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Attilâ İlhan’s Anti-Cosmopolitanism

Year 2021, Volume: 61 Issue: 2, 493 - 509, 30.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.26650/TUDED2021-978320

Abstract

Attilâ İlhan (1925-2005) was an active public intellectual and a prolific author who wrote poems, novels, essays, and screenplays. While his poetics are marked by his distinct romantic style, his novelistic writing follows a strong social realist line. With his enthusiasm for Atatürk’s national revolution, his interest in the Ottoman culture, and his Marxist formation, he emphasises the importance of a “national culture synthesis” in his essays. He builds this idea of “national culture synthesis” in opposition to the so-called universal values of cosmopolitanism. This article discusses İlhan’s anticosmopolitanism as such in the light of the current theories of critical cosmopolitanism. While İlhan argues against “compradorial cosmopolites” in his essays, his anticosmopolitanism is rather prominent in his novels as well. Set in major cities, the novels celebrate the diversity and dynamism of their cityscapes. However, his depiction of such diversity exposes the ambivalences underneath his anti-cosmopolitanism. The article first provides a parallel reading of two contemporaries, Attilâ İlhan and Frantz Fanon, on national consciousness and cosmopolitanism. Then it focuses on İlhan’s Zenciler Birbirine Benzemez as a case study. Finally, it extrapolates upon the problems of his anti-cosmopolitanism within his broader literary oeuvre.

References

  • Alkan, B. (2013). Attilâ İlhan. In B. Alkan & Ç. Günay-Erkol (Eds.) Turkish Novelists Since 1960 (DLB 373) (pp. 114-128). Detroit: Gale Cengage Learning, 2013. google scholar
  • Alkan, B. (2018). Promethean Encounters: Representation of the Intellectual in the Modern Turkish Novel of the 1970s. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. google scholar
  • Avineri, S. (1991). Marxism and Nationalism. Journal of Contemporary History, (26), 637-658. google scholar
  • Brown, G. W. (2009). Grounding Cosmopolitanism: From Kant to the Idea of a Cosmopolitan Constitution. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. google scholar
  • Coller, I. (2010). East of Enlightenment: Regulating Cosmopolitanism between Istanbul and Paris in the Eighteenth Century. Journal of World History, 21(3), 447-470. google scholar
  • “cosmopolitan.” (2021). Online Etymology Dictionary. https://www.etymonline.com/ google scholar
  • “cosmopolite.” (2021). Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales. https://www.cnrtl.fr/ google scholar
  • Esemenli Söker, G. (2002). Attilâ İlhan’da Kültür Sorunsalı. Ankara: Bilgi. google scholar
  • Fanon, F. (1963). The Wretched of the Earth. (C. Farrington, Tr.) New York: Grove Press. google scholar
  • Fanon, F. (2008). Black Skin, White Masks. (R. Philcox, Tr.) New York: Grove Press. google scholar
  • Feroz, A. (1993). The Making of Modern Turkey. London: Routledge. google scholar
  • Fisher Onar, N. (2009). Echoes of a Universalism Lost: Rival Representations of the Ottomans in Today’s Turkey. Middle Eastern Studies, 45(2), 229-241. google scholar
  • Go, J. (2013). Fanon’s Postcolonial Cosmopolitanism. European Journal of Social Theory, 16(2), 208-225. google scholar
  • Glick Schiller, N. (2017). Diasporic Cosmopolitanism: Migrants, Sociabilities and City Making. In N. Glick Schiller & A. Irving (Eds.) Whose Cosmopolitanism? Critical Perspectives, Relationalities and Discontents (pp. 103-120). New York: Berghahn. google scholar
  • Glick Schiller, N. and Andrew Irving. (2017). Whose Cosmopolitanism? Critical Perspectives, Relationalities and Discontents. New York: Berghahn. google scholar
  • Horvath, C. (2011). The Cosmopolitan City. In M. Rovisco & M. Nowicka (Eds.) The Ashgate Research Companion to Cosmopolitanism (pp. 87-105). Surrey: Ashgate. google scholar
  • İlhan, A. (1980). Fena Halde Leman. Istanbul: Karacan. google scholar
  • İlhan, A. (1981). Dersaadet’te Sabah Ezanları. Ankara: Bilgi. google scholar
  • İlhan, A. (1983). Gerçekçilik Savaşı. Istanbul: Yazko. google scholar
  • İlhan, A. (1986). Ulusal Kültür Savaşı. Istanbul: Özgür Yayın Dağıtım. google scholar
  • İlhan, A. (1987). Zenciler Birbirine Benzemez. Istanbul: Özgür Yayın Dağıtım. google scholar
  • İlhan, A. (1988). O Karanlıkta Biz. Ankara: Bilgi. google scholar
  • İlhan, A. (1991). Aydınlar Savaşı. Ankara: Bilgi. google scholar
  • İlhan, A. (1993). Hangi Edebiyat? Ankara: Bilgi. google scholar
  • İlhan, A. (1995). Kurtlar Sofrası. Ankara: Bilgi. google scholar
  • İlhan, A. (2000). Sultan Galiyef: Avrasya’da Dolaşan Hayalet. Ankara: Bilgi. google scholar
  • İlhan, A. (2001). Hangi Batı? Ankara: Bilgi. google scholar
  • İlhan, A. (2002a). Bıçağın Ucu. Istanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. google scholar
  • İlhan, A. (2002b). Yaraya Tuz Basmak. Istanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. google scholar
  • İlhan, A. (2004). Hangi Seks? Istanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. google scholar
  • İlhan, A. (2005a). Haco Hanım Vay. Istanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. google scholar
  • İlhan, A. (2005b). Sırtlan Payı. Istanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. google scholar
  • İlhan, A. (2005c). Sosyalizm Asıl Şimdi. Istanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. google scholar
  • İlhan, A. (2008). Hangi Atatürk? Istanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. google scholar
  • İlhan, A. (2019). Sokaktaki Adam. Istanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. google scholar
  • Kahraman, N. (2016). Türkiye Solunda Bir Figür Olarak Attila İlhan. ilef dergisi, 3(1), 91-119. google scholar
  • Köksal, D. (1996). The Politics of Cultural Identity in Turkey: Nationalist Perspectives in the Writings of Kemal Tahir, Cemil Meric and Attila Ilhan. (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin). Retrieved from: https://www.proquest.com/docview/304283706 google scholar
  • Lafi, N. (2013). Mediterranean Cosmopolitanism and its Contemporary Revivals: a Critical Approach. New Geographies, (5), 325-333. google scholar
  • Lenin, V. İ. (1977). Theses on the National Question. Retrieved from: https://www.marxists.org/archive/ lenin/works/1913/jun/30.htm google scholar
  • Robbins, B., P. L. Horta, and K.A. Appiah, eds. (2017). Cosmopolitanisms. New York: New York University Press. google scholar
  • Robbins, B. and P.L. Horta. (2017). Introduction. In B. Robbins, P. Horta & K.A. Appiah (Eds.) Cosmopolitanisms (pp. 1-20). New York: New York University Press. google scholar
  • Santiago, S., M. Edwards, and P. L. Horta. (2017). The Cosmopolitanism of the Poor. In B. Robbins, P.L. Horta & K.A. Appiah (Eds.) Cosmopolitanisms (pp. 21-39). New York: New York University Press. google scholar
  • Spencer, R. Cosmopolitan Criticism and Postcolonial Literature. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. google scholar
  • Zürcher, E. J. (2017). Turkey: A Modern History. London: I.B. Tauris. google scholar

Attilâ İlhan’ın Kozmopolitanlık Karşıtlığı

Year 2021, Volume: 61 Issue: 2, 493 - 509, 30.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.26650/TUDED2021-978320

Abstract

Attilâ İlhan (1925-2005) şiir, roman, senaryo, deneme ve gazete yazısı gibi birçok türde metne imza atmış bir yazar, oldukça aktif ve üretken bir entelektüeldi. Şiirleri ona özgü bir romantik estetiğe sahiptir. Romanları ise kuvvetli bir toplumsal gerçekçi çizgiyi takip eder. Denemelerinde Atatürk’ün ulusal devrimine dair heyecanı, Osmanlı kültürüne ilgisi ve Marxist düşünsel formasyonuyla şekillenmiş bir “ulusal kültür sentezi” fikrini savunur ve bu fikri kozmopolitanlığın “sözde evrensel” değerlerine karşıt olarak inşa eder. Bu makale İlhan’ın kozmopolitanlık karşıtlığını güncel eleştirel kozmopolitanlık teorileri ışığında tartışmaktadır. Yazar gazete yazıları ve denemelerinde “komprador kozmopolitler”i şiddetle eleştirmektedir. Romanlarında da bu anti-kozmopolitan tutum oldukça sorunlu bir boyutta dikkat çekmektedir. Romanlarının çoğu büyük şehirlerde geçmekte ve kent kültürünün zenginliğini ve çeşitliliğini öne çıkarmaktadır. Fakat yazarın bu çeşitliliği kullanış şekli kozmopolitanlık karşıtı tutumunun altında yatan çelişkileri de ortaya dökmektedir. Bu makale önce iki çağdaş entelektüelin, Attilâ İlhan ve Frantz Fanon, ulusal bilinç ve kozmopolitanlık üzerine düşüncelerinin paralel okumasını sunmaktadır. Daha sonra İlhan’ın Zenciler Birbirine Benzemez romanını örnek olarak incelemektedir. Son olarak da yazarın kozmopolitanlık karşıtlığının problemli yanlarını edebiyatının bütünlüğü içinde değerlendirmektedir.

References

  • Alkan, B. (2013). Attilâ İlhan. In B. Alkan & Ç. Günay-Erkol (Eds.) Turkish Novelists Since 1960 (DLB 373) (pp. 114-128). Detroit: Gale Cengage Learning, 2013. google scholar
  • Alkan, B. (2018). Promethean Encounters: Representation of the Intellectual in the Modern Turkish Novel of the 1970s. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. google scholar
  • Avineri, S. (1991). Marxism and Nationalism. Journal of Contemporary History, (26), 637-658. google scholar
  • Brown, G. W. (2009). Grounding Cosmopolitanism: From Kant to the Idea of a Cosmopolitan Constitution. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. google scholar
  • Coller, I. (2010). East of Enlightenment: Regulating Cosmopolitanism between Istanbul and Paris in the Eighteenth Century. Journal of World History, 21(3), 447-470. google scholar
  • “cosmopolitan.” (2021). Online Etymology Dictionary. https://www.etymonline.com/ google scholar
  • “cosmopolite.” (2021). Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales. https://www.cnrtl.fr/ google scholar
  • Esemenli Söker, G. (2002). Attilâ İlhan’da Kültür Sorunsalı. Ankara: Bilgi. google scholar
  • Fanon, F. (1963). The Wretched of the Earth. (C. Farrington, Tr.) New York: Grove Press. google scholar
  • Fanon, F. (2008). Black Skin, White Masks. (R. Philcox, Tr.) New York: Grove Press. google scholar
  • Feroz, A. (1993). The Making of Modern Turkey. London: Routledge. google scholar
  • Fisher Onar, N. (2009). Echoes of a Universalism Lost: Rival Representations of the Ottomans in Today’s Turkey. Middle Eastern Studies, 45(2), 229-241. google scholar
  • Go, J. (2013). Fanon’s Postcolonial Cosmopolitanism. European Journal of Social Theory, 16(2), 208-225. google scholar
  • Glick Schiller, N. (2017). Diasporic Cosmopolitanism: Migrants, Sociabilities and City Making. In N. Glick Schiller & A. Irving (Eds.) Whose Cosmopolitanism? Critical Perspectives, Relationalities and Discontents (pp. 103-120). New York: Berghahn. google scholar
  • Glick Schiller, N. and Andrew Irving. (2017). Whose Cosmopolitanism? Critical Perspectives, Relationalities and Discontents. New York: Berghahn. google scholar
  • Horvath, C. (2011). The Cosmopolitan City. In M. Rovisco & M. Nowicka (Eds.) The Ashgate Research Companion to Cosmopolitanism (pp. 87-105). Surrey: Ashgate. google scholar
  • İlhan, A. (1980). Fena Halde Leman. Istanbul: Karacan. google scholar
  • İlhan, A. (1981). Dersaadet’te Sabah Ezanları. Ankara: Bilgi. google scholar
  • İlhan, A. (1983). Gerçekçilik Savaşı. Istanbul: Yazko. google scholar
  • İlhan, A. (1986). Ulusal Kültür Savaşı. Istanbul: Özgür Yayın Dağıtım. google scholar
  • İlhan, A. (1987). Zenciler Birbirine Benzemez. Istanbul: Özgür Yayın Dağıtım. google scholar
  • İlhan, A. (1988). O Karanlıkta Biz. Ankara: Bilgi. google scholar
  • İlhan, A. (1991). Aydınlar Savaşı. Ankara: Bilgi. google scholar
  • İlhan, A. (1993). Hangi Edebiyat? Ankara: Bilgi. google scholar
  • İlhan, A. (1995). Kurtlar Sofrası. Ankara: Bilgi. google scholar
  • İlhan, A. (2000). Sultan Galiyef: Avrasya’da Dolaşan Hayalet. Ankara: Bilgi. google scholar
  • İlhan, A. (2001). Hangi Batı? Ankara: Bilgi. google scholar
  • İlhan, A. (2002a). Bıçağın Ucu. Istanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. google scholar
  • İlhan, A. (2002b). Yaraya Tuz Basmak. Istanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. google scholar
  • İlhan, A. (2004). Hangi Seks? Istanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. google scholar
  • İlhan, A. (2005a). Haco Hanım Vay. Istanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. google scholar
  • İlhan, A. (2005b). Sırtlan Payı. Istanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. google scholar
  • İlhan, A. (2005c). Sosyalizm Asıl Şimdi. Istanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. google scholar
  • İlhan, A. (2008). Hangi Atatürk? Istanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. google scholar
  • İlhan, A. (2019). Sokaktaki Adam. Istanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. google scholar
  • Kahraman, N. (2016). Türkiye Solunda Bir Figür Olarak Attila İlhan. ilef dergisi, 3(1), 91-119. google scholar
  • Köksal, D. (1996). The Politics of Cultural Identity in Turkey: Nationalist Perspectives in the Writings of Kemal Tahir, Cemil Meric and Attila Ilhan. (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin). Retrieved from: https://www.proquest.com/docview/304283706 google scholar
  • Lafi, N. (2013). Mediterranean Cosmopolitanism and its Contemporary Revivals: a Critical Approach. New Geographies, (5), 325-333. google scholar
  • Lenin, V. İ. (1977). Theses on the National Question. Retrieved from: https://www.marxists.org/archive/ lenin/works/1913/jun/30.htm google scholar
  • Robbins, B., P. L. Horta, and K.A. Appiah, eds. (2017). Cosmopolitanisms. New York: New York University Press. google scholar
  • Robbins, B. and P.L. Horta. (2017). Introduction. In B. Robbins, P. Horta & K.A. Appiah (Eds.) Cosmopolitanisms (pp. 1-20). New York: New York University Press. google scholar
  • Santiago, S., M. Edwards, and P. L. Horta. (2017). The Cosmopolitanism of the Poor. In B. Robbins, P.L. Horta & K.A. Appiah (Eds.) Cosmopolitanisms (pp. 21-39). New York: New York University Press. google scholar
  • Spencer, R. Cosmopolitan Criticism and Postcolonial Literature. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. google scholar
  • Zürcher, E. J. (2017). Turkey: A Modern History. London: I.B. Tauris. google scholar
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Burcu Alkan 0000-0001-9018-9238

Publication Date December 30, 2021
Submission Date August 4, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 61 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Alkan, B. (2021). Attilâ İlhan’s Anti-Cosmopolitanism. Journal of Turkish Language and Literature, 61(2), 493-509. https://doi.org/10.26650/TUDED2021-978320
AMA Alkan B. Attilâ İlhan’s Anti-Cosmopolitanism. Journal of Turkish Language and Literature. December 2021;61(2):493-509. doi:10.26650/TUDED2021-978320
Chicago Alkan, Burcu. “Attilâ İlhan’s Anti-Cosmopolitanism”. Journal of Turkish Language and Literature 61, no. 2 (December 2021): 493-509. https://doi.org/10.26650/TUDED2021-978320.
EndNote Alkan B (December 1, 2021) Attilâ İlhan’s Anti-Cosmopolitanism. Journal of Turkish Language and Literature 61 2 493–509.
IEEE B. Alkan, “Attilâ İlhan’s Anti-Cosmopolitanism”, Journal of Turkish Language and Literature, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 493–509, 2021, doi: 10.26650/TUDED2021-978320.
ISNAD Alkan, Burcu. “Attilâ İlhan’s Anti-Cosmopolitanism”. Journal of Turkish Language and Literature 61/2 (December 2021), 493-509. https://doi.org/10.26650/TUDED2021-978320.
JAMA Alkan B. Attilâ İlhan’s Anti-Cosmopolitanism. Journal of Turkish Language and Literature. 2021;61:493–509.
MLA Alkan, Burcu. “Attilâ İlhan’s Anti-Cosmopolitanism”. Journal of Turkish Language and Literature, vol. 61, no. 2, 2021, pp. 493-09, doi:10.26650/TUDED2021-978320.
Vancouver Alkan B. Attilâ İlhan’s Anti-Cosmopolitanism. Journal of Turkish Language and Literature. 2021;61(2):493-509.