A Diplomatic Novelty? Ultimatum Given to the Venetian Republic in 1570 and the Edition of Relevant Letters by Sultan Selîm II and his Grand Vizier
Abstract
In this article, I propose an edition and interpretation of letters by Selîm II and his grand vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha to the Republic of Venice to demand peaceful surrender of Cyprus. The letters specify that if the summoned party were to refuse, the island was to be ravaged within months. To interpret these rather peculiar but hitherto insufficiently analysed letters, I first revise the political context and then recontextualize them as an ultimatum, a specific instrument of so-called coercive diplomacy.
Keywords
Ottoman-Venetian War 1570–1573 Ottoman diplomatic correspondence international public law coercive diplomacy
References
- Abramowicz, Zygmunt, “L’Europe orientale et les Etats islamiques”, IlMediterraneo nella secondo meta del ‘500 alle luce di Lepanto, ed. Gino Benzoni, Olschki, Floransa 1974, s. 19-33.
- Arbel, Benjamin, Trading Nations. Jews and Venetians in the Early Modern Eastern Mediterranean, Brill, Leiden 1995.
- Barbero, Alessandro, Lepanto: la battaglia dei tre Imperi, Laterza, Roma 2010.
- Constantini, Vera, Il sultano e l’isola contesta. Cipro tra eredita veneziana e potere ottomano, UTET, Torino 2009.
- Conti, Natale, Delle historie de’ suoi tempi, Damian Zenaro, Venedik 1589.
- Edelmayer, Friedrich, Maximilian II, Philipp II und Reichsitalien, F. Steiner, Wiesbaden 1986.
- Grivaud, Gilles, “Une societe en guerre: Chypre face a la conquete ottomane”, La Serenissima e la Nobilissima. Venice in Cyprus and Cyprus in Venice, ed. Angel Nicolaou-Konnari, Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation, Lefkoşa 2009, s. 194-203.
- Işıksel, Güneş, La diplomatie ottomane sous le regne de Selîm II. Parametres et perimetres de l’Empire ottoman dans le troisieme quart duXVIe siecle, Peeters, Louvain-Dudley-Paris 2016. Khadduri, Majid, War and Peace in the Law of Islam, Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore 1955.
- Lauren, Paul Gordon, “Ultimata and Coercive Diplomacy”, International Studies Quarterly, XVI/2 (1972), s. 131-166.
- Pedani-Fabris, Maria Pia, “Some Remarks upon the Ottoman Geo-Political Vision of the Mediterranean in the Period of the Cyprus War (1570-1573)”, Frontiers of Ottoman Studies, ed. Colin Imber ve Keiko Kiyotaki, I. B. Tauris, Londra 2005, c. II, s. 23-36.
- Raby, Julian, “La Serenissime et la Sublime Porte: les arts dans l’art diplomatique 1453-1600”, Venise et l’Orient. 828-1797, Gallimard, Paris 2006, s. 90-119.
- Sechser, Todd S., “A Bargaining Theory of Coercion”, Coercion. The Power to Hurt in International Politics, ed. Kelly M. Greenhill - Peter Krause, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2018, s. 55-76.
- Temimi, Abdeljelil, “Le gouvernement ottoman face au probleme morisque”, Revue d’HistoireMaghrebine, 23-24 (1981), s. 249-260.
- Tenenti, Alberto, “La Francia, Venezia e la Sacra Lega”, Il Mediterraneo nella secondo meta del 500 alle luce di Lepanto, ed. Gino Benzoni, Olschki, Floransa 1974, s. 393-408.
- Theunissen, Hans, “Ottoman-Venetian Diplomatics: The ‘Ahd-Names. The Historical Background and the Development of a Category of Political-Commercial Instruments together with an Annotated Edition of a Corpus of Relevant Documents”, Electronic Journal ofOriental Studies, 1 (1998), s. 1-688.
- Tracy, James D., The Founding of the Dutch Republic. War, Finance, andPolitics in Holland 1572-1588, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2018.
- Yaman, Ahmet, İslâm Hukukunda Uluslararası İlişkiler, Fecr Yayınları, Ankara 1998.
Diplomatik Bir Yenilik? II. Selîm’in Nâmesi ve Sadrazamının Mektubu Bağlamında 1570 Yılında Venedik Cumhuriyeti’ne Verilen Ültimatomun İncelenmesi ve İlgili Metinlerin Neşri
Abstract
Bu makalede, II. Selim’in ve sadrazamı Sokollu Mehmed Paşa’nın Venedik Cumhuriyeti’nden Kıbrıs adasının barışcıl yollarla Osmanlı tarafına teslim edilmesini talep eden metinlerinin bağlamı ve içeriği inceleniyor. Eğer karşı taraf bu talepleri reddedecek olursa, söz konusu ada birkaç ay içinde işgal edilecekti. Konuyla ilgili müellefatta değinilen ancak bu zamana kadar üzerinde ayrıntılı çalışma yapılmamış bu mektuplar bu makalede cebri diplomasi aracı olarak ele alınıyor.
Keywords
1570-1573 Osmanlı- Venedik Savaşı Osmanlı Diplomatik Yazışmaları Uluslararası Kamu Hukuku Zorlayıcı Diplomasi
References
- Abramowicz, Zygmunt, “L’Europe orientale et les Etats islamiques”, IlMediterraneo nella secondo meta del ‘500 alle luce di Lepanto, ed. Gino Benzoni, Olschki, Floransa 1974, s. 19-33.
- Arbel, Benjamin, Trading Nations. Jews and Venetians in the Early Modern Eastern Mediterranean, Brill, Leiden 1995.
- Barbero, Alessandro, Lepanto: la battaglia dei tre Imperi, Laterza, Roma 2010.
- Constantini, Vera, Il sultano e l’isola contesta. Cipro tra eredita veneziana e potere ottomano, UTET, Torino 2009.
- Conti, Natale, Delle historie de’ suoi tempi, Damian Zenaro, Venedik 1589.
- Edelmayer, Friedrich, Maximilian II, Philipp II und Reichsitalien, F. Steiner, Wiesbaden 1986.
- Grivaud, Gilles, “Une societe en guerre: Chypre face a la conquete ottomane”, La Serenissima e la Nobilissima. Venice in Cyprus and Cyprus in Venice, ed. Angel Nicolaou-Konnari, Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation, Lefkoşa 2009, s. 194-203.
- Işıksel, Güneş, La diplomatie ottomane sous le regne de Selîm II. Parametres et perimetres de l’Empire ottoman dans le troisieme quart duXVIe siecle, Peeters, Louvain-Dudley-Paris 2016. Khadduri, Majid, War and Peace in the Law of Islam, Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore 1955.
- Lauren, Paul Gordon, “Ultimata and Coercive Diplomacy”, International Studies Quarterly, XVI/2 (1972), s. 131-166.
- Pedani-Fabris, Maria Pia, “Some Remarks upon the Ottoman Geo-Political Vision of the Mediterranean in the Period of the Cyprus War (1570-1573)”, Frontiers of Ottoman Studies, ed. Colin Imber ve Keiko Kiyotaki, I. B. Tauris, Londra 2005, c. II, s. 23-36.
- Raby, Julian, “La Serenissime et la Sublime Porte: les arts dans l’art diplomatique 1453-1600”, Venise et l’Orient. 828-1797, Gallimard, Paris 2006, s. 90-119.
- Sechser, Todd S., “A Bargaining Theory of Coercion”, Coercion. The Power to Hurt in International Politics, ed. Kelly M. Greenhill - Peter Krause, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2018, s. 55-76.
- Temimi, Abdeljelil, “Le gouvernement ottoman face au probleme morisque”, Revue d’HistoireMaghrebine, 23-24 (1981), s. 249-260.
- Tenenti, Alberto, “La Francia, Venezia e la Sacra Lega”, Il Mediterraneo nella secondo meta del 500 alle luce di Lepanto, ed. Gino Benzoni, Olschki, Floransa 1974, s. 393-408.
- Theunissen, Hans, “Ottoman-Venetian Diplomatics: The ‘Ahd-Names. The Historical Background and the Development of a Category of Political-Commercial Instruments together with an Annotated Edition of a Corpus of Relevant Documents”, Electronic Journal ofOriental Studies, 1 (1998), s. 1-688.
- Tracy, James D., The Founding of the Dutch Republic. War, Finance, andPolitics in Holland 1572-1588, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2018.
- Yaman, Ahmet, İslâm Hukukunda Uluslararası İlişkiler, Fecr Yayınları, Ankara 1998.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | March 16, 2022 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2022 Issue: 76 |
