Ortaçağ Hindistanı’nda Bir Türk Hükümdar: Mâlva Sultanı I. Mahmudşah Halacî (1436-1469)

Year 2022, Issue: 77, 53 - 105, 20.07.2022

Haluk Kortel

https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.1088733

Abstract

Timur’un 1398’de Delhi Sultanlığı topraklarını istila etmesinin sonucu olarak Hindistan’da kurulan devletlerden biri de Mâlva Sultanlığı’dır. Gūrîler ve Halacîler olmak üzere iki hanedan halinde hüküm süren Mâlva Sultanları’nın en önemlisi hiç kuşkusuz I. Mahmudşah Halacî’dir. Mahmudşah, komşu ülkeler Gucerat, Cavnpur, Dekken, Delhi sultanlıkları ve Racputlar ile başarılı bir şekilde mücadele ederek ülkesinin sınırlarını genişletmiş ve Mâlva’yı Hindistan’ın en güçlü devletlerinden biri yapmıştı. Bu makalede Mahmudşah’ın özellikle siyasi ve askeri faaliyetlerini inceleyeceğiz.

Keywords

Mâlva Sultanlığı, I. Mahmudşah Halacî, Ortaçağ Hindistanı, Halacîler, Mandu

Supporting Institution

Yoktur

Project Number

Yoktur

Thanks

Yoktur

A Turkish King in Medieval India: Sultan of Mālwa Mahmūdshāh Khaljī I (1436–1469)

Abstract

The Mālwa Sultanate was established in India as a result of Timur’s invasion of the Delhi Sultanate in 1398. Mahmūdshāh Khaljī I is undoubtedly one of the most important of Sultans of Mālwa, who ruled in two dynasties, namely, Ghurids and Khaljīs. Mahmūdshāh I expanded the borders of his state by successfully engaging in wars with the neighboring states of Gujarāt, Jaunpur, Deccan, Delhī Sultanates and the Rajput states and made Mālwa one of the most powerful states in India. In this article, we examine Mahmūdshāh’s political and military activities.

Keywords

Mālwa Sultanate, Mahmūdshāh Khaljī, Medieval India, Khaljīs, Mandū

Project Number

Yoktur

References

• Ansari, A.S. Bazmee, “Dilâver Han”, DİA, IX, 296-297.
• , “İltutmış”, DİA, XXII, 158-159.
• Archaeological Survey of India, Report of A Tour in the Panjab and Rajputana in 1883-1884, haz. H. B. W. Garrick, XXIII, New Delhi 2000.
• Barbosa, Duarte, The Book of Duarte Barbosa, ed. M. Longworth Dames, I, London 1918. Bayley, E. Clive, The Local Muhammadan Dynasties, Gujarat, London 1886.
• Bayur, Y. Hikmet, Hindistan Tarihi, I, Ankara 1987.
• Bedâûnî, Abdülkādir, Müntehabü’t-tevârîh, nşr. Ahmed Ali Sâhib, I, Tahran 1380 hş. /2001. Belâzürî, Ebu’l-Hasan Ahmed b. Yahyâ, Fütûhu’l-Büldân, çev. Mustafa Fayda, Ankara 1987.
• Bosworth, C. Edmund, The Later Ghaznawids: Splendour and Decay, The Dynasty in Afghanistan and Northern India 1040-1186, New Delhi 2015.
• , “Khērla”, EI², V, 1.
• Crowe, Yolande, “Māndū”, EI², VI, 406-408.
• Darrâc, Ahmed, “Risâletân beyne Sultanı Mâlva ve’l-Eşref Kayıtbay”, Mecelletü’l-Maʿhedi’l-Mahtûtâti’l- ‘Arabiyye, IV/1 (1377/1958), s. 97-123.
• Day, Upendra Nath, Medieval Malwa, A Political and Cultural History 1401-1562, Delhi 1965.
• , “Malwa”, A Comprehensive History of India, The Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526), ed. M. Habib-K. A. Nizami, New Delhi 1970, V, 898-937.
• Digby, Simon, “North India in the Fifteenth Century”, After Timur Left: Culture and Circulation in Fifteenth- Century North India, ed. F. Orsini-S. Sheikh, Oxford 2015, s. 47-60.
• Dorn, Bernhard, History of the Afghans, translated from the Persian of Neamet Ullah, I, London 1829. Doundiyal, B. N., Gazetteer of India, Rajasthan, Bundi, Jaipur 1964.
• Drake-Brockman, D. L., Jhansi, District Gazetteers of the United Provinces Of The Agra and Oudh, XXIV, Allahabad 1929.
• Ebü’l-Fazl el-Allâmî, Ayîn-i Ekberî, İng. trc. H. S. Jarrett, II, Calcutta 1949.
• Eryılmaz, İsa, Muzafferîler, İnönü Üniversitesi Sosyal Bil. Ens., Tarih Anabilim Dalı, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Malatya 2018.
• Fahr-i Müdebbir (Fahreddin Mübârekşah), Târîh-i Fahreddin Mübârekşâh, nşr. E. Denison Ross, London 1927.
• Farooqi, Naimur Rahman, “Mahmud I”, DİA, XXVII, 346-347.
• Firişte, Muhammed Kāsım Hindûşâh Esterâbâdî, Târîh-i Firişte (Gülşen-i İbrâhîmî), I, Leknev 1281 (1864); II, Bombay 1247 (1831-32).
• Gucerâtî, İskender b. Muhammed Mancû, Mir’ât-i İskenderî, İng. trc. F. Lutfullah Faridi, Dharampur ts. Gavsî, Muhammed Şettârî Mandûî, Gülzâr-ı Ebrâr, Urduca trc. Fazl Ahmed Habûrî, Lahor 2006.
• Haig, T. W., “Kingdom of Mālwa”, The Cambridge History of India, Turks and Afghans, ed. T.W. Haig, Cambridge 1928, III, 349-371.
• - Islam, Riazul, “Mālwā”, EI², VI, 309-310.
• Hasan, Mohibbul, “Maḥmūd (Maḥmūd Khaljī I)”, EI2, VI, 52-54.
• Herevî, Nizâmeddîn Ahmed, Tabakāt-ı Ekberî, nşr. B. De-M. Hidayat Hosain, III, Kalküta 1935.
• İbn Battûta (Ebû Abdullah et-Tancî), İbn Battûta Seyahatnâmesi, çev. M. Sait Aykut, I-II, İstanbul 2000. Jain, K. C., Malwa Through the Ages, Delhi 1972.
• Jackson, Peter, The Delhi Sultanate, A Political and Military History, Cambridge 1999.
• Kapadia, Aparna, In Praise of Kings Rajputs, Sultans and Poets in Fifteenth-century Gujarat, New Delhi 2018.
• Khan, Ali Muhammed, The Political and Statistically History of Gujarat, London 1835. Khan, Iqtidar Alam, Historical Dictionary of Medieval India, Lanham 2008.
• Kirmânî, Ali b. Mahmûd (Şihâb Hakîm), Me’âsir-i Mahmûdşâhî, nşr. Nûrülhasan Ensârî, Delhi 1968. Koç, Bilal, Delhi Türk Sultanlığı’nda Tuğluklular Dönemi Siyasi Tarihi, TTK. Yay., Ankara 2021.
• Konukçu, Enver, “Hindistan’daki Türk Devletleri”, Doğuştan Günümüze Büyük İslâm Tarihi, IX, İstanbul 1988, s. 461-534.
• Ortaçağ Hindistanı’nda Bir Türk Hükümdar: Mâlva Sultanı I. Mahmudşah Halacî (1436-1469)
• , “Aynülmülk Mültânî”, DİA, IV, 282-283.
• , “Behmenîler”, DİA, V, 353-354.
• , “Fârûkīler”, DİA, XII, 182-183.
• , “Halacîler”, DİA, XV, 227-228.
• Kortel, S. Haluk, Delhi Türk Sultanlığı’nda Teşkilât 1206-1414, Ankara 2006.
• , “Delhi Sultanlığı Devrinde Tıpla İlgili Gelişmelere Bir Bakış (XII-XVI. Yüzyıllar)”, Prof. Dr.
• Abdülkerim Özaydın’a Armağan, ed. E. Altan, M. Kesik, M. Öztürk, İstanbul 2020, s. 461-476.
• , “Tuğlukâbâd”, DİA, XLI, 332-333.
• , “Zemindar”, DİA, XLIV, 238-239.
• , “Delhi Türk Sultanı Alâeddin Muhammedşah Halacî’nin Hindistan’daki Seferleri”, Belleten,
• LXII/235 (Ankara 1999), s. 763-764.
• Kurtuluş, Rıza, “Ecmîr”, DİA, X, 384-385.
• , Mahmud-ı Gâvân, Hâce İmâdeddin, Riyâzü’l-inşâ, nşr. Çând b. Hüseyin-Gulâm Yezdânî, Haydarâbâd 1948.
• Manzar, Nishat, “Balance of Power in Western-Central India: A Comparative Study of the Sultans of Malwa in Mewar”, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, LVII (1996), s. 337-346.
• Mehta, Behram H., Gonds of the Central Indian Highlands, I, New Delhi 1984. Merçil, Erdoğan, Müslüman Türk Devletleri Tarihi, İstanbul 2013.
• , “Ârız”, DİA, III, 359.
• , “Şahne”, DİA, XXXVIII, 292-293.
• Müştakī, Şeyh Rızkullah, Waki’at-e-Mushtaqui of Shaikh Rizq ullah Mushtaqui (A Source of Information on the Life and Conditions in Pre-Mughal India), İng. trc. I. Husain Siddiqui, New Delhi 1993.
• Nimetullah b. Habîbullah Herevî, Târîh-i Han-ı Cihânî ve Mahzen-i Afganî, nşr. S. M. İmâmeddin, I, Dakka 1960.
• Nizami, Khaliq Ahmad, “Ferîdüddin Mes’ûd”, DİA, XII, 398.
• , “Dhâr”, DİA, IX, 272.
• Nizami, A. H., “Muhammadabad-Kalpi and its Historical Background”, Islamic Culture, XXVII, Hyderabad 1953, s. 149-155.
• Özaydın, Abdülkerim, “Hûşengşah Gūrî”, DİA, XVIII, 419-420. Özcan, Azmi, “Şarkī Sultanlığı”, DİA, XXXVIII, 361-362.
• Pandey, Avadh Bihari, The First Afghan Empire in India (1451-1526 A.D.), Kalküta 1956.
• Prasad, Pushpa, Sanskrit Inscriptions of Delhi Sultanate 1191-1526, Delhi 1990. Sahillioğlu, H., “Dirhem”, DİA, IX, 368-371.
• Sarda, H. Bilas, Maharana Kumbha, Sovereign, Soldier, Scholar, Ajmer 1917.
• Sharma, G. N., “Rajasthan, The House of Mewar”, A Comprehensive History of India, The Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526), New Delhi 1970, V, 782-802.
• Sharma, T. Ram, Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions, Delhi 1978.
• Sharmo, D. P., “The Auhadi and the Jalwani Dynasties of Bayana”, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, XIX (1956), s. 434-444.
• Sherwani, H. Khan, The Bahmanids of the Deccan, Hyderabad 1953.
• Shokoohy, M.- N. H. Shokoohy, Bayana, The Sources of Mughal Architecture, Edinburgh 2020.
• , “Tughluqābād, The Earliest Surviving Town of the Delhi Sultanate”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, LVII/3 (1994), s. 516-550.
• Siddiqui, I. Husain, “Mahmud I”, DİA, XXVII, 347-348.
• , “Mâlvâ”, DİA, XXVII, 547-548.
• Sircar, D. C., Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India, Delhi 1971.
• Sirhindȋ, Yahya b. Ahmed b. Abdullah, Târȋh-i Mübârekşâhȋ, nşr. M. Hidâyet Hüseyin, Kalküta 1931. Subhan, Abdus, “Malik Mughīth”, EI², VI, 271-272.
• Studies In Indian History, Rajasthan Through The Ages The Heritage Of Rajputs, ed. R. K. Gupta-S. R. Bakshi, V, Delhi 2008.
• Tabâtabâ, Seyyid Ali, Bürhân-ı Meâsir, Delhi 1355/1936.
• The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture, ed. Jonathan M. Bloom, Sheila S. Blair, I-III, New York 2009.
• The Imperial Gazetteer of India, I-XXVI, Oxford 1908.
• The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Provincial Series, Rajputana, Calcutta 1908. Tod, James, Annals and Antiqities of Rajasthan, I-III, Delhi 1995.
• Uluğhanî, Muhammed b. Ömer Hâcı üd-debîr, Zâferü’l-vâlih bi-Muzaffer ve âlih, nşr. E. Denison Ross, I, London 1921-28.
• Watson, J. W., History of Gujarat, New Delhi 1987.
• Wright, H. Nelson, Catalogue of the Coins in the Indian Museum of Calcutta, Including the Cabinet of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, II, Oxford 1907.
• , “The Coinage of the Sultāns of Mālwā (Continued)”, The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society, Fifth Series, XII, No. 45 (1932), s.13-53.
• Yazdani, G., Mandū, The City of Joy, Oxford 1929.
• Yıldız, H. Dursun, “Cüneyd el-Mürrî”, DİA, VIII, 122-123.