Oxford Faydacılık Ölçeği’nin Türkçe Uyarlaması

Year 2021, Volume: 41 Issue: 2, 491 - 520, 30.08.2021

Filiz Kumova Hasan G. Bahçekapılı

Abstract

Ahlak felsefesindeki iki temel normatif ahlak görüşü olan faydacılık ve deontoloji, ahlak psikolojisinde de insanların ahlaki yargılarını açıklamakta kullanılan iki ana görüş durumundadır. Klasik ahlaki ikilem senaryoları, 2000’lerin başından itibaren faydacı/deontolojik karar alma eğilimlerinin ayrıştırılmasına ilişkin neredeyse tek ölçüt olarak kullanılmıştır. Buna karşın bir dizi araştırma, anti sosyal kişilik özellikleri olan kişilerin, ilgili ahlaki ikilemlerde faydacı karar alma eğiliminde olduklarını göstermiştir. Psikopati eğiliminin faydacı ahlakın temel mantığıyla taban tabana zıt olmasından dolayı, son on yılda söz konusu ahlaki ikilem senaryolarının etkinliğine dair tartışmalar başlamıştır. Bir eleştiri bu senaryoların faydacılığın sadece araçsal zarar boyutunu ölçtüğü, tarafsız iyilik boyutunu ise tamamen ihmal ettiği yönündedir. Faydacılığın belirtilen her iki boyutunun da ölçülebilmesi için Kahane ve arkadaşları (2018) Oxford Faydacılık Ölçeği’ni (OFÖ) geliştirmişlerdir. Bu çalışmada OFÖ’nün Türkçe uyarlamasının gerçekleştirilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Araştırmaya yaşları 18-66 arasında değişen ve %82.5’i İstanbul’da yaşayan 983 kişi katılmıştır. Araştırma örnekleminin seçkisiz olarak ikiye bölünmesi ile elde edilen alt örneklem gruplarından birinde Temel Bileşenler Faktör Analizi, diğerinde ise Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) yapılmıştır. Temel Bileşenler Faktör Analizi sonuçları, orijinal çalışmaya benzer şekilde toplam varyansın %52.5’ini açıklayan iki faktörlü bir yapıyı göstermiştir. DFA sonuçları da uyarlamanın, orijinal iki faktörlü yapı ile uyumlu olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Birleşen geçerlik çalışmasında, beklentiler ile uyumlu olarak, araçsal zarar faktörü ile psikopati ve Makyavelizm arasında, tarafsız iyilik faktörü ile de empatik düşünce, perspektif alma ve faydacı özgecilik arasında pozitif korelasyon bulunmuştur. Sonuçlara göre, tarafsız iyilik ile psikopati ve Makyavelizm arasında ise negatif korelasyon bulunmaktadır. Orijinal ölçek çalışması ile uyumlu olarak, tarafsız iyilik ve araçsal zarar faktörlerinden yüksek puan alan katılımcıların, ahlaki ikilem senaryolarında da faydacı yönde kararlar aldıkları görülmüştür. Sonuçlar genel olarak OFÖ’nün Türkçe uyarlamasının orijinal çalışma ile uyumlu olduğunu gösterdiğinden, mevcut uyarlamanın ahlak psikolojisiyle ilgili olarak gelecekte yapılacak deneysel ve ilişkisel çalışmalarda kullanılması önerilmektedir

Keywords

Oxford Faydacılık Ölçeği, tarafsız iyilik, araçsal zarar

The Turkish Adaptation of the Oxford Utilitarianism Scale

Abstract

Utilitarianism and deontology are the two major normative ethics in moral philosophy extensively used to explain the source of moral judgments in moral psychology. Since 2000, scholars used classical moral dilemmas nearly exclusively to differentiate utilitarian and deontological decision-making tendencies. However, results from a series of studies indicated that these dilemmas tend to elicit utilitarian responses from people with antisocial personality features. The efficiency of these moral dilemmas was the subject of debates in the last 10 years given that antisocial tendencies are the direct opposite of a utilitarian outlook. One of the criticisms was that these dilemmas were limited to the measurement of the instrumental harm dimension of utilitarianism and entirely overlooked the impartial beneficence outlook. The Oxford Utilitarian Scale (OUS) (Kahane et al., 2018) was developed to measure both dimensions of utilitarianism. To fit the context, the study developed the Turkish adaptation of the OUS. The study recruited 983 participants aged 18-65 years and 82.5% living in İstanbul. The respondents were randomly assigned to two sub-groups for principal and confirmatory factor analyses (PFA and CFA), respectively. The PFA results revealed a two-factor structure, which is similar to that of the original study, with an explained total variance of 52.5%. Moreover, the CFA results indicated that the adaptation study is compatible with the original two-factor model. Convergent validity analysis revealed positive correlations of instrumental harm to psychopathy and Machiavellianism as expected. Similarly, the impartial beneficence factor displayed positive relationships with empathic concern, perspective-taking, and altruistic utilitarianism. Moreover, the results demonstrated that impartial beneficence is negatively correlated with psychopathy and Machiavellianism. In line with the original study, participants with high scores in instrumental harm and impartial beneficence endorsed the utilitarian option in response to these dilemmas. In summary, the results confirmed that the Turkish version of the OUS is substantially concordant with the original inventory. Therefore, the authors suggest that the proposed version is advisable for use in future empirical and correlational studies on moral psychology.

Keywords

Oxford Utilitarianism Scale, instrumental harm, impartial beneficence

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