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Eighteenth-Century European Medical Encounters with The Ottoman Levant

Year 2021, Issue: 73, 77 - 101, 15.02.2021
https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.746053

Abstract

This essay is about some eighteenth-century cross-cultural encounters between Europeans and Ottomans. It mainly shows how eighteenth-century British and European travels and travel writings about the Ottoman Levant revealed the notion of plurality in the field of Enlightenment medicine. In reporting their medical encounters with Ottoman culture, British and European travellers showed their fascination with Levantine medical practices and medicines. Similarly, local cultures in the Ottoman Levant appreciated European medical knowledge. In these encounters, as this essay argues, a circulation of knowledge between East and West re-settles and complicates narratives of European triumphalism, heroism and colonialism usually attached to eighteenth-century European scientific travels and writing travels about non-Europeans.

References

  • Alpinus, Prosper. De Plantis Aegypti liber. Venice, 1592.
  • __________ De balsamo dialogus Venice, 1591. Arvamudan, Sirnivas. Enlightenment Orientalism: Resisting the Rise of the Novel. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2012.
  • Black, William. Observations: Medical and Political On the Small Pox and Occultation. London: J. Johnson, 1781.
  • Belon, Pierre Les observations de plusieurs singularitez et choses memorables trouvées en Grèce, Asie, Judée…. Paris, 1533.
  • Browne, William George. Travels in Africa, Egypt, and Syria, from the Year 1792 to 1798. London: Adell and W. Davies on the Strand, 1806.
  • Bruce, James. Travel to Discover the Source of the Nile. Edinburgh: Printed by J. Ruthven, 1790.
  • Craciun Adriana and Mary Terrall. “Introduction”. Curious Encounters: Voyage Collecting and Making Knowledge in the Long Eighteenth Century, ed., Adriana Craciun and Mary Terrall Toronto: The University of Toronto Press, 2019.
  • Capper, James. Observations on the Passage to India Through Egypt, and Across the Great Desert with Occasional Remarks on the adjacent Countries, and also Sketches of the different Routes. London, 1783.
  • Carmichael, John. “Journey from Aleppo over the Desert to Basra” in The Desert Route to India: Being the Journal of Four Travellers by the Great Desert Caravan Route between Aleppo and Basra 1745–1751, ed. Douglass Carruthers. London: Hakluyt Society, 1928.
  • Cartwright, John, An Essay Upon the Virtues of the Balm of Gilead. London : Printed for G. Kearsly, at the Golden Lion in Ludgate-Street, 1760.
  • Durbach, Nadja. Bodily Matters: the Anti-vaccination Movement in England, 1853 – 1907. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2005.
  • Forskal, Peter, Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica: sive descriptiones plantarum quas per Aegyptum inferiorem et Arabiam felicem. Hauniae, 1775.
  • Gabriel A. Sivan. “Samuel Solomon (1745—1819): quack or entrepreneur?” Jewish Historical Studies Vol. 42 (2009), 23-51.
  • Gorbatov, Inna. Catherine the Great and the French Philosophers of the Enlightenment. Maryland: Academic Press, 2006, 83.
  • Hall, Joseph. The Balm of Gilead, Or Comforts for the Distressed, Both Moral and Divine: Most Fit for these woful times. London: Printed by Thomas Newcomb, and are to be sold by John Holden, 1650.
  • Hasselquist, Fredrick. Voyages and Travels in the Levant in the Years 1749, 50, 51, 52. London: Printed for L. Davis and C. Reymers, 1766.
  • Hill, Aaron. A Full Account of the Present State of the Ottoman Empire in all its Branches With the Government, and Policy, Religion, Customs and Way of Living of the Turks, in General, faithfully related From a Serious Observation, taken in many Years Travels though those Countries. Printed for the Author and are to be sold by John Mayo, 1709.
  • Irwin, Eyles. A Series of Adventures in the Course of a Voyage Up the Red-Sea on the Coasts of Arabia and Egypt. London: Printed for J. Dodsley, Pall-Mall, 1780.
  • Letters to the Ladies on the Preservation of Health and Beauty by a Physician. London: Printed for Robinson and Roberts, 1770.
  • Lowe, Lisa. Critical Terrain: French and British Orientalisms. Ithaca and London, Cornell University Press 1991.
  • MacLean, Gerald and Nabil Matar. Britain and the Islamic World 1558-1713. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Oxford 2011.
  • Mariti, Giovanni. Travels Through Cyprus, Syria, and Palestine; with a General History of the Levant, Vol II. Dublin: Printed for Messers P. Byrne, A. Grueber, J. Moore, W. Jones and J. Rice, 1792.
  • Millar, John. A Discourse of the Duty of Physicians. London: Printed for J. Johnson, No 72, St. Paul’s Church Yard, By H. Hart, Crane-Court, Fleet-Street, 1776.
  • Niebuhr, Carsten Travels through Arabia and other countries in the East, Vol II. Edinburgh: Printed for Morrison and Son, 1792.
  • Montagu, Mary Wortley. Letters from the Levant during the embassy to Constantinople, 1716-18. London: Joseph Rickbery, Sherbourn Lane, 1838.
  • Motraye, A. de La. Travels Through Europe, Asia, and Into Parts of Africa, Vol III. London: Printed for the Author, 1723, Nussbaum, Felicity. The Limits of the Human: Fictions of Anomaly, Race and Gender in the Long Eighteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  • Poiret, Jean Louis Marie. Travels through Barbary: in a series of letters, written from the ancient Numidia, in the years 1785 and 1786, and containing an account of the customs and manners of the Moors and Bedouin Arabs. London: Printed for C. Forster, and sold by J. Stockdale, 1791.
  • Robert, James. A medicinal dictionary; including physic, surgery, anatomy, chymistry, and botany, in all their branches relative to medicine. London: Printed and Sold by T. Osborne, 1743.
  • Katrina O’Loughlin. Women, Writing, and Travel in the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
  • Runsock, Andrea A. Vital Accounts: Quantifying Health and Population in Eighteenth-Century England and France. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
  • Rowley, William. A treatise on putrid, malignant, infectious fevers. London: Printed by J. Barfield, Wardour Street, 1804.
  • Russell, Alexander. The Natural History of Aleppo: A Description of the City, and the Principal Natural Productions in Its Neighbourhood, together with an Account of the Climate, Inhabitants, and Diseases; Particularly the Plague, Vol. I-II, London: Printed for G. G and J. Robinson, 1794.
  • Said, Edward. Orientalism. 1978; rpt. London: Penguin, 2003. Savary, Calude-Étienne. Letters on Egypt. Dublin: Printed for Luke White, 1787.
  • Savage-Smith, Emily. “Islam” in The Cambridge History of Science, Vol 4, ed., Roy Porter. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  • Solomon, Samuel. A Guide to His or Advice to Both Sexes (65th edition). London: 1818.
  • __________ Solomon’s Balm of Gilead.London, 1801. Sonnini, Charles Sigisbert. Travels in Upper and Lower Egypt. London: Printed for John Stockdale, Piccadilly, 1799.
  • Sterne, Philip. Medical Advice to the Consumptive and Asthmatic People of England and Ireland. Dublin: Printed by James Hoey, 1768.
  • Starkey, Janet. The Scottish Enlightenment Abroad: the Russells of Aleppo and Bradshaw. Amsterdam: Brill, 2018.
  • Taylor, John. Travels from England to India, in the year 1789. London, 1799.
  • The Global Eighteenth Century, ed., Felicity Nusbaum. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2003.
  • The London Magazine Enlarged and Improved, Vol II (1784), 364-5. The Medical and Physical Journal, March 1799, Vol 1, 33-39.
  • The Medical Enlightenment in the Eighteenth-Century, ed., by Andrew Cunningham and Roger French. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
  • Thevenot, Jean de. The Travels Of Monsieur De Thevenot Into The Levant: In Three Parts. London: Printed for H. Clark for H. Faithorne, 1687.
  • Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de. Materia Medica, or a description of simple medicines Generally Used in Physic. London: Printed by J.H for Andrew Bell, 1708.
  • __________ A Voyage Into the Levant, Vol III. London, 1741, Urquhart, David. Manual of the Turkish Bath: Heat a Mode of Cure and a Source of Strength for Men and Animals. London: John Churchill and Sons, New Burlington Street, 1865.
  • Wilson, John. The Balm of Gilead for Healing a Diseased Land: with the Glory of the Ministration of the Spirit. Falkirk: Printed and Sold by Patrick Mair, 1798.
  • Varthema, Lodvico di. The Travels of Ludovico di Varthema. London: The Hakluyt Society, 1863.

On Sekizinci Yüzyılda Avrupalıların Osmanlı Doğu Akdeniz’indeki Tıp Tecrübeleri

Year 2021, Issue: 73, 77 - 101, 15.02.2021
https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.746053

Abstract

Bu makale Avrupalılar ve Osmanlılar arasındaki bazı kültürlerarası karşılaşmaları ele alarak on sekizinci yüzyıl İngilizlerin ve Avrupalıların Osmanlı Doğu Akdeniz’ine yaptığı seyahatlerin ve yazdıkları seyahatnamelerin Aydınlanma tıbbı alanında çoğulluğu nasıl ortaya koyduğunu göstermektedir. Osmanlı tıbbıyla ilgili tecrübelerini aktaran İngiliz ve Avrupalı seyyahlar Doğu Akdeniz tıp uygulamaları ve ilaçlarına dair meraklarını aktarmışlardır. Aynı şekilde söz konusu bölgedeki yerel kültürler de Avrupa tıp bilgisi takdir etmişlerdir. Makalenin öne sürdüğü üzere bu süreçte Doğu ve Batı arasındaki bilgi dolaşımı, genellikle Avrupalı olmayanlar üzerine on sekizinci yüzyıl Avrupa bilimsel yazıları ve seyahatnamelerinde görülen Avrupa’nın üstünlüğü, hamaseti ve kolonyalizmine dair anlatıları yeniden tanımlar ve karmaşıklaştırır.

References

  • Alpinus, Prosper. De Plantis Aegypti liber. Venice, 1592.
  • __________ De balsamo dialogus Venice, 1591. Arvamudan, Sirnivas. Enlightenment Orientalism: Resisting the Rise of the Novel. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2012.
  • Black, William. Observations: Medical and Political On the Small Pox and Occultation. London: J. Johnson, 1781.
  • Belon, Pierre Les observations de plusieurs singularitez et choses memorables trouvées en Grèce, Asie, Judée…. Paris, 1533.
  • Browne, William George. Travels in Africa, Egypt, and Syria, from the Year 1792 to 1798. London: Adell and W. Davies on the Strand, 1806.
  • Bruce, James. Travel to Discover the Source of the Nile. Edinburgh: Printed by J. Ruthven, 1790.
  • Craciun Adriana and Mary Terrall. “Introduction”. Curious Encounters: Voyage Collecting and Making Knowledge in the Long Eighteenth Century, ed., Adriana Craciun and Mary Terrall Toronto: The University of Toronto Press, 2019.
  • Capper, James. Observations on the Passage to India Through Egypt, and Across the Great Desert with Occasional Remarks on the adjacent Countries, and also Sketches of the different Routes. London, 1783.
  • Carmichael, John. “Journey from Aleppo over the Desert to Basra” in The Desert Route to India: Being the Journal of Four Travellers by the Great Desert Caravan Route between Aleppo and Basra 1745–1751, ed. Douglass Carruthers. London: Hakluyt Society, 1928.
  • Cartwright, John, An Essay Upon the Virtues of the Balm of Gilead. London : Printed for G. Kearsly, at the Golden Lion in Ludgate-Street, 1760.
  • Durbach, Nadja. Bodily Matters: the Anti-vaccination Movement in England, 1853 – 1907. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2005.
  • Forskal, Peter, Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica: sive descriptiones plantarum quas per Aegyptum inferiorem et Arabiam felicem. Hauniae, 1775.
  • Gabriel A. Sivan. “Samuel Solomon (1745—1819): quack or entrepreneur?” Jewish Historical Studies Vol. 42 (2009), 23-51.
  • Gorbatov, Inna. Catherine the Great and the French Philosophers of the Enlightenment. Maryland: Academic Press, 2006, 83.
  • Hall, Joseph. The Balm of Gilead, Or Comforts for the Distressed, Both Moral and Divine: Most Fit for these woful times. London: Printed by Thomas Newcomb, and are to be sold by John Holden, 1650.
  • Hasselquist, Fredrick. Voyages and Travels in the Levant in the Years 1749, 50, 51, 52. London: Printed for L. Davis and C. Reymers, 1766.
  • Hill, Aaron. A Full Account of the Present State of the Ottoman Empire in all its Branches With the Government, and Policy, Religion, Customs and Way of Living of the Turks, in General, faithfully related From a Serious Observation, taken in many Years Travels though those Countries. Printed for the Author and are to be sold by John Mayo, 1709.
  • Irwin, Eyles. A Series of Adventures in the Course of a Voyage Up the Red-Sea on the Coasts of Arabia and Egypt. London: Printed for J. Dodsley, Pall-Mall, 1780.
  • Letters to the Ladies on the Preservation of Health and Beauty by a Physician. London: Printed for Robinson and Roberts, 1770.
  • Lowe, Lisa. Critical Terrain: French and British Orientalisms. Ithaca and London, Cornell University Press 1991.
  • MacLean, Gerald and Nabil Matar. Britain and the Islamic World 1558-1713. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Oxford 2011.
  • Mariti, Giovanni. Travels Through Cyprus, Syria, and Palestine; with a General History of the Levant, Vol II. Dublin: Printed for Messers P. Byrne, A. Grueber, J. Moore, W. Jones and J. Rice, 1792.
  • Millar, John. A Discourse of the Duty of Physicians. London: Printed for J. Johnson, No 72, St. Paul’s Church Yard, By H. Hart, Crane-Court, Fleet-Street, 1776.
  • Niebuhr, Carsten Travels through Arabia and other countries in the East, Vol II. Edinburgh: Printed for Morrison and Son, 1792.
  • Montagu, Mary Wortley. Letters from the Levant during the embassy to Constantinople, 1716-18. London: Joseph Rickbery, Sherbourn Lane, 1838.
  • Motraye, A. de La. Travels Through Europe, Asia, and Into Parts of Africa, Vol III. London: Printed for the Author, 1723, Nussbaum, Felicity. The Limits of the Human: Fictions of Anomaly, Race and Gender in the Long Eighteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  • Poiret, Jean Louis Marie. Travels through Barbary: in a series of letters, written from the ancient Numidia, in the years 1785 and 1786, and containing an account of the customs and manners of the Moors and Bedouin Arabs. London: Printed for C. Forster, and sold by J. Stockdale, 1791.
  • Robert, James. A medicinal dictionary; including physic, surgery, anatomy, chymistry, and botany, in all their branches relative to medicine. London: Printed and Sold by T. Osborne, 1743.
  • Katrina O’Loughlin. Women, Writing, and Travel in the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
  • Runsock, Andrea A. Vital Accounts: Quantifying Health and Population in Eighteenth-Century England and France. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
  • Rowley, William. A treatise on putrid, malignant, infectious fevers. London: Printed by J. Barfield, Wardour Street, 1804.
  • Russell, Alexander. The Natural History of Aleppo: A Description of the City, and the Principal Natural Productions in Its Neighbourhood, together with an Account of the Climate, Inhabitants, and Diseases; Particularly the Plague, Vol. I-II, London: Printed for G. G and J. Robinson, 1794.
  • Said, Edward. Orientalism. 1978; rpt. London: Penguin, 2003. Savary, Calude-Étienne. Letters on Egypt. Dublin: Printed for Luke White, 1787.
  • Savage-Smith, Emily. “Islam” in The Cambridge History of Science, Vol 4, ed., Roy Porter. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  • Solomon, Samuel. A Guide to His or Advice to Both Sexes (65th edition). London: 1818.
  • __________ Solomon’s Balm of Gilead.London, 1801. Sonnini, Charles Sigisbert. Travels in Upper and Lower Egypt. London: Printed for John Stockdale, Piccadilly, 1799.
  • Sterne, Philip. Medical Advice to the Consumptive and Asthmatic People of England and Ireland. Dublin: Printed by James Hoey, 1768.
  • Starkey, Janet. The Scottish Enlightenment Abroad: the Russells of Aleppo and Bradshaw. Amsterdam: Brill, 2018.
  • Taylor, John. Travels from England to India, in the year 1789. London, 1799.
  • The Global Eighteenth Century, ed., Felicity Nusbaum. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2003.
  • The London Magazine Enlarged and Improved, Vol II (1784), 364-5. The Medical and Physical Journal, March 1799, Vol 1, 33-39.
  • The Medical Enlightenment in the Eighteenth-Century, ed., by Andrew Cunningham and Roger French. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
  • Thevenot, Jean de. The Travels Of Monsieur De Thevenot Into The Levant: In Three Parts. London: Printed for H. Clark for H. Faithorne, 1687.
  • Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de. Materia Medica, or a description of simple medicines Generally Used in Physic. London: Printed by J.H for Andrew Bell, 1708.
  • __________ A Voyage Into the Levant, Vol III. London, 1741, Urquhart, David. Manual of the Turkish Bath: Heat a Mode of Cure and a Source of Strength for Men and Animals. London: John Churchill and Sons, New Burlington Street, 1865.
  • Wilson, John. The Balm of Gilead for Healing a Diseased Land: with the Glory of the Ministration of the Spirit. Falkirk: Printed and Sold by Patrick Mair, 1798.
  • Varthema, Lodvico di. The Travels of Ludovico di Varthema. London: The Hakluyt Society, 1863.
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Mohammad Sakhnini 0000-0003-4394-4266

Publication Date February 15, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 73

Cite

APA Sakhnini, M. (2021). Eighteenth-Century European Medical Encounters with The Ottoman Levant. Tarih Dergisi(73), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.746053
AMA Sakhnini M. Eighteenth-Century European Medical Encounters with The Ottoman Levant. Tarih Dergisi. February 2021;(73):77-101. doi:10.26650/iutd.746053
Chicago Sakhnini, Mohammad. “Eighteenth-Century European Medical Encounters With The Ottoman Levant”. Tarih Dergisi, no. 73 (February 2021): 77-101. https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.746053.
EndNote Sakhnini M (February 1, 2021) Eighteenth-Century European Medical Encounters with The Ottoman Levant. Tarih Dergisi 73 77–101.
IEEE M. Sakhnini, “Eighteenth-Century European Medical Encounters with The Ottoman Levant”, Tarih Dergisi, no. 73, pp. 77–101, February 2021, doi: 10.26650/iutd.746053.
ISNAD Sakhnini, Mohammad. “Eighteenth-Century European Medical Encounters With The Ottoman Levant”. Tarih Dergisi 73 (February 2021), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.746053.
JAMA Sakhnini M. Eighteenth-Century European Medical Encounters with The Ottoman Levant. Tarih Dergisi. 2021;:77–101.
MLA Sakhnini, Mohammad. “Eighteenth-Century European Medical Encounters With The Ottoman Levant”. Tarih Dergisi, no. 73, 2021, pp. 77-101, doi:10.26650/iutd.746053.
Vancouver Sakhnini M. Eighteenth-Century European Medical Encounters with The Ottoman Levant. Tarih Dergisi. 2021(73):77-101.