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Durkheim’da Toplum-Çevre Etkileşimi: Dışlayıcı Toplumsal Olgulara Karşı Çevreci Potansiyel

Year 2019, Volume: 39 Issue: 1, 135 - 157, 30.06.2019

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı Durkheim’ın sosyolojik yaklaşımını toplum-çevre etkileşimi çerçevesinde incelemektir. Döneminin ilerlemeci endüstriyel toplumunun bir üyesi olan Durkheim’ın toplumsal olguların ancak diğer toplumsal olgular ile açıklanabileceği yönündeki yaklaşımı, sosyoloji disiplininin kuruluş sürecinde çevresel etkenleri dışlamıştır. Durkheim evrim sürecindeki toplumu, tarih boyunca değişmediğini vurguladığı doğal çevreden ayrı bir gerçeklik olarak ortaya koymuştur. Diğer yandan, Durkheim sosyolojiyi ayrı bir disiplin olarak kurarken döneminin güçlü ve meşru doğa bilimlerinin yöntemlerini kullanmıştır. Ayrıca çevrenin topluma etkisini; mekanik dayanışmadan organik dayanışmaya geçişte ekolojik kaynakların rolü örneğindeki gibi vurgulamıştır. Toplumsal gerçekliği açıklayan çalışmalarında sıklıkla nüfus, denge, organizma ve kaynak kıtlığı gibi doğa metaforları kullanmıştır. Dahası, toplumsal işbölümünün tüm canlı organizmalarda olup doğadan topluma geçtiğine dikkat çekmiştir. En önemlisi ise toplumu doğanın karmaşık bir parçası olarak tanımlamasıdır. Durkheim çevre sorunlarının ciddiyetinin ve yaygınlığının kabul edildiği; biyoloji ile ekoloji bilimlerinin çok geliştiği günümüzde yaşasaydı, toplum-çevre etkileşimi içeren sosyolojik bir yaklaşım geliştirme potansiyeline sahip olabilecekti. Zira vurguladığı dayanışma, kolektif bilinç ve işbölümü kavramlarının yeniden yorumlanmasının, küresel ölçekteki çevre sorunlarına karşı uluslararası bir işbirliği zemini oluşturması mümkündür.

References

  • American Sociological Association. (2017). Environmental sociology. Retrieved November 12, 2017 from https://www.asanet.org/asa-communities/sections/environmental-sociology
  • Buttel, F. H. (2002). Environmental sociology and the classical sociological tradition: Some observations on current controversies. In R. E. Dunlap, F. H. Buttel, P. Dickens, & A. Gijswijt (Eds.), Sociological theory and the environment – classical foundations, contemporary insights (pp. 35–50). New York, NY: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Buttel, F. H., & Humphrey, C. (2002). Sociological theory and natural environment. In R. E. Dunlap & W. Michelson (Eds.), Handbook of environmental sociology (pp. 33–69). London, UK: Greenwood Press.
  • Buttel, F. H, Dickens, P., Dunlap R. E., & Gijswijt, A. (2002). Sociological theory and the environment: An overview and introduction. In R. E. Dunlap, F. H. Buttel, P. Dickens, & A. Gijswift (Eds.), Sociological theory and the environment – classical foundations, contemporary insights (pp. 3–34). New York, NY: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Catton, W. R. Jr. (2002). Has the Durkheim legacy misled sociology? In R. E. Dunlap, F. H. Buttel, P. Dickens, & A. Gijswift (Eds.), Sociological theory and the environment: Classical foundations, contemporary insights (pp. 91–115). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Catton, W. R., & Dunlap, R. A. (1978). Environmental sociology: A new paradigm. The American Sociologist, 13, 41‒49. Çelebi, N. (2007). Sosyoloji notları. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Dunlap, R. E. (1997). The evolution of environmental sociology: A brief history and assessment of the American experience. In M. Redclift & G. Woodgate (Eds.), The international handbook of environmental sociology (pp. 21–39). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
  • Dunlap, R. (2002). Environmental sociology – a personal perspective on its first quarter century. Organization & Environment, 15(1), 10‒29.
  • Dunlap, R. (2016, January). Sociology’s engagement with the environment. In Immersion distinguished scholar workshop: Sociology. Workshop conducted at the meeting of National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center, Annapolis, Maryland. Retrieved from http://www. sesync.org/sites/default/files/education/sociology-5.pdf
  • Dunlap, R., & Catton, W. R. (1979). Environmental sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 5, 243‒273.
  • Dunlap, R., & Catton, W. R. (2007). What environmental sociologists have in common (whether concerned with “built” or “natural” environments). Sociological Inquiry, 53(2), 113‒135.
  • Durkheim, E. (1982). The rules of sociological method. New York, NY: The Free Press.
  • Durkheim, E. (2010). Dinsel yaşamın ilk biçimleri (Ö. Ozankaya, Çev.). İstanbul: Cem Yayınevi.
  • Durkheim, E. (2014). Toplumsal işbölümü (Ö. Ozankaya, Çev.). İstanbul: Cem Yayınevi. Durkheim, E. (2016). Sosyolojik yöntemin kuralları (Ö. Doğan, Çev.). Ankara: Doğu Batı.
  • Foster, J. B. (1999). Marx’s theory of metabolic rift: Classical foundations for environmental sociology. American Journal of Sociology, 105(2), 366‒405.
  • Gross, M. (2000). Classical sociology and the restoration of nature: the relevance of Émile Durkheim and Georg Simmel. Organization & Environment, 13(3), 277‒291.
  • Hannigan, J. (2006). Environmental sociology. London, UK: Routledge.
  • Hoyen, M. (2013, August). View on nature – a field? In F. Alexandrescu (Chair), ESA 11th Conference – Crisis, Critique and Change. Conference conducted at the meeting of European Sociological Association, Turin, Italy.
  • Jarvikoski, T. (1996). The relation of nature and society in Marx and Durkheim. Acta Sociologica, 39(1), 73‒86.
  • Konak, N. (2010). Çevre sosyolojisi: Kavramsal ve teorik gelişmeler. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 24, 271‒283.
  • Lidskog, R., Mol, A. P. J., & Oosterveer, P. (2015). Towards a global environmental sociology? Legacies, trends and future directions. Current Sociology, 63(3), 339‒368. Madappalli, M. (2016). Interrogating environmental sociology: Revisiting academic importance of Durkheimian ideas. Man in India, 96(4), 1019‒1027.
  • Norgaard, R. B. (1997). A coevolutionary environmental sociology. In M. Redclift & G. Woodgate (Eds.), The international handbook of environmental sociology (pp. 151–168). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
  • Rice, J. (2013). Further beyond the Durkheimian problematic: Environmental sociology and the co-construction of the social and the natural. Sociological Forum, 28(2), 236‒260.
  • Rosa, E. A., & Richter, L. (2008). Durkheim on the environment: ex libris or ex cathedra? Introduction to inaugural lecture to a course in social science, 1887-1888. Organization & Environment, 21(2), 182‒187.

Society-Environment Interaction in Durkheim: Exclusion of Social Facts versus Environmental Potential

Year 2019, Volume: 39 Issue: 1, 135 - 157, 30.06.2019

Abstract

This paper aims to examine Durkheim’s sociological approach in terms of society-environment interaction. Durkheim’s methodological dictum indicates that social facts can only be explained by other social facts. This notion excludes environmental parameters in the early years of sociology. Hence, he kept separated evolving society from environment that hardly changed historically. On the other hand, Durkheim used the methodology of natural sciences in the establishment of sociology as a discipline. Moreover, he implied the role of natural resources in the transformation of mechanical solidarity to organic solidarity. In fact, he often used metaphors from nature in his studies like population, balance, organism, and resource scarcity to explain social reality. The division of labor, one of his most important concepts, is taken from organisms. Above all, Durkheim defines society as a complex part of nature. If Durkheim lived in the modern world, where the severity of environmental problems is accepted and biology and ecology disciplines are highly developed, he would have a potential to develop a sociological approach that includes society-environment relations. In fact, the redefinition and reuse of concepts like solidarity, collective consciousness, and division of labor provide a base for international cooperation to solve global environmental problems.

References

  • American Sociological Association. (2017). Environmental sociology. Retrieved November 12, 2017 from https://www.asanet.org/asa-communities/sections/environmental-sociology
  • Buttel, F. H. (2002). Environmental sociology and the classical sociological tradition: Some observations on current controversies. In R. E. Dunlap, F. H. Buttel, P. Dickens, & A. Gijswijt (Eds.), Sociological theory and the environment – classical foundations, contemporary insights (pp. 35–50). New York, NY: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Buttel, F. H., & Humphrey, C. (2002). Sociological theory and natural environment. In R. E. Dunlap & W. Michelson (Eds.), Handbook of environmental sociology (pp. 33–69). London, UK: Greenwood Press.
  • Buttel, F. H, Dickens, P., Dunlap R. E., & Gijswijt, A. (2002). Sociological theory and the environment: An overview and introduction. In R. E. Dunlap, F. H. Buttel, P. Dickens, & A. Gijswift (Eds.), Sociological theory and the environment – classical foundations, contemporary insights (pp. 3–34). New York, NY: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Catton, W. R. Jr. (2002). Has the Durkheim legacy misled sociology? In R. E. Dunlap, F. H. Buttel, P. Dickens, & A. Gijswift (Eds.), Sociological theory and the environment: Classical foundations, contemporary insights (pp. 91–115). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Catton, W. R., & Dunlap, R. A. (1978). Environmental sociology: A new paradigm. The American Sociologist, 13, 41‒49. Çelebi, N. (2007). Sosyoloji notları. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Dunlap, R. E. (1997). The evolution of environmental sociology: A brief history and assessment of the American experience. In M. Redclift & G. Woodgate (Eds.), The international handbook of environmental sociology (pp. 21–39). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
  • Dunlap, R. (2002). Environmental sociology – a personal perspective on its first quarter century. Organization & Environment, 15(1), 10‒29.
  • Dunlap, R. (2016, January). Sociology’s engagement with the environment. In Immersion distinguished scholar workshop: Sociology. Workshop conducted at the meeting of National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center, Annapolis, Maryland. Retrieved from http://www. sesync.org/sites/default/files/education/sociology-5.pdf
  • Dunlap, R., & Catton, W. R. (1979). Environmental sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 5, 243‒273.
  • Dunlap, R., & Catton, W. R. (2007). What environmental sociologists have in common (whether concerned with “built” or “natural” environments). Sociological Inquiry, 53(2), 113‒135.
  • Durkheim, E. (1982). The rules of sociological method. New York, NY: The Free Press.
  • Durkheim, E. (2010). Dinsel yaşamın ilk biçimleri (Ö. Ozankaya, Çev.). İstanbul: Cem Yayınevi.
  • Durkheim, E. (2014). Toplumsal işbölümü (Ö. Ozankaya, Çev.). İstanbul: Cem Yayınevi. Durkheim, E. (2016). Sosyolojik yöntemin kuralları (Ö. Doğan, Çev.). Ankara: Doğu Batı.
  • Foster, J. B. (1999). Marx’s theory of metabolic rift: Classical foundations for environmental sociology. American Journal of Sociology, 105(2), 366‒405.
  • Gross, M. (2000). Classical sociology and the restoration of nature: the relevance of Émile Durkheim and Georg Simmel. Organization & Environment, 13(3), 277‒291.
  • Hannigan, J. (2006). Environmental sociology. London, UK: Routledge.
  • Hoyen, M. (2013, August). View on nature – a field? In F. Alexandrescu (Chair), ESA 11th Conference – Crisis, Critique and Change. Conference conducted at the meeting of European Sociological Association, Turin, Italy.
  • Jarvikoski, T. (1996). The relation of nature and society in Marx and Durkheim. Acta Sociologica, 39(1), 73‒86.
  • Konak, N. (2010). Çevre sosyolojisi: Kavramsal ve teorik gelişmeler. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 24, 271‒283.
  • Lidskog, R., Mol, A. P. J., & Oosterveer, P. (2015). Towards a global environmental sociology? Legacies, trends and future directions. Current Sociology, 63(3), 339‒368. Madappalli, M. (2016). Interrogating environmental sociology: Revisiting academic importance of Durkheimian ideas. Man in India, 96(4), 1019‒1027.
  • Norgaard, R. B. (1997). A coevolutionary environmental sociology. In M. Redclift & G. Woodgate (Eds.), The international handbook of environmental sociology (pp. 151–168). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
  • Rice, J. (2013). Further beyond the Durkheimian problematic: Environmental sociology and the co-construction of the social and the natural. Sociological Forum, 28(2), 236‒260.
  • Rosa, E. A., & Richter, L. (2008). Durkheim on the environment: ex libris or ex cathedra? Introduction to inaugural lecture to a course in social science, 1887-1888. Organization & Environment, 21(2), 182‒187.
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sociology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Çağrı Eryılmaz This is me 0000-0001-9972-9245

Publication Date June 30, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 39 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Eryılmaz, Ç. (2019). Durkheim’da Toplum-Çevre Etkileşimi: Dışlayıcı Toplumsal Olgulara Karşı Çevreci Potansiyel. İstanbul University Journal of Sociology, 39(1), 135-157.
AMA Eryılmaz Ç. Durkheim’da Toplum-Çevre Etkileşimi: Dışlayıcı Toplumsal Olgulara Karşı Çevreci Potansiyel. İstanbul University Journal of Sociology. June 2019;39(1):135-157.
Chicago Eryılmaz, Çağrı. “Durkheim’da Toplum-Çevre Etkileşimi: Dışlayıcı Toplumsal Olgulara Karşı Çevreci Potansiyel”. İstanbul University Journal of Sociology 39, no. 1 (June 2019): 135-57.
EndNote Eryılmaz Ç (June 1, 2019) Durkheim’da Toplum-Çevre Etkileşimi: Dışlayıcı Toplumsal Olgulara Karşı Çevreci Potansiyel. İstanbul University Journal of Sociology 39 1 135–157.
IEEE Ç. Eryılmaz, “Durkheim’da Toplum-Çevre Etkileşimi: Dışlayıcı Toplumsal Olgulara Karşı Çevreci Potansiyel”, İstanbul University Journal of Sociology, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 135–157, 2019.
ISNAD Eryılmaz, Çağrı. “Durkheim’da Toplum-Çevre Etkileşimi: Dışlayıcı Toplumsal Olgulara Karşı Çevreci Potansiyel”. İstanbul University Journal of Sociology 39/1 (June 2019), 135-157.
JAMA Eryılmaz Ç. Durkheim’da Toplum-Çevre Etkileşimi: Dışlayıcı Toplumsal Olgulara Karşı Çevreci Potansiyel. İstanbul University Journal of Sociology. 2019;39:135–157.
MLA Eryılmaz, Çağrı. “Durkheim’da Toplum-Çevre Etkileşimi: Dışlayıcı Toplumsal Olgulara Karşı Çevreci Potansiyel”. İstanbul University Journal of Sociology, vol. 39, no. 1, 2019, pp. 135-57.
Vancouver Eryılmaz Ç. Durkheim’da Toplum-Çevre Etkileşimi: Dışlayıcı Toplumsal Olgulara Karşı Çevreci Potansiyel. İstanbul University Journal of Sociology. 2019;39(1):135-57.