Antecedents and implications of quieting the self. M. R. Leary ve J. P. Tangney (Ed.), Handbook of self and identity (2. baskı) içinde (s. 268-288). New York: Guilford.
  • Lee, K. ve Ashton, M. C. (2004). Psychometric properties of the HEXACO personality inventory. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(2), 329-358.
  • McElroy-Heltzel, S. E., Davis, D. E., DeBlaere, C., Worthington, E. L. ve Hook, J. N. (2019). Embarrassment of riches in the measurement of humility: A critical review of 22 measures. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 14(3), 393-404.
  • Morgan, V. G. (2001). Humility and the transcendent. Faith and Philosophy, 18(3), 307-322.
  • Nielsen, R. ve Marrone, J. A. (2018). Humility: Our current understanding of the construct and its role in organizations. International Journal of Management Reviews, 20(4), 805-824.
  • Owens, B. P. ve Hekman, D. R. (2012). Modeling how to grow: An inductive examination of humble leader behaviors, contingencies, and outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 55(4), 787-818.
  • Owens, B. P., Johnson, M. D. ve Mitchell, T. R. (2013). Expressed humility in organizations: Implications for performance, teams, and leadership. Organization Science, 24(5), 1517-1538.
  • Owens, B. P., Rowatt, W. C. ve Wilkins, A. L. (2011). Exploring the relevance and implications of humility in organizations. K. S. Cameron ve G. S. Spreitzer (Ed.), Handbook of positive organizational scholarship içinde (s. 260-272). Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.
  • Peters, A. S., Rowatt, W. C. ve Johnson, M. K. (2011). Associations between dispositional humility and social relationship quality. Psychology, 2(3), 155-161.
  • Piff, P. K., Dietze, P., Feinberg, M., Stancato, D. M. ve Keltner, D. (2015). Awe, the small self, and prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108(6), 883-899.
  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y. ve Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903.
  • Porter, T. ve Schumann, K. (2018). Intellectual humility and openness to the opposing view. Self and Identity, 17(2), 139-162.
  • Powers, C., Nam, R. K., Rowatt, W. C. ve Hill, P. C. (2007). Associations between humility, spiritual transcendence, and forgiveness. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 18, 75-94.
  • Rego, A., Cunha, M. P. ve Simpson, A. V. (2018). The perceived impact of leaders’ humility on team effectiveness: An empirical study. Journal of Business Ethics, 148(1), 205-218.
  • Reid, C. A., Worthington, E. L., Garthe, R. C., Davis, D. E., Hook, J. N., van Tongeren, D. R. ve Griffin, B. J. (2018). Actor-partner interdependence of humility and relationship quality among couples transitioning to parenthood. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 13(2), 122-132.
  • Rowatt, W. C., Ottenbreit, A., Nesselroade, K. P. ve Cunningham, P. A. (2002). On being holier-thanthou or humbler-than-thee: A social-psychological perspective on religiousness and humility. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41(2), 227-237.
  • Rowatt, W. C., Powers, C., Targhetta, V., Comer, J., Kennedy, S. ve LaBouff, J. (2006). Development and initial validation of an implicit measure of humility relative to arrogance. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(4), 198-211.
  • Ruberton, P. M., Kruse, E. ve Lyubomirsky, S. (2016). Boosting state humility via gratitude, selfaffirmation, and awe: Theoretical and empirical perspectives. E. Worthington, D. Davis ve J. Hook (Ed.), Handbook of humility içinde (s. 260-273). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Samuelson, P. L., Jarvinen, M. J., Paulus, T. B., Church, I. M., Hardy, S. A. ve Barrett, J. L. (2014). Implicit theories of intellectual virtues and vices: A focus on intellectual humility. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(5), 389-406.
  • Sandage, S. J., Paine, D. ve Hill, P. (2015). Spiritual barriers to humility: A multidimensional study. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 18(3), 207-217.
  • Sarıçam, H. ve Akın, A. (2013). Affedicilik ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Hasan Ali Yücel Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(1), 37-46.
  • Sarıçam, H., Akın, A., Gediksiz, E. ve Akın, Ü. (2012). Alçakgönüllülük ölçeğinin Türkçe formu: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Kalem Eğitim ve İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 165-188.
  • Sapmaz, F., Yıldırım, M., Topçuoğlu, P., Nalbant, D. ve Sızır, U. (2016). Gratitude, forgiveness and humility as predictors of subjective well-being among university students. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 8(1), 38-47.
  • Schwartz, S. H., Cieciuch, J., Vecchione, M., Davidov, E., Fischer, R., Beierlein, C., … ve Konty, M. (2012). Refining the theory of basic individual values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(4), 663-688.
  • Stellar, J. E., Gordon, A., Anderson, C. L., Piff, P. K., McNeil, G. D. ve Keltner, D. (2018). Awe and humility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 114(2), 258-269.
  • Tangney, J. P. (2000). Humility: Theoretical perspectives, empirical findings, and directions for future research. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19(1), 70-82.
  • Tangney, J. P. (2002). Humility. C. R. Snyder ve S. J. Lopez (Ed.), Handbook of Positive Psychology içinde (s. 411-419). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • TDK. (t.y.). Güncel Türkçe Sözlük. Erişim Tarihi: 16 Şubat 2019, http://tdk.gov.tr/
  • Temel Eğinli, A. ve Bitirim, S. (2013). Kişisel bir yetkinlik olan alçakgönüllülüğün kurumsal bir yetkinliğe dönüşmesi: Alçakgönüllü organizasyonlar. Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2(2), 15-48.
  • Uhlmann, E. L., Pizarro, D. A. ve Diermeier, D. (2015). A person-centered approach to moral judgment. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(1), 72-81.
  • Ünsal-Akbıyık, B. S. (2018). Psikolojik ayrıcalığın üretkenlik karşıtı davranışlara etkisi: Psikolojik sözleşmenin ihlal edilmesinin aracılık rolü. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(3), 234-255.
  • van Tongeren, D. R., Davis, D. E. ve Hook, J. N. (2014). Social benefits of humility: Initiating and maintaining romantic relationships. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9(4), 313-321.
  • van Tongeren, D. R., Hook, J. N., Ramos, M. J., Edwards, M., Worthington, E. L., Davis, D., … ve Osae-Larbi, J. A. (2019). The complementarity of humility hypothesis: Individual, relational, and physiological effects of mutually humble partners. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 14(2), 178- 187.
  • van Tongeren, D. R., Stafford, J., Hook, J. N., Green, J. D., Davis, D. E. ve Johnson, K. A. (2016). Humility attenuates negative attitudes and behaviors toward religious out-group members. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(2), 199-208.
  • Weidman, A. C., Cheng, J. T. ve Tracy, J. L. (2016). The psychological structure of humility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 114(1), 153-178.
  • Woodruff, E., van Tongeren, D. R., McElroy, S., Davis, D. E. ve Hook, J. N. (2014). Humility and religion: Benefits, difficulties, and a model of religious tolerance. C. Kim-Prieto (Ed.), Religion and spirituality across cultures içinde (s. 271-285). New York: Springer Publishing Co.
  • Worthington, E. L. (2007). Humility: The quiet virtue. Philadelphia, PA: Templeton Foundation.
  • Wright, J. C., Nadelhoffer, T., Perini, T., Langville, A., Echols, M. ve Venezia, K. (2017). The psychological significance of humility. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(1), 3-12.
  • Wright, J. C., Nadelhoffer, T., Thomson Ross, L. ve Sinnott-Armstrong, W. (2018). Be it ever so humble: Proposing a dual-dimension account and measurement of humility. Self and Identity, 17(1), 92-125.
  • Yoon, D. J. ve Farmer, S. M. (2018). Power that builds others and power that breaks: Effects of power and humility on altruism and incivility in female employees. The Journal of Psychology, 152(1), 1-24.

“Kendini Unutmak”: Psikoloji Araştırmalarında Tevazu

Year 2019, Volume: 39 Issue: 1, 209 - 243, 28.06.2019

Emine Yücel Gökhan Arslantürk

https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0015

Abstract

Tevazu, psikoloji alanındaki çalışmalarda uzun zaman boyunca ihmal edilen bir erdem olmuştur. Ancak son yıllarda, tevazu konusundaki çalışmaların sayısında kayda değer bir artış görülmektedir. Görece sınırlı fakat gelecek vadeden bu araştırma alanına dair kapsamlı bir inceleme yürütülmesi hedeflenerek, bu derleme çalışmasında öncelikli olarak tevazu üzerine etimolojik ve kavramsal bir analiz sunulmuştur. Kavramın nasıl tanımlanacağı konusunda fikir birliği olmamasına rağmen, bu çalışmada tevazunun ölçülülük, düşük benlik saygısı ve kendini değersiz görme gibi diğer ilişkili kavramlardan farkı gözler önüne serilmiştir. İlgili alan yazında tevazunun genel yapısına ilişkin tartışmaların yanı sıra belli bağlamlarda ortaya çıkan tevazu biçimlerinden de bahsedilmektedir. Bu çerçevede tevazunun alt türleri olarak entelektüel tevazu, kültürel tevazu ve ilişkisel tevazu kavramları tanıtılmıştır. Tevazu nihai olarak kişinin kendini unutmasını gerektirir. Ancak bu yönü ile tevazunun öz-bildirime dayalı olarak ölçümlenmesinde ciddi zorluklar yaşanmaktadır. Buradan hareketle, tevazuyu değerlendirmeye yönelik en uygun yöntemin ne olduğu sorusu ekseninde, mevcut derlemede tevazuya ilişkin farklı ölçüm teknikleri karşılaştırılmalı olarak ele alınmıştır. Gerçekten mütevazı kişilerin tevazu göstermenin zor olduğu durumları (kişilerarası çatışma, rekabet, eleştiriyi kabullenme vb.) daha etkili bir şekilde yönetmeleri beklenir. Bu noktada mütevazı tepki örüntülerinin daha hassas bir biçimde incelenmesine yönelik olarak bu tür stres testlerinin önemine dikkat çekilmiştir. Derlemenin takip eden bölümlerinde ise görgül çalışmalar ışığında tevazunun öncülleri ve sonuçlarına değinilmiştir. Bu bağlamda dindarlık, güvenli bağlanma ve diğer karakter güçleri (örn., affedicilik, şükran, yılmazlık) tevazuyu pekiştiren unsurlar olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Tevazunun sonuçları ise psikolojik sağlık, kişilerarası ilişkiler, iş hayatı ve toplumsal hoşgörü üzerindeki olumlu etkilerine atıfta bulunularak gözden geçirilmiştir. Ayrıca, çeşitli psikolojik müdahalelerle insanlara tevazu erdemini kazandırabilmenin mümkün olup olmadığı da uygulamalı bir bakış açısıyla sorgulanmıştır. Derlemenin son bölümünde ise gelecek çalışmalar için öneriler sunulmuştur.

Keywords

Tevazu mütevazı alçak gönüllülük erdem

References

  • Akarsu, B. (1962). Sokrates’de erdem düşüncesi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Felsefe Arkivi Dergisi, 13, 57-73.
  • Akhtar, S. (2018). The realm of humility. S. Akhtar ve A. Smolen (Ed.), Arrogance: Developmental, cultural, and clinical realms içinde (s. 147-181). New York: Routledge.
  • Aksan, Y., Aksan, M., Koltuksuz, A., Sezer, T., Mersinli, Ü., Demirhan, U. U., … ve Kurtoğlu, Ö. (2012). Construction of the Turkish National Corpus (TNC). Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2012). İstanbul, Türkiye.
  • Aksoy, A. B., Güngör-Aytar, A. ve Kaytez, N. (2017). Üniversite öğrencilerinin mutluluk ve alçakgönüllülük düzeylerinin bazı değişkenlere göre incelenmesi. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 25(3), 1123-1137.
  • Barrett, J. L. (2017). Intellectual humility. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(1), 1-2.
  • Basford, T. E., Offermann, L. R. ve Behrend, T. S. (2014). Please accept my sincerest apologies: Examining follower reactions to leader apology. Journal of Business Ethics, 119(1), 99-117.
  • Bhattacharya, O., Chatterjee, A. ve Basu, J. (2017). Humility: An emerging construct in moral psychology. Psychological Studies, 62(1), 1-11.
  • Brummelman, E., Nikolic, M. ve Bögels, S. M. (2018). What’s in a blush? Physiological blushing reveals narcissistic children’s social-evaluative concerns. Psychophysiology, 55(10), 1-10.
  • Chancellor, J. ve Lyubomirsky, S. (2013). Humble beginnings: Current trends, state perspectives, and humility hallmarks. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(11), 819-833.
  • Costa, P. T. ve McCrae, R. R. (1985). The NEO personality inventory manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Davis, D. E. ve Hook, J. N. (2014). Humility, religion, and spirituality: An endpiece. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 42(1), 111-117.
  • Davis, D. E., Hook, J. N., Worthington, E. L., van Tongeren, D. R., Gartner, A. L., Jennings, D. J. ve Emmons, R. A. (2011). Relational humility: Conceptualizing and measuring humility as a personality judgment. Journal of Personality Assessment, 93(3), 225-234.
  • Davis, D. E., McElroy, S., Choe, E., Westbrook, C. J., DeBlaere, C., van Tongeren, D. R., … ve Placeres, V. (2017). Development of the experiences of humility scale. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 45(1), 3-16.
  • Davis, D. E., Rice, K., McElroy, S., DeBlaere, C., Choe, E., van Tongeren, D. R. ve Hook, J. N. (2016). Distinguishing intellectual humility and general humility. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(3), 215-224.
  • Davis, D. E., Worthington, E. L. ve Hook, J. N. (2010). Humility: Review of measurement strategies and conceptualization as personality judgment. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(4), 243- 252.
  • Davis, D. E., Worthington, E. L., Hook, J. N., Emmons, R. A., Hill, P. C., Bollinger, R. A. ve van Tongeren, D. R. (2013). Humility and the development and repair of social bonds: Two longitudinal studies. Self and Identity, 12(1), 58-77.
  • Dwiwardani, C., Hill, P. C., Bollinger, R. A., Marks, L. E., Steele, J. R., Doolin, H. N., … ve Davis, D. E. (2014). Virtues develop from a secure base: Attachment and resilience as predictors of humility, gratitude, and forgiveness. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 42(1), 83-90.
  • Dwiwardani, C., Ord, A. S., Fennell, M., Eaves, D., Ripley, J. S., Perkins, A., … ve van Tongeren, D. R. (2018). Spelling HUMBLE with U and ME: The role of humility in romantic relationships. Journal of Positive Psychology, 13(5), 449-459.
  • Elliott, J. C. (2010). Humility: Development and analysis of a scale (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi). University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
  • Emmons, R. A. (2000). Is spirituality an intelligence? Motivation, cognition, and the psychology of ultimate concern. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 10(1), 3-26. Etimolojiturkce.com. (t.y.). Online etimoloji sözlüğü. Erişim Tarihi: 12 Şubat 2019, https://www.etimolojiturkce.com/
  • Etymonline.com. (t.y.). Online etymology dictionary. Erişim Tarihi: 12 Şubat 2019, https://www.etymonline.com/
  • Exline, J. J., Campbell, W. K., Baumeister, R. F., Joiner, T., Krueger, J. ve Kachorek, L.V. (2004). Humility and modesty. C. Peterson ve M. Seligman (Ed.), Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification içinde (s. 461-475). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Exline, J. J. ve Geyer, A. L. (2004). Perceptions of humility: A preliminary study. Self and Identity, 3(2), 95-114.
  • Exline, J. J. ve Hill, P. C. (2012). Humility: A consistent and robust predictor of generosity. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 7(3), 208-218.
  • Farrell, J. E., Hook, J. N., Ramos, M., Davis, D. E., van Tongeren, D. R. ve Ruiz, J. M. (2015). Humility and relationship outcomes in couples: The mediating role of commitment. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 4(1), 14-26.
  • Gregg, A. P. ve Mahadevan, N. (2014). Intellectual arrogance and intellectual humility: An evolutionaryepistemological account. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 42(1), 7-18.
  • Gulliford, L. ve Roberts, R. C. (2018). Exploring the “unity” of the virtues: The case of an allocentric quintet. Theory & Psychology, 28(2), 208-226.
  • Hilbig, B. E. ve Zettler, I. (2009). Pillars of cooperation: Honesty-humility, social value orientations, and economic behavior. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(3), 516-519.
  • Hook, J. N. ve Davis, D. E. (2014). Humility, religion, and spirituality: Introduction to the special issue. Journal of Psychology & Theology, 42(1), 3-6.
  • Hook, J. N., Davis, D. E., van Tongeren, D. R., Hill, P. C., Worthington, E. L., Farrell, J. E. ve Dieke, P. (2015). Intellectual humility and forgiveness of religious leaders. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(6), 499-506.
  • Hook, J. N., Farrell, J. E., Davis, D. E., DeBlaere, C., van Tongeren, D. R. ve Utsey, S. O. (2016). Cultural humility and racial microaggressions in counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(3), 269-277.
  • Hook, J. N., Farrell, J. E., Johnson, K. A., van Tongeren, D. R., Davis, D. E. ve Aten, J. D. (2017). Intellectual humility and religious tolerance. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(1), 29-35.
  • Jankowski, P. J., Sandage, S. J. ve Hill, P. C. (2013). Differentiation-based models of forgivingness, mental health, and social justice commitment: Mediator effects for differentiation of self and humility. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(1), 412-424.
  • Jarvinen, M. J. ve Paulus, T. B. (2017). Attachment and cognitive openness: Emotional underpinnings of intellectual humility. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(1), 74-86.
  • Johnson, M., Rowatt, W. C. ve Petrini, L. (2011). A new trait on the market: Honesty-humility as a unique predictor of job performance ratings. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(6), 857-862.
  • Kesebir, P. (2014). A quiet ego quiets death anxiety: Humility as an existential anxiety buffer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(4), 610-623.
  • Kohlberg, L. (1969). Stage and sequence: The cognitive-developmental approach to socialization. D. A. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research içinde (s. 347-480). Chicago: Rand McNally.
  • Krause, N. (2010). Religious involvement, humility, and self-rated health. Social Indicators Research, 98(1), 23-39.
  • Krause, N. (2014). Exploring the relationships among humility, negative interaction in the church, and depressed affect. Aging and Mental Health, 18(8), 970-979.
  • Krause, N. (2018). Assessing the relationships among religion, humility, forgiveness, and self-rated health. Research in Human Development, 15(1), 33-49.
  • Krause, N. ve Hayward, R. D. (2014). Religious involvement and humility. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9(3), 254-265.
  • Krause, N. ve Hayward, R. D. (2015). Humility, compassion, and gratitude to God: Assessing the relationships among key religious virtues. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 7(3), 192-204.
  • Krause, N., Pargament, K. I., Hill, P. C. ve Ironson, G. (2016). Humility, stressful life events, and psychological well-being: Findings from the landmark spirituality and health survey. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(5), 499-510.
  • Krumrei-Mancuso, E. J., Haggard, M. C., LaBouff, J. P. ve Rowatt, W. J. (2019). Links between intellectual humility and acquiring knowledge. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1-17.
  • Krumrei-Mancuso, E. J. ve Rouse, S. V. (2016). The development and validation of the comprehensive intellectual humility scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98(2), 209-221.
  • Kruse, E., Chancellor, J. ve Lyubomirsky, S. (2017). State humility: Measurement, conceptual validation, and intrapersonal processes. Self and Identity, 16(4), 399-438.
  • Kruse, E., Chancellor, J., Ruberton, P. M. ve Lyubomirsky, S. (2014). An upward spiral between gratitude and humility. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5(7), 805-814.
  • LaBouff, J. P., Rowatt, W. C., Johnson, M. K., Tsang, J. ve Willerton, G. M. (2012). Humble persons are more helpful than less humble persons: Evidence from three studies. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 7(1), 16-29.
  • Landrum, R. E. (2011). Measuring dispositional humility: A first approximation. Psychological Reports, 108(1), 217-228.
  • Lavelock, C. R., Worthington, E. L., Davis, D. E., Griffin, B. J., Reid, C. A., Hook, J. N. ve van Tongeren, D. R. (2014). The quiet virtue speaks: An intervention to promote humility. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 42(1), 99-110.
  • Leary, M. R., Diebels, K. J., Davisson, E. K., Jongman-Sereno, K. P., Isherwood, J. C., Raimi, K. T., … ve Hoyle, R. H. (2017). Cognitive and interpersonal features of intellectual humility. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(6), 793-813.
  • Leary, M. R. ve Terry, M. L. (2012). Hypo-egoic mindsets: Antecedents and implications of quieting the self. M. R. Leary ve J. P. Tangney (Ed.), Handbook of self and identity (2. baskı) içinde (s. 268-288). New York: Guilford.
  • Lee, K. ve Ashton, M. C. (2004). Psychometric properties of the HEXACO personality inventory. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(2), 329-358.
  • McElroy-Heltzel, S. E., Davis, D. E., DeBlaere, C., Worthington, E. L. ve Hook, J. N. (2019). Embarrassment of riches in the measurement of humility: A critical review of 22 measures. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 14(3), 393-404.
  • Morgan, V. G. (2001). Humility and the transcendent. Faith and Philosophy, 18(3), 307-322.
  • Nielsen, R. ve Marrone, J. A. (2018). Humility: Our current understanding of the construct and its role in organizations. International Journal of Management Reviews, 20(4), 805-824.
  • Owens, B. P. ve Hekman, D. R. (2012). Modeling how to grow: An inductive examination of humble leader behaviors, contingencies, and outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 55(4), 787-818.
  • Owens, B. P., Johnson, M. D. ve Mitchell, T. R. (2013). Expressed humility in organizations: Implications for performance, teams, and leadership. Organization Science, 24(5), 1517-1538.
  • Owens, B. P., Rowatt, W. C. ve Wilkins, A. L. (2011). Exploring the relevance and implications of humility in organizations. K. S. Cameron ve G. S. Spreitzer (Ed.), Handbook of positive organizational scholarship içinde (s. 260-272). Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.
  • Peters, A. S., Rowatt, W. C. ve Johnson, M. K. (2011). Associations between dispositional humility and social relationship quality. Psychology, 2(3), 155-161.
  • Piff, P. K., Dietze, P., Feinberg, M., Stancato, D. M. ve Keltner, D. (2015). Awe, the small self, and prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108(6), 883-899.
  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y. ve Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903.
  • Porter, T. ve Schumann, K. (2018). Intellectual humility and openness to the opposing view. Self and Identity, 17(2), 139-162.
  • Powers, C., Nam, R. K., Rowatt, W. C. ve Hill, P. C. (2007). Associations between humility, spiritual transcendence, and forgiveness. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 18, 75-94.
  • Rego, A., Cunha, M. P. ve Simpson, A. V. (2018). The perceived impact of leaders’ humility on team effectiveness: An empirical study. Journal of Business Ethics, 148(1), 205-218.
  • Reid, C. A., Worthington, E. L., Garthe, R. C., Davis, D. E., Hook, J. N., van Tongeren, D. R. ve Griffin, B. J. (2018). Actor-partner interdependence of humility and relationship quality among couples transitioning to parenthood. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 13(2), 122-132.
  • Rowatt, W. C., Ottenbreit, A., Nesselroade, K. P. ve Cunningham, P. A. (2002). On being holier-thanthou or humbler-than-thee: A social-psychological perspective on religiousness and humility. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41(2), 227-237.
  • Rowatt, W. C., Powers, C., Targhetta, V., Comer, J., Kennedy, S. ve LaBouff, J. (2006). Development and initial validation of an implicit measure of humility relative to arrogance. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(4), 198-211.
  • Ruberton, P. M., Kruse, E. ve Lyubomirsky, S. (2016). Boosting state humility via gratitude, selfaffirmation, and awe: Theoretical and empirical perspectives. E. Worthington, D. Davis ve J. Hook (Ed.), Handbook of humility içinde (s. 260-273). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Samuelson, P. L., Jarvinen, M. J., Paulus, T. B., Church, I. M., Hardy, S. A. ve Barrett, J. L. (2014). Implicit theories of intellectual virtues and vices: A focus on intellectual humility. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(5), 389-406.
  • Sandage, S. J., Paine, D. ve Hill, P. (2015). Spiritual barriers to humility: A multidimensional study. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 18(3), 207-217.
  • Sarıçam, H. ve Akın, A. (2013). Affedicilik ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Hasan Ali Yücel Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(1), 37-46.
  • Sarıçam, H., Akın, A., Gediksiz, E. ve Akın, Ü. (2012). Alçakgönüllülük ölçeğinin Türkçe formu: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Kalem Eğitim ve İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 165-188.
  • Sapmaz, F., Yıldırım, M., Topçuoğlu, P., Nalbant, D. ve Sızır, U. (2016). Gratitude, forgiveness and humility as predictors of subjective well-being among university students. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 8(1), 38-47.
  • Schwartz, S. H., Cieciuch, J., Vecchione, M., Davidov, E., Fischer, R., Beierlein, C., … ve Konty, M. (2012). Refining the theory of basic individual values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(4), 663-688.
  • Stellar, J. E., Gordon, A., Anderson, C. L., Piff, P. K., McNeil, G. D. ve Keltner, D. (2018). Awe and humility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 114(2), 258-269.
  • Tangney, J. P. (2000). Humility: Theoretical perspectives, empirical findings, and directions for future research. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19(1), 70-82.
  • Tangney, J. P. (2002). Humility. C. R. Snyder ve S. J. Lopez (Ed.), Handbook of Positive Psychology içinde (s. 411-419). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • TDK. (t.y.). Güncel Türkçe Sözlük. Erişim Tarihi: 16 Şubat 2019, http://tdk.gov.tr/
  • Temel Eğinli, A. ve Bitirim, S. (2013). Kişisel bir yetkinlik olan alçakgönüllülüğün kurumsal bir yetkinliğe dönüşmesi: Alçakgönüllü organizasyonlar. Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2(2), 15-48.
  • Uhlmann, E. L., Pizarro, D. A. ve Diermeier, D. (2015). A person-centered approach to moral judgment. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(1), 72-81.
  • Ünsal-Akbıyık, B. S. (2018). Psikolojik ayrıcalığın üretkenlik karşıtı davranışlara etkisi: Psikolojik sözleşmenin ihlal edilmesinin aracılık rolü. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(3), 234-255.
  • van Tongeren, D. R., Davis, D. E. ve Hook, J. N. (2014). Social benefits of humility: Initiating and maintaining romantic relationships. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9(4), 313-321.
  • van Tongeren, D. R., Hook, J. N., Ramos, M. J., Edwards, M., Worthington, E. L., Davis, D., … ve Osae-Larbi, J. A. (2019). The complementarity of humility hypothesis: Individual, relational, and physiological effects of mutually humble partners. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 14(2), 178- 187.
  • van Tongeren, D. R., Stafford, J., Hook, J. N., Green, J. D., Davis, D. E. ve Johnson, K. A. (2016). Humility attenuates negative attitudes and behaviors toward religious out-group members. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(2), 199-208.
  • Weidman, A. C., Cheng, J. T. ve Tracy, J. L. (2016). The psychological structure of humility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 114(1), 153-178.
  • Woodruff, E., van Tongeren, D. R., McElroy, S., Davis, D. E. ve Hook, J. N. (2014). Humility and religion: Benefits, difficulties, and a model of religious tolerance. C. Kim-Prieto (Ed.), Religion and spirituality across cultures içinde (s. 271-285). New York: Springer Publishing Co.
  • Worthington, E. L. (2007). Humility: The quiet virtue. Philadelphia, PA: Templeton Foundation.
  • Wright, J. C., Nadelhoffer, T., Perini, T., Langville, A., Echols, M. ve Venezia, K. (2017). The psychological significance of humility. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(1), 3-12.
  • Wright, J. C., Nadelhoffer, T., Thomson Ross, L. ve Sinnott-Armstrong, W. (2018). Be it ever so humble: Proposing a dual-dimension account and measurement of humility. Self and Identity, 17(1), 92-125.
  • Yoon, D. J. ve Farmer, S. M. (2018). Power that builds others and power that breaks: Effects of power and humility on altruism and incivility in female employees. The Journal of Psychology, 152(1), 1-24.
There are 91 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Review
Authors

Emine Yücel This is me

Gökhan Arslantürk This is me

Publication Date June 28, 2019
Submission Date February 18, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 39 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Yücel, E., & Arslantürk, G. (2019). “Kendini Unutmak”: Psikoloji Araştırmalarında Tevazu. Studies in Psychology, 39(1), 209-243. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0015
AMA Yücel E, Arslantürk G. “Kendini Unutmak”: Psikoloji Araştırmalarında Tevazu. Studies in Psychology. June 2019;39(1):209-243. doi:10.26650/SP2019-0015
Chicago Yücel, Emine, and Gökhan Arslantürk. “‘Kendini Unutmak’: Psikoloji Araştırmalarında Tevazu”. Studies in Psychology 39, no. 1 (June 2019): 209-43. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0015.
EndNote Yücel E, Arslantürk G (June 1, 2019) “Kendini Unutmak”: Psikoloji Araştırmalarında Tevazu. Studies in Psychology 39 1 209–243.
IEEE E. Yücel and G. Arslantürk, “‘Kendini Unutmak’: Psikoloji Araştırmalarında Tevazu”, Studies in Psychology, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 209–243, 2019, doi: 10.26650/SP2019-0015.
ISNAD Yücel, Emine - Arslantürk, Gökhan. “‘Kendini Unutmak’: Psikoloji Araştırmalarında Tevazu”. Studies in Psychology 39/1 (June 2019), 209-243. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0015.
JAMA Yücel E, Arslantürk G. “Kendini Unutmak”: Psikoloji Araştırmalarında Tevazu. Studies in Psychology. 2019;39:209–243.
MLA Yücel, Emine and Gökhan Arslantürk. “‘Kendini Unutmak’: Psikoloji Araştırmalarında Tevazu”. Studies in Psychology, vol. 39, no. 1, 2019, pp. 209-43, doi:10.26650/SP2019-0015.
Vancouver Yücel E, Arslantürk G. “Kendini Unutmak”: Psikoloji Araştırmalarında Tevazu. Studies in Psychology. 2019;39(1):209-43.
 Download Cover Image

Psikoloji Çalışmaları / Studies In Psychology / ISSN- 1304-4680