Polanyi’nin Perspektifinden Sosyal Politikayı Okumak: Piyasa, Refah ve Emek Sorunsalı

Abstract

Karl Polanyi’nin 1944 yılında yayımlanan Büyük Dönüşüm adlı eseri piyasa, devlet ve refah ilişkisine yeni bir boyut getirmiştir. Karl Polanyi, piyasalar ve kapitalist toplumlar arasındaki ilişkinin, herhangi bir sosyal düzenin merkezi özelliği olduğunu düşünmüştür. Ona göre piyasa, toplumu istikrarsızlaştırırken emeğin, toprağın ve paranın metalaştırılması ise bir tepki ya da “karşı hareket” yaratmıştır. Bu yüzden Büyük Dönüşüm adlı eserinde de sık sık bahsettiği piyasa toplumunu, piyasaların toplumsal örgütlenmenin baskın bir ilkesi haline geldiği bir toplum olarak tasvir etmektedir. Bu toplum türünde ekonomi, toplumsal ilişkilere değil; toplumsal ilişkiler ekonomik sistemin içine gömülüdür. Polanyi ayrıca piyasa toplumunun doğal olarak meydana gelen bir fenomen olmadığını, politik ve sosyal bir yapı olduğunu savunmaktadır. Yine de, hükümet bürokrasisinin hızlı büyümesi ve özel alana müdahale, özellikle 1940’lardan bu yana, kapitalist toplumun doğası hakkındaki geleneksel düşüncelerimizin çoğuna meydan okumuştur. Dolayısıyla da devletin hem özel piyasa ekonomisinin kurulmasında hem de düzenlenmesinde önemli bir rol oynadığı gösterilmiştir. Bu çalışma, Polanyi’nin Büyük Dönüşüm eserinin yerleşik ekonomi kavramının içerdiği anlamlar olan piyasa, refah ve emek arasındaki ayrıma dayalı bir yorumunu konu edinmektedir.

Keywords

• Karl Polanyi
• Sosyal Politika
• Refah
• Emek
• Çifte Hareket

Reading Social Policy from Polanyi’s Perspective: The Problem of the Market, Wealth, and Labour

Abstract

The Great Transformation, published in 1944 by Karl Polanyi, brought a new dimension to the relationship between market, state, and welfare. Polanyi considered the relation between markets and societies as a central feature of any social order; according to him, while the market destabilizes society, the commodification of labor, land, and money creates a reaction or “counter-movement.” For this reason, he describes market society as being a dominant principle for social organization. Social relations are embedded within the economic system instead of the economy being embedded in social relations. Polanyi also claims that market society is a political and social construct rather than a natural phenomenon. Yet, the rapid growth of government bureaucracy and interference in the private sphere has challenged many traditional notions related to the nature of capitalist society, especially since the 1940s. Therefore, the state plays an important role in both the establishment and regulation of the private market economy. This article proposes an interpretation, in the context of the contemporary welfare state based on Polanyi’s The Great Transformation, which discusses the distinction between market,
welfare, and labor. The institutions, that once contributed to embedding the market economy within society, now play an important role in situations that have potential consequences for those seeking help from the welfare state.

Keywords

• Karl Polanyi
• Social Policy
• Welfare
• Labor
• Double Movement

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