Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Hisae Sawachi’nin 14 Sai: Fōteen Romanında Militarizm Algısı ve Gyokusai Kavramı

Year 2022, Issue: 41, 159 - 180, 28.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/jos.1136996

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, II. Dünya Savaşı öncesinde yaygın olan Japon militarizminin etkisini Japon sömürge deneyimi yaşamış bir yazarın bakış açısıyla incelemektir. Japonya toprakları dışında yaşayan Japon halkın militarizm yanlısı tutumuna çeşitli örnekler sunan Hisae Sawachi’nin 14 Sai: Fōteen adlı eseri, savaş öncesi dönemin sosyal yapısına da ışık tutmaktadır. “Savaş meydanında ölüm”, “İmparator adına kendini feda etme”, Japonya’da kutsal bir görev olarak görülmüş ve özellikle II. Dünya Savaşı sürecinde Japonların en fazla karşılaştığı kavramlar olmuştur. Japonca gyokusai terimi, “onurlu intihar” ya da “teslim olmak yerine onurlu ölüm” anlamına gelirken, bu ifade aynı zamanda bireyin kendi egosunu bastırarak kişisel/bireysel çıkarların yerini imparatora sadakat, topluma hizmet gibi daha kutsal addedilebilecek bir dünya görüşüne bırakmış ve İmparator’un huzurunda “ölümsüzlüğe ulaşma” durumuna geçişi sembolize etmiştir. Bu çalışmada Hisae Sawachi tarafından kaleme alınan 14 Sai: Fōteen romanı temelinde “militarizm” algısının gyokusai kavramıyla olan ilişkisi incelenmiştir. Japonya’nın militarizm yanlısı tutumunu destekleyen baş kahraman genç kız tarafından Japon değerleri ile militarizm arasında kurulan ilişkinin aktarıldığı bu roman, sadece Japon sömürge topraklarındaki Japon hakimiyetini değil, aynı zamanda Japonya’nın militarizm algısını ve Japon kültürüyle ilişkisini gösteren bir örnektir. Sonuçta, Japonya’da savaşa evrilen sürecin temelini oluşturan militarizm algısında savaş öncesi süreç ve savaş sonrası süreç arasında ciddi bir farkın yansıtıldığı görülmüştür. Bu durumun oluşmasında döneme hakim olan askeri yapının ne derece etkili olduğu incelenmiştir.

Thanks

Kendisiyle görüşme talebimi geri çevirmeyen sevgili Hisae Sawachi hanımefendiye en içten teşekkürlerimi sunuyorum.

References

  • Akita, Kimiko ve Kenney, Rick. “Of kamikaze, sakura, and gyokusai: Misappropriation of Metaphor in War Propaganda”. Japanese Studies Review. XVIII (2014): 27-45.
  • Atsushi, Awazuhara. “Perceptions of Ambiguous Reality: Life, Death and Beauty in Sakura”. Japanese Religions 32. (2007): 39 – 51.
  • Buell R. L. “Militarism in Japan”. Current History (1916-1940). 15 (2) (1921): 205-213.
  • Colegrove, Kenneth. “Militarism in Japan’s Foreign Policy”. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 215. (1941): 7 – 16.
  • Cook Taya, Haruko.“Turning Women into Weapons: Japan’s Women, the Battle of Saipan, and the “Nature of the Pacific War”. Women and War in the Twentieth Century. Haz. Nicole Ann. Dombrowski içinde 178 – 194. New York ve London: Routledge, 2005.
  • Di Marco, Francesca. “Act or Disease? The Making of Modern Suicide in Early Twentieth-century Japan”. The Journal of Japanese Studies 39. 2 (2013): 325-358.
  • Eguchi, Keiichi. “Teikoku Nihon no Tō - Ajia Shihai”, Manchukuo Kindai Nihon to Shokuminchi: Shokuminchi Teikoku Nihon (1) (近代日本と植民 地:植民地帝国日本). Haz. Shinobu Ōe, içinde, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 2001.
  • Gomi, Fumihiko. Toshihiko Takano ve Yasushi Toriumi. Shōsetsu Nihon-shi Kenkyū(詳説日本史研究), Tokyo: Yamakawa Shuppansha, 2000.
  • He, Yinan. “National Mythmaking and the Problems of History in Sino – Japanese Relations”. Japanese Relations with China: Facing Arising Power. haz. Peng Lam Er. içinde 69 – 91. Londra ve New York: Routledge, 2006.
  • Hoyt, Edwin P. Japonya: Asker Bir Ulusun İntiharı. çev. Şerif Erol. İstanbul: Sabah Kitapları, 1995.
  • Inoguchi, Rikihei, Tadashi Nakajima ve Roger Pineau. Japan’s Kamikaze Force in World War II. Wisconsin: Bluejacket Books, 1958.
  • Inuzuka, Takaaki. Mori Arinori (森有礼). Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan. 1985.
  • Kantorowicz, Ernst H. “Pro Patria Mori in Medieval Political Thought. American Historical Review. 56 (3) (2006): 472 – 492.
  • Küçükyalçın, Erdal. Samuraylar Çağı. İstanbul: İnkılâp Kitabevi, 2013.
  • Levent, Sinan. İkinci Dünya Savaşı Yolunda Japonya: Cumhuriyet Gazetesi Üzerinden Türk Basınında Japonya İmajı (1933 – 1941). İstanbul: Kitapdostu Yayınları, 2015.
  • Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko. Kamikaze, Cherry Blossoms and Nationalisms: Militarization of Aesthetics in Japanese History. Chicago ve London: University of Chicago Press, 2002.
  • Owada, Tetsuo. Nihon no Rekishi 101 no nazo (日本の歴史101の謎). Tokyo: Mikasa Shobō, 2003. Sawachi, Hisae. 14歳(フォーティーン):満洲開拓村からの帰. Tokyo: Shūeisha. 2015.
  • Seraphim, Franziska. War Memory and Social Politics in Japan 1945–2005. Massachusetts & London: Harvard University Press, 2006.
  • Shaftall, Mordegai George. “An Genealogy of Imperial Era Japanese Militarism”. The Origins of Second World War: An International Perspective. Haz. Frank Mcdonough. içinde 50 – 65. London ve New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2011.
  • Shibata, Ria. “Memories of the War and Japanese “Historical Amnesia”. Education and Society. 35 (1) (2017): 5 – 25.
  • Shogimen, Takashi. “Another” Patriotism in Early Shōwa Japan (1930-1945)”. Journal of the History of Ideas. 71/1 (2010): 139- 160.
  • Takahashi, Saburo. Senkimono wo Yomu (戦記物を読む). Tokyo: Academia Press, 1988.
  • Wang, Xuanjing. “The Voices of Women: The Literature of Manchurian Repatriation”. Osaka University Knowledge Archive. 4 (2021): 69 – 82.
  • Yıldız, Özgür. “İkinci Dünya Savaşına Genel Bir Bakış”. Journal of International Management and Social Researches. 6/12 (2019): 53-75.
  • “九条の会「時勢はどんどん悪くなる」会見で澤地久枝さん” Erişim 09 Ocak 2019, https://mainichi.jp/ articles/20180915/koo/oom/040/020000c.
  • Soemu Toyoda Tribunal Transcripts - USU Digital Collections Erişim 22 Aralık 2021, https:// digital.lib.usu. edu/digital/collection/p16944coll30.
  • 授業づくりJAPAN YOKOHAMAプライマリー (fc2.com) Erişim 15 Ağustos 2022, mutukawa34413. blog.fc2.com/img/2015121621394735a.jpg/

Perceptions Toward Militarism and the Concept of Gyokusai in Hisae Sawachi’s Novel 14 Sai

Year 2022, Issue: 41, 159 - 180, 28.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/jos.1136996

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine the impact of Japanese militarism that was prevalent before World War II from the perspective of an author who had experienced Japanese colonialism. Hisae Sawachi’s work 14 Sai: Fōteen provides various examples of the pro-militarist attitudes of the Japanese people who lived outside from Japan’s territory and also sheds light on the social structure of the prewar period. “Death on the battlefield”, “sacrificing oneself in the name of Emperor”, were seen as sacred duties in Japan, and Japanese people faced these concepts mostly during World War II. The Japanese term gyokusai means “honorable suicide” or “honorable death instead of surrender” and this expression also sembolizes suppressing the personal ego and replacing personal/individual interests with a more sacred worldview, such as loyalty to the Emperor, social duty, and the transition to“achieving immortality” for the existence of the Emperor. This study, examines the novel 14 Sai, written by Hisae Sawachi and the relationship between the concepts of“militarism” and gyokusai. The relationship between Japan’s values and militarism is conveyed by the protagonist, a young girl who supports Japan’s pro-militarist attitude throughout the novel, and is an example that shows not only the Japanese dominance of Japanese colonial land, but also Japan’s perceptions toward militarism and its relationship with Japanese culture. As a result, the perceptions toward militarism, which forms the basis of the process that evolved into war in Japan, is seen to reflect a significant difference between the pre-war and post-war periods. It is examined how effective the Japanese military structure in the formation of that situation in this period.


References

  • Akita, Kimiko ve Kenney, Rick. “Of kamikaze, sakura, and gyokusai: Misappropriation of Metaphor in War Propaganda”. Japanese Studies Review. XVIII (2014): 27-45.
  • Atsushi, Awazuhara. “Perceptions of Ambiguous Reality: Life, Death and Beauty in Sakura”. Japanese Religions 32. (2007): 39 – 51.
  • Buell R. L. “Militarism in Japan”. Current History (1916-1940). 15 (2) (1921): 205-213.
  • Colegrove, Kenneth. “Militarism in Japan’s Foreign Policy”. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 215. (1941): 7 – 16.
  • Cook Taya, Haruko.“Turning Women into Weapons: Japan’s Women, the Battle of Saipan, and the “Nature of the Pacific War”. Women and War in the Twentieth Century. Haz. Nicole Ann. Dombrowski içinde 178 – 194. New York ve London: Routledge, 2005.
  • Di Marco, Francesca. “Act or Disease? The Making of Modern Suicide in Early Twentieth-century Japan”. The Journal of Japanese Studies 39. 2 (2013): 325-358.
  • Eguchi, Keiichi. “Teikoku Nihon no Tō - Ajia Shihai”, Manchukuo Kindai Nihon to Shokuminchi: Shokuminchi Teikoku Nihon (1) (近代日本と植民 地:植民地帝国日本). Haz. Shinobu Ōe, içinde, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 2001.
  • Gomi, Fumihiko. Toshihiko Takano ve Yasushi Toriumi. Shōsetsu Nihon-shi Kenkyū(詳説日本史研究), Tokyo: Yamakawa Shuppansha, 2000.
  • He, Yinan. “National Mythmaking and the Problems of History in Sino – Japanese Relations”. Japanese Relations with China: Facing Arising Power. haz. Peng Lam Er. içinde 69 – 91. Londra ve New York: Routledge, 2006.
  • Hoyt, Edwin P. Japonya: Asker Bir Ulusun İntiharı. çev. Şerif Erol. İstanbul: Sabah Kitapları, 1995.
  • Inoguchi, Rikihei, Tadashi Nakajima ve Roger Pineau. Japan’s Kamikaze Force in World War II. Wisconsin: Bluejacket Books, 1958.
  • Inuzuka, Takaaki. Mori Arinori (森有礼). Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan. 1985.
  • Kantorowicz, Ernst H. “Pro Patria Mori in Medieval Political Thought. American Historical Review. 56 (3) (2006): 472 – 492.
  • Küçükyalçın, Erdal. Samuraylar Çağı. İstanbul: İnkılâp Kitabevi, 2013.
  • Levent, Sinan. İkinci Dünya Savaşı Yolunda Japonya: Cumhuriyet Gazetesi Üzerinden Türk Basınında Japonya İmajı (1933 – 1941). İstanbul: Kitapdostu Yayınları, 2015.
  • Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko. Kamikaze, Cherry Blossoms and Nationalisms: Militarization of Aesthetics in Japanese History. Chicago ve London: University of Chicago Press, 2002.
  • Owada, Tetsuo. Nihon no Rekishi 101 no nazo (日本の歴史101の謎). Tokyo: Mikasa Shobō, 2003. Sawachi, Hisae. 14歳(フォーティーン):満洲開拓村からの帰. Tokyo: Shūeisha. 2015.
  • Seraphim, Franziska. War Memory and Social Politics in Japan 1945–2005. Massachusetts & London: Harvard University Press, 2006.
  • Shaftall, Mordegai George. “An Genealogy of Imperial Era Japanese Militarism”. The Origins of Second World War: An International Perspective. Haz. Frank Mcdonough. içinde 50 – 65. London ve New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2011.
  • Shibata, Ria. “Memories of the War and Japanese “Historical Amnesia”. Education and Society. 35 (1) (2017): 5 – 25.
  • Shogimen, Takashi. “Another” Patriotism in Early Shōwa Japan (1930-1945)”. Journal of the History of Ideas. 71/1 (2010): 139- 160.
  • Takahashi, Saburo. Senkimono wo Yomu (戦記物を読む). Tokyo: Academia Press, 1988.
  • Wang, Xuanjing. “The Voices of Women: The Literature of Manchurian Repatriation”. Osaka University Knowledge Archive. 4 (2021): 69 – 82.
  • Yıldız, Özgür. “İkinci Dünya Savaşına Genel Bir Bakış”. Journal of International Management and Social Researches. 6/12 (2019): 53-75.
  • “九条の会「時勢はどんどん悪くなる」会見で澤地久枝さん” Erişim 09 Ocak 2019, https://mainichi.jp/ articles/20180915/koo/oom/040/020000c.
  • Soemu Toyoda Tribunal Transcripts - USU Digital Collections Erişim 22 Aralık 2021, https:// digital.lib.usu. edu/digital/collection/p16944coll30.
  • 授業づくりJAPAN YOKOHAMAプライマリー (fc2.com) Erişim 15 Ağustos 2022, mutukawa34413. blog.fc2.com/img/2015121621394735a.jpg/
There are 27 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Creative Arts and Writing
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Habibe Salğar 0000-0002-4393-9101

Publication Date October 28, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Issue: 41

Cite

Chicago Salğar, Habibe. “Hisae Sawachi’nin 14 Sai: Fōteen Romanında Militarizm Algısı Ve Gyokusai Kavramı”. Şarkiyat Mecmuası, no. 41 (October 2022): 159-80. https://doi.org/10.26650/jos.1136996.