Twitter Mentions of February 6th Earthquake: An Emotional Language Analysis

Year 2023, Volume: 63 Issue: 2, 503 - 517, 27.12.2023

Cemile Uzun

https://doi.org/10.26650/TUDED2023-1350807

Abstract

Social media is crucial during and after earthquakes, as it enables people to both receive information and express themselves. This study focuses on the analysis of the emotional language used by people when sharing their experiences related to the earthquake that occurred in Turkey on February 6, 2023. In the current study, the emotional language analysis focused on the social media tool Twitter alone. Emotion analysis is a natural language processing technique used to identify emotions expressed in a text. The current study aims to reveal the reflection of emotions about the earthquake in specific expressions and the variation in these emotions over time. For this purpose, an emotional language analysis of tweets posted on Twitter with the hashtag #earthquake between February 6 and June 6 was conducted. Nakamura’s system of emotion analysis was used to perform the emotional language analysis. In his work “Kanjō hyōgen jiten (Dictionary of emotive expressions),” Nakamura emphasized ten classifications of emotions: excitement, embarrassment, joy, fondness, dislike, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, and relief. From these, six emotions, namely joy, grief, anger, surprise, fear, and relief, were selected to analyze the emotional language in tweets about the earthquake. Our study is distinct from other studies in Turkey in terms of both revealing the emotional language resulting from the earthquake and using Nakamura’s emotion analysis.

Keywords

Earthquake, 6th February, Kahramanmaraş, Emotion analysis, Language

6 Şubat Depremi ve Twitter Duygu Analizi

Abstract

Sosyal medya, insanların hem bilgi almasını hem de kendilerini ifade etmesini sağladığı için deprem anında ve sonrasında önemli bir yere sahiptir. Çalışmada, insanların depreme ilişkin tecrübelerini ifade ederken kullandıkları duygu analizi dili üzerinde durulmuştur. Depremle ilgili duygu analizi dili tespit edilirken sosyal medya aracı olarak sadece Twitter kullanılmıştır. Duygu analizi, bir metinde ifade edilen duyguyu belirlemek için kullanılan doğal dil işleme tekniğidir. Çalışmanın amacı depreme yönelik duyguların dile nasıl yansıdığını ve bu duyguların zamanla nasıl bir değişim izlediğini ortaya çıkarmaktır. Bu amaçla, Twitter’de deprem etiketiyle 06 Şubat-06 Haziran tarihleri arasında atılan tivitlerdeki duygu dili analizi incelenmiştir. Duygu analizi dilini tespit etmek için Nakamura’nın duygu analizi sistemi kullanılmıştır. Nakamura, “Emotional Display Dictionary” adlı çalışmasında “heyecan, utanç, sevinç, düşkünlük, hoşlanmama, üzüntü, öfke, sürpriz, korku ve rahatlama” olmak üzere on duygu analizi sınıflandırması üzerinde durmuştur. Depremin insanlar üzerinde yarattığı duygular göz önünde bulundurularak Nakamura’nın duygu analizi depreme göre uyarlanmış ve 06 Şubat duygu dili analizi tespit edilirken “sevinç, keder, öfke, şaşırma, korku, rahatlama” olmak üzere altı duygu dili analizi kullanılmıştır. Hem Türkiye’de yaşanmış bir depremin duygu dili analizini ortaya koyması hem de Nakamura’nın duygu analizini kullanması yönüyle çalışmamız Türkiye’deki diğer çalışmalardan ayrılmaktadır.

Keywords

Deprem, 06 Şubat, Kahramanmaraş, Duygu analizi, Dil

References

• Akaishi, J., Sakata, M., Yoshinaga, J., Nakano, M., Koshi, K. & Kiyota, K. (2022). Estimating the emotional information in japanese songs using search engines, Sensors, 22, 1800. http://dx.doi: 10.3390/s22051800. google scholar
• Arnold, M. B. (1960). Emotion and personality. New York: Columbia University Press. google scholar
• Bao-Khanh, H. & Nigel, C. (2013). Twitter emotion analysis in eartquake situations. IJCLA, 4(1), 159173. Erişim adresi: https://www.gelbukh.com/ijcla/2013-1/IJCLA-2013-1-pp-159-173-09-Twitter.pdf google scholar
• Bolea, S. C. (2017). An analysis of tweets related to earthquakes, for the Romanian language, 2017 International Conference on Speech Technology and Human-Computer Dialogue (SpeD), 6-9 July, Bucharest, Romania, 1-6. http://dx.doi:10.1109/SPED.2017.7990437. google scholar
• Cambria, E., Livigstone, A. & Hussain, A. (2012). The hourglass of emotions. Cognitive Behavioural Systems, Sprinter-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 144-157. Erişim adresi: https://ww.sentic.net/hourglass-of-emotions.pdf. google scholar
• Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., & Ellsworth, P. (1982). What emotion categories or dimensions can observers judge from facial behavior?. In P. Ekman (Ed.), Emotion in the human face, 39-55. Newyork: Cambridge University Press google scholar
• Frijda, N. (1988). The laws of emotions. American Psychologist 43(5), 349-358. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.43.5.349 google scholar
• Gray, J. A. (1982). The neuropsychology of anxiety. Oxford: Oxford University Press. google scholar
• Izard, C. E. (1971). The face of emotion. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. google scholar
• James, W. (1884). What isan emotion? Mind. 9(34), 188-205. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/ stable/2246769. google scholar
• McDougall, W. (1926). An introduction to social psychology. Boston:Luce. google scholar
• Mowrer, O. H. (1960). Learning theory and behavior. New York, NY:Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1037/10802-000. google scholar
• Nakamura, A. (2005). Emotional Display Dictionary. Sanseido: Tokyo, Japan. Erişim adresi: https://scholar. google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Emotional+Display+Dictionary&author=Nakamura,+A.&publication_ year=2005. google scholar
• Oatley, K., & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1987). Towards a cognitive theory of emotions. Cognition & Emotion, 1, 29-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699938708408362. google scholar
• Ortony, A., & Turner, T. J. (1990). What’s basic about basic emotions? Psychological Review, 97(3), 315-331. http://dx.doi: 10.1037/0033-295x.97.3.315. google scholar
• Panksepp, J. (1982). Toward a general psychobiological theory of emotions. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 5, 407-467. http://dx.doi:10.1017/S0140525X00012759 google scholar
• Parrott, W. (2001). Emotions in Social Psychology. Psychology Press. google scholar
• Plutchik, R. (2001). The nature of emotions. American Scientist, 89(4), 344-350. Erişim adresi: https:// www.jstor.org/stable/27857503 google scholar
• Pourbeyranvand, S. (2021). Earthquake (Zelzeleh) in the written heritage of Persian language and literature. Journal of critical reviews. 8 (1), 429-439. Erişim adresi: https://www.jcreview.com/admin/Uploads/ Files/61bb1ca10e33c2.07646291.pdf. google scholar
• Radianti, J., Hiltz, S. R. & Labaka, L. (2016). An overview of public concerns during the recovery period after a major earthquake: Nepal twitter analysis. 49th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS), Koloa, HI, USA, 2016, 136-145. doi: 10.1109/HICSS.2016.25. google scholar
• Russell, J. A. (2003). Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychological Review, 110(1), 145-172. http://dx.doi: 10.1037/0033-295x.110.1.145. google scholar
• Stone, P. J., Dunphy, D. C., Smith, M. S. & Daniel, M. O. (1966). The general ınquirer: a computer approach to content analysis”, The MIT Press. google scholar
• Tokuhisa, R., Inui, K. & Matsumoto, Y. (2008). Emotion classification using massive examples extracted from the web. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008), Manchester, UK. Coling 2008 Organizing Committee, 881-888. Erişim adresi: https:// aclanthology.org/C08-1111.pdf google scholar
• Tomkins, S. S. (1962). Affect, imagery, consciousness. Vol 1: The Positive Affects, New York: Springer. google scholar
• Watson, J. B. (1930). Behaviorism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. google scholar
• Weiner, B., & Graham, S. (1984). An attributional approach to emotional development. In C. E. Izard, J. Kagan, & R. B. Zajonc (Eds.), Emotions, cognition, and behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press. google scholar