Kaideden İstisnaya: Gelişmecilik ve Kültürelciliğin Ötesinde Tarihsel Sosyolojinin İmkânları

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 38 Sayı: 2, 403 - 440, 26.03.2019

Enes Kabakcı

Öz

“İlerleme” düşüncesinin yirminci yüzyıl ortalarındaki izdüşümlerinden olan “siyasal gelişme” paradigması, İkinci Dünya

Savaşı akabinde, karşılaştırmalı siyaset biliminde işgal ettiği merkezî yeri, önce işlevselci bir perspektifin hâkim olduğu nicel

araştırmalara, ardından da antropolojiden beslenen kültürelci yaklaşımlara bırakmıştır. Bu makale, tıpkı toplumsal gibi

siyasal değişimin de tekbiçimli ve ereksel olduğunu savlayan evrenselci “siyasal gelişme” kuramlarından, geleneğe aşırı vurgu

yaparak siyasal değişim süreçlerini tikelleştirmeye yönelen “kültürelci” yaklaşımlara doğru seyreden süreci mercek altına

almaktadır. Ayrıca, bu iki yaklaşıma alternatif olarak tarihsel sosyolojinin imkânlarını tartışmaya açmayı hedeflemektedir. Bu

eksende; ilk olarak, klasik sosyolojiden ilham alan ve değişimin içsel bir süreç olduğunu iddia ederek toplumları tektipleştiren

siyasal gelişmeci perspektif farklı tezahürleriyle incelenecektir. Ardından, sosyal bilimlerde antropolojinin giderek ön plana

çıkmasıyla önem kazanan kültür kavramının toplumsal değişime dair çözümlemelere dâhil edilmesine koşut olarak ortaya

çıkan, toplumların ve değişim süreçlerinin benzersizliğine vurgu yapan kültürelci yaklaşımlar değerlendirilecektir. Son olarak,

bu iki kutba mesafeli duran, sosyal bilimsel bilginin interdisipliner yeni bir organizasyonunu ifade eden tarihsel sosyolojinin,

toplumsal ve siyasal değişimi konu alan incelemelere sağlayacağı katkılar üzerinde durulacaktır

Anahtar Kelimeler

Toplumsal ve siyasal değişim, İlerleme, Siyasal gelişme, Modernleşme, Kültürelcilik, Karşılaştırmalı siyaset bilimi, Antropoloji, Tarihsel sosyoloji

From the Rule to the Exception: Beyond Developmentalism and Culturalism to the Capabilities of Historical Sociology

Öz

The paradigm of political development, based the projections of the mid-20th century’s idea of progress, left the central

position it had occupied in comparative political science after World War II, first in quantitative research where the

functionalist perspective was dominant, then in the culturalist approaches that were also nourished from anthropology.

Drawing on theories of universalist political development, which purport social change to be uniform and teleogical just

like social change, this article places the processes that directly contemplate the culturalist approaches that lean toward

particularizing the processes of social change by placing extreme emphasis on tradition under the microscope. In addition,

it aims to open these two approaches to debate the possibilities of historical sociology as an alternative. In line with this,

the political developmental perspective, which unifies communities, will be examined through different manifestations

by first claiming the field of inspiration and change to be an intrinsic process from classical sociology. Afterward, emerging

culturalist approaches will be evaluated in parallel with inclusion of the concept of culture in analyses on social change,

which in the social sciences has increasingly gained importance in the foreground of anthropology. Last to be emphasized

will be the contributions of historical sociology, which stands out over these two poles and expresses a new interdisciplinary

organization of social scientific knowledge in studies on the subject area of social and political change.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Social and political change, Progress, Political development, Modernization, Culturalism, Comparative politics, Anthropology, Historical sociology

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