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The Budjak Tatars on the Polish-Ottoman Borderlands in the 16th and First Half of the 17th Centuries

Year 2023, , 127 - 145, 28.07.2023

Gáspár Katkó

https://doi.org/10.26650/iuturkiyat.70506

Abstract

After the collapse of the Great Horde in 1502, Tatars started to move from their former residences to the Crimean Khanate and later to the sanjak of Akkerman in the Ottoman Empire. This group formed the core of the Budjak Tatars and have been mentioned in 16th-century Ottoman and Crimean Tatar documents as Akkerman Tatars. In the second half of the 16th century, many Nogais arrived in the Budjak territory through the Crimean Khanate. Theoretically, they were subjects of the Crimean khan. However, because they were living in Ottoman territory, Ottoman bureaucrats’ impact on daily life continuously increased. The Sublime Porte had to take responsibility for all their actions, which caused many problems between the Ottoman Empire and the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, not to mention for the entire empire as well. Because of these troubles, the idea of repatriating them appeared before the Imperial Council, but this plan was never realized. On one hand, the Sublime Porte did not have the wherewithal to carry it out, while on the other hand, the Ottoman government needed the Budjak Tatars to defend the borderlands.

Keywords

Bessarabia Budjak Tatars Crimean Khanate Nogai Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

References

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  • Dzial turecki: k.68, t.68, nr. 148; k.68, t.78, nr.165; k.68, t.85, nr.176; k.68, t.168, nr.321; k.70, t.212, nr.409, k.70 t.214 nr.412 google scholar
  • Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi (BOA), İstanbul google scholar
  • Mühimme Defteri (MD): 10, 26, 34, 35, 64, 69, 70, 75, 77, 76, 78 google scholar
  • Kamil Kepeci tasnifi (KK): 71 google scholar
  • 3 numaralı mühimme defteri (966-968/1558-1560) <Tıpkıbasım>. Ankara: T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü, 1993. google scholar
  • 5 numaralı mühimme defteri (973 / 1565-1566) <Tıpkıbasım>. Ankara: T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü, 1994. google scholar
  • 6 numaralı mühimme defteri (972/1564-1565) <Tıpkıbasım>. Ankara: T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü, 1995. google scholar
  • 7 numaralı mühimme defteri (975-976/1567-1569) <Tıpkıbasım>. Ankara: T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü, 1999. google scholar
  • 12 numaralı mühimme defteri (978-979/1570-1572) <Tıpkıbasım>. Ankara: T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü, 1996. google scholar
  • Marcin Broniewski. Tartariae Descriptio. Opis Tatarii. Przeklad Ewa Sniezewska. Redakcja Magdelena M^czynska. Lodz: Stowarzyszenie Naukowe Archeologow Polskich, 2011. google scholar
  • Ilie Corfus. Documente privitoare la istoria României culese din arhivele polone. Secolul al XVI-lea. Bucureşti Editura: Academia Republicii Socialiste România, 1979, google scholar
  • David, Geza-Fodor, Pal. „Az orszag ügye mindenek elott valo.” A szultâni tanâcsMagyarorszagra vonatkozo rendeletei (1544-1545, 1552). (Historia okmanytarak, I.) Budapest: MTA Törtenettudomanyi Intezete, 2005. google scholar
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  • Katalog dokumentow tureckich. Dokumenty do dziejow Polski i krajow osciennych w latach 1455-1672. Opracowal Zygmunt Abrahamowicz, pod redakcj^ Ananiasza Zaj^czkowskiego. Warszawa: Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1959. google scholar
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  • Podroze i poselstwa polskie do Turcji a mianowicie: Podroz E. Otwinowskiego 1557, Jçdrzeja Tarnowskiego komornika j. k. m. 1569, i Poselstwo Piotra Zborowskiego 1568. Przygotowane do druku z rçkopismu przez J. I. Kraszewskiego. Krak6w: Nakladem Wydawnictwa Biblioteki Polskiej, 1860. google scholar
  • Târîh-i Peçevi. I. İstanbul: Matbaa-i Âmire, 1281/1864. google scholar
  • Hacer Topaktaş-H. Ahmet Arslantürk. Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Dönemi Osmanlı-Leh İlişkilerine Dair Belgeler (1520-1566). İstanbul: Okur Kitaplığı, 2014. google scholar
  • Wielka legacja WojciechaMiaskowskiego do Turcyi w 1640 roku. Opracowal Adam Przybos. Warszawa-Krak6w: Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1985. google scholar
  • Başer, Alper. “Bucak Tatarları (1550-1700).” Doktora tezi, T. C. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı, 2010. google scholar
  • Başer, Alper. Kırım Hanlığı Tarihinde Mangit Kabilesi. In Doğu Avrupa Türk Mirasının Son Kalesi Kırım, edited by Yücel Öztürk,75-98. İstanbul: Çamlıca, 2015. google scholar
  • Berindei, Mihnea. “Le probleme des « Cosaques » dans la seconde moitie du XVIe siecle. A propos de la revolte de loan Vodâ, voievode de Moldavie.” Cahiers du monde russe et sovietique XIII/3 (1972), 338-367. google scholar
  • David, Geza. “Egy szokatlanul magabiztos török foember: Oszman Sah.” Keletkutatas osz (2010), 121-125. google scholar
  • Deweese, Devin. Islamization and Narrative Religion in the Golden Horde. Baba Tükles and Conversion to Islam in Historical and Epic Tradition. Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994. google scholar
  • Emecen, Feridun M. “Osmanlıların Vahşi Sınırları: XVI. Yüzyıl Arşiv Kayıtlarından Evliya Çelebi’ye Akkirman-Bender-Özü Kesimi.” Türklük Bilgisi Araştırmaları 44 (Aralık 2015): 215-229. google scholar
  • Finkel, Caroline-Ostapchuk, Victor. “Outpost of Empire. An Appraisal of Ottoman Building Registers as Sources for the Archeology and Construction History of the Black Sea Fortress of Özi.” Muqarnas. An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World22 (2005): 150-180. google scholar
  • Gökbilgin, Mustafa Tayyip. Rumeli’de Yürükler, Tatarlar ve Evlâd-ı Fâtihân. İstanbul: İşaret, 20082. google scholar
  • İnalcık, Halil. “Bender.” The Encyclopaedia ofIslam, vol. I, Leiden: Brill, 1960, 1166 google scholar
  • İnalcık, Halil. “Budjak.” The Encylopaedia of Islam, vol. I, Leiden: Brill, 1960, 1286. google scholar
  • Ivanics, Mâria. “A Nogaj Horda - a nomâd birodalom szervezes egyik lehetseges utja.” In Fegyveres nomâdok, nomâdfegyverek, eds. Balogh, Lâszlo-Keller, Lâszlo, Budapest: Balassi, 2004. google scholar
  • Jablonowski, Aleksander. “Litvanya Büyük Prensliği’nin Güneydoğu’da Türkler ve Tatarlarla Olan Hududu.” Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları 61 (1989), 185-203. google scholar
  • Jankowski, Henryk. A Historical-Etymological Dictionary ofPre-Russian Habitation Names of the Crimea. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2006. google scholar
  • Kolodziejczyk, Dariusz. “Inner Lake or Frontier? The Ottoman Black Sea in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries.” In: Enjeux politiques, economiques et militaires en mer Noire (XIVe-XXIe siecles). Etudes a la memoire de Mihail Guboglu, sous la direction de F. Bilici, I. Cândea, A. Popescu, 125-139. Braila: Istros, 2007. google scholar
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  • Podhorodecki, Leszek. ChanatKrymski i jego stosunki zPolskq w XV-XVIII w. Warszawa: Ksi^zka i Wiedza, 1987. google scholar
  • Polczynski, Michael J. The Wild Fields: Power and Space in the Early Modern Polish/Lithuanian Frontier. A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophyin History. Washington DC, December 18, 2016. google scholar
  • Cepega, AneKcaHgp. CunucmpeHCKO-OuaKOBCKuam enjıem npe3 XVIII - Hav. Ha XIX b. AdMUHucmpamuBHO - mepumOpuanHO ycmpOÜcmBO, cenuba u HacejıeHue b CeBepO3anadHOmO npuvepHOMOpue., Co$ua: ^uo Mupa, 2009. google scholar
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  • TpenaBnoB, B.B. HcmOpuaHOraücKOÜ Opdu. MocKBa: BocTOHHas Humepaıypa PAH, 2001. google scholar
  • Vâsâry, Istvân. Cumans and Tatars. Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185-1365. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. google scholar
  • Zaytsev, Ilya V. “The Structure of the Giray Dinasty (15th-16th Centuries): Matrimonial and Kinship Relations of the Crimean Khans.” In Kinship in the Altaic World. Proceedings of the 48th PIAC, eds. Boikova, Elena V.- Rybakov, Rostislav B. (Asiatische Forschungen, 150.) Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2006. google scholar

XVI. ve XVII. Yüzyılın İlk Yarısında Leh-Osmanlı Hududundaki Bucak Tatarları

Year 2023, , 127 - 145, 28.07.2023

Gáspár Katkó

https://doi.org/10.26650/iuturkiyat.70506

Abstract

Altın Orda Devleti'nin 1502 yılında yıkılmasının ardından Tatarlar eski yurtlarını terk etmeye başlayarak Kırım Hanlığı ve Akkerman Sancağı’na yerleşmişlerdir. Bu grup, 16. yüzyıl Osmanlı ve Kırım Tatar belgelerinde Akkerman Tatarları olarak geçen Bucak Tatarları'nın özünü oluşturmuşlardır. 16 yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Kırım Hanlığı üzerinden Bucak topraklarına giderek daha fazla Nogay gelmiştir. Kağıt üzerinde Kırım Hanlığına bağlı olmalarına rağmen Osmanli İmparatorluğu’nda yaşadıkları için Osmanlı memurlarının bu grubun üzerindeki etkisi sürekli olarak artmıştır. Bucak Tatarları'nın Polonya – Litvanya Birliği'ne yaptıkları ani saldırılar gibi iki ülke arasındaki pek çok tartışmaya neden olan eylemlerinden Bâb-ı Âli sorumlu olmak durumunda kalmıştır. Bu sorunlardan dolayı 17 yüzyılın ilk yıllarında Divan-i Hümayun’un oturumlarında onların geri dönüşleri de gündeme gelmiştir. Bir taraftan padişahlar buna daha fazla katlanmak istememiştir. Diğer taraftan, Osmanlı Imparatorluğu devletin sınırlarını koruması için Bucak Tatarlarına büyük bir ihtiyaç duymuştur.

Keywords

Besarabya Bucak Tatarları Kırım Hanlığı Nogay Polonya-Litvanya Cumhuriyeti

References

  • Archiwum Glowne Akt Dawnych w Warszawie, Archiwum Koronne Warszawskie (AGAD, AKW) google scholar
  • Dzial turecki: k.68, t.68, nr. 148; k.68, t.78, nr.165; k.68, t.85, nr.176; k.68, t.168, nr.321; k.70, t.212, nr.409, k.70 t.214 nr.412 google scholar
  • Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi (BOA), İstanbul google scholar
  • Mühimme Defteri (MD): 10, 26, 34, 35, 64, 69, 70, 75, 77, 76, 78 google scholar
  • Kamil Kepeci tasnifi (KK): 71 google scholar
  • 3 numaralı mühimme defteri (966-968/1558-1560) <Tıpkıbasım>. Ankara: T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü, 1993. google scholar
  • 5 numaralı mühimme defteri (973 / 1565-1566) <Tıpkıbasım>. Ankara: T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü, 1994. google scholar
  • 6 numaralı mühimme defteri (972/1564-1565) <Tıpkıbasım>. Ankara: T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü, 1995. google scholar
  • 7 numaralı mühimme defteri (975-976/1567-1569) <Tıpkıbasım>. Ankara: T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü, 1999. google scholar
  • 12 numaralı mühimme defteri (978-979/1570-1572) <Tıpkıbasım>. Ankara: T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü, 1996. google scholar
  • Marcin Broniewski. Tartariae Descriptio. Opis Tatarii. Przeklad Ewa Sniezewska. Redakcja Magdelena M^czynska. Lodz: Stowarzyszenie Naukowe Archeologow Polskich, 2011. google scholar
  • Ilie Corfus. Documente privitoare la istoria României culese din arhivele polone. Secolul al XVI-lea. Bucureşti Editura: Academia Republicii Socialiste România, 1979, google scholar
  • David, Geza-Fodor, Pal. „Az orszag ügye mindenek elott valo.” A szultâni tanâcsMagyarorszagra vonatkozo rendeletei (1544-1545, 1552). (Historia okmanytarak, I.) Budapest: MTA Törtenettudomanyi Intezete, 2005. google scholar
  • Documente privitoare la istoria Românilor. Urmare la colecfiunea luı Eudoxiu de Hurmuzaki. SuplementulII. Vol. I. 1510-1600. Documente culese din archive şi biblioteci polone coordonate, adnotate şi publicate de loan Bogdan cu traducerea franceza a documentelor polone de I. Skupiewski. Bucuresci, 1893. google scholar
  • Evliyâ ÇelebiSeyâhatnâmesi. Beşinci kitap. Haz. Yücel Dağlı-Seyit Ali Kahraman-İbrahim Sezgin, İstanbul: Yapi Kredi Yayınları, 2001. google scholar
  • Tahsin Gemil. Relafiile fârilor Române cu Poarta Otomana în documente turceşti (1601-1712). Bucureşti: Directia Generalâ a Arhivelor Statului din Republica Socialistâ, 1984, google scholar
  • Katalog dokumentow tureckich. Dokumenty do dziejow Polski i krajow osciennych w latach 1455-1672. Opracowal Zygmunt Abrahamowicz, pod redakcj^ Ananiasza Zaj^czkowskiego. Warszawa: Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1959. google scholar
  • Dariusz Kolodziejczyk. Ottoman-Polish Diplomatic Relations (15th- 18th Century): An AnnotedEdition of ‘Ahdnames and Other Documents. Leiden-Boston-Köln: Brill, 2000. google scholar
  • Dariusz Kolodziejczyk. The Crimean Khanate andPoland-Lithuania: International Diplomacy on the European Periphery (15th-18th Century); A Study of Peace Treaties Followed by Annoted Documents. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2011. google scholar
  • Le Khanat de Crimee dans les Archives du Musee du Palais de Topkapı, presente par Alexandre Bennigsen, Peter Nail Boratav, Dilek Desaive et Chantal Lemercier-Quelquejay. Paris-The Hague: De Gruyter Mouton, 1978 google scholar
  • Podroze i poselstwa polskie do Turcji a mianowicie: Podroz E. Otwinowskiego 1557, Jçdrzeja Tarnowskiego komornika j. k. m. 1569, i Poselstwo Piotra Zborowskiego 1568. Przygotowane do druku z rçkopismu przez J. I. Kraszewskiego. Krak6w: Nakladem Wydawnictwa Biblioteki Polskiej, 1860. google scholar
  • Târîh-i Peçevi. I. İstanbul: Matbaa-i Âmire, 1281/1864. google scholar
  • Hacer Topaktaş-H. Ahmet Arslantürk. Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Dönemi Osmanlı-Leh İlişkilerine Dair Belgeler (1520-1566). İstanbul: Okur Kitaplığı, 2014. google scholar
  • Wielka legacja WojciechaMiaskowskiego do Turcyi w 1640 roku. Opracowal Adam Przybos. Warszawa-Krak6w: Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1985. google scholar
  • Başer, Alper. “Bucak Tatarları (1550-1700).” Doktora tezi, T. C. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı, 2010. google scholar
  • Başer, Alper. Kırım Hanlığı Tarihinde Mangit Kabilesi. In Doğu Avrupa Türk Mirasının Son Kalesi Kırım, edited by Yücel Öztürk,75-98. İstanbul: Çamlıca, 2015. google scholar
  • Berindei, Mihnea. “Le probleme des « Cosaques » dans la seconde moitie du XVIe siecle. A propos de la revolte de loan Vodâ, voievode de Moldavie.” Cahiers du monde russe et sovietique XIII/3 (1972), 338-367. google scholar
  • David, Geza. “Egy szokatlanul magabiztos török foember: Oszman Sah.” Keletkutatas osz (2010), 121-125. google scholar
  • Deweese, Devin. Islamization and Narrative Religion in the Golden Horde. Baba Tükles and Conversion to Islam in Historical and Epic Tradition. Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994. google scholar
  • Emecen, Feridun M. “Osmanlıların Vahşi Sınırları: XVI. Yüzyıl Arşiv Kayıtlarından Evliya Çelebi’ye Akkirman-Bender-Özü Kesimi.” Türklük Bilgisi Araştırmaları 44 (Aralık 2015): 215-229. google scholar
  • Finkel, Caroline-Ostapchuk, Victor. “Outpost of Empire. An Appraisal of Ottoman Building Registers as Sources for the Archeology and Construction History of the Black Sea Fortress of Özi.” Muqarnas. An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World22 (2005): 150-180. google scholar
  • Gökbilgin, Mustafa Tayyip. Rumeli’de Yürükler, Tatarlar ve Evlâd-ı Fâtihân. İstanbul: İşaret, 20082. google scholar
  • İnalcık, Halil. “Bender.” The Encyclopaedia ofIslam, vol. I, Leiden: Brill, 1960, 1166 google scholar
  • İnalcık, Halil. “Budjak.” The Encylopaedia of Islam, vol. I, Leiden: Brill, 1960, 1286. google scholar
  • Ivanics, Mâria. “A Nogaj Horda - a nomâd birodalom szervezes egyik lehetseges utja.” In Fegyveres nomâdok, nomâdfegyverek, eds. Balogh, Lâszlo-Keller, Lâszlo, Budapest: Balassi, 2004. google scholar
  • Jablonowski, Aleksander. “Litvanya Büyük Prensliği’nin Güneydoğu’da Türkler ve Tatarlarla Olan Hududu.” Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları 61 (1989), 185-203. google scholar
  • Jankowski, Henryk. A Historical-Etymological Dictionary ofPre-Russian Habitation Names of the Crimea. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2006. google scholar
  • Kolodziejczyk, Dariusz. “Inner Lake or Frontier? The Ottoman Black Sea in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries.” In: Enjeux politiques, economiques et militaires en mer Noire (XIVe-XXIe siecles). Etudes a la memoire de Mihail Guboglu, sous la direction de F. Bilici, I. Cândea, A. Popescu, 125-139. Braila: Istros, 2007. google scholar
  • HeKpacoB, A. M. “/Ken^unu xaHCKoro goMa rupeeB b XV-XVI bb.” Bocmo^Han EBpona b dpeBHOcmu u cpedneBeKOB-be. MocKBa: HayKa, 1978. http://portal-credo.ru/site/?act=lib&id=1785 (Accessed July 31,2014) google scholar
  • Podhorodecki, Leszek. ChanatKrymski i jego stosunki zPolskq w XV-XVIII w. Warszawa: Ksi^zka i Wiedza, 1987. google scholar
  • Polczynski, Michael J. The Wild Fields: Power and Space in the Early Modern Polish/Lithuanian Frontier. A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophyin History. Washington DC, December 18, 2016. google scholar
  • Cepega, AneKcaHgp. CunucmpeHCKO-OuaKOBCKuam enjıem npe3 XVIII - Hav. Ha XIX b. AdMUHucmpamuBHO - mepumOpuanHO ycmpOÜcmBO, cenuba u HacejıeHue b CeBepO3anadHOmO npuvepHOMOpue., Co$ua: ^uo Mupa, 2009. google scholar
  • Trepavlov, V.V. The Formation andEarly History of the Mangıt Yurt. (Papers on Inner Asia, No. 35.), Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, 2001. google scholar
  • TpenaBnoB, B.B. HcmOpuaHOraücKOÜ Opdu. MocKBa: BocTOHHas Humepaıypa PAH, 2001. google scholar
  • Vâsâry, Istvân. Cumans and Tatars. Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185-1365. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. google scholar
  • Zaytsev, Ilya V. “The Structure of the Giray Dinasty (15th-16th Centuries): Matrimonial and Kinship Relations of the Crimean Khans.” In Kinship in the Altaic World. Proceedings of the 48th PIAC, eds. Boikova, Elena V.- Rybakov, Rostislav B. (Asiatische Forschungen, 150.) Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2006. google scholar
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Environment and Culture
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Gáspár Katkó This is me 0000-0002-0416-8260

Publication Date July 28, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

APA Katkó, G. (2023). The Budjak Tatars on the Polish-Ottoman Borderlands in the 16th and First Half of the 17th Centuries. Journal of Turkology, 33(1), 127-145. https://doi.org/10.26650/iuturkiyat.70506
AMA Katkó G. The Budjak Tatars on the Polish-Ottoman Borderlands in the 16th and First Half of the 17th Centuries. Journal of Turkology. July 2023;33(1):127-145. doi:10.26650/iuturkiyat.70506
Chicago Katkó, Gáspár. “The Budjak Tatars on the Polish-Ottoman Borderlands in the 16th and First Half of the 17th Centuries”. Journal of Turkology 33, no. 1 (July 2023): 127-45. https://doi.org/10.26650/iuturkiyat.70506.
EndNote Katkó G (July 1, 2023) The Budjak Tatars on the Polish-Ottoman Borderlands in the 16th and First Half of the 17th Centuries. Journal of Turkology 33 1 127–145.
IEEE G. Katkó, “The Budjak Tatars on the Polish-Ottoman Borderlands in the 16th and First Half of the 17th Centuries”, Journal of Turkology, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 127–145, 2023, doi: 10.26650/iuturkiyat.70506.
ISNAD Katkó, Gáspár. “The Budjak Tatars on the Polish-Ottoman Borderlands in the 16th and First Half of the 17th Centuries”. Journal of Turkology 33/1 (July 2023), 127-145. https://doi.org/10.26650/iuturkiyat.70506.
JAMA Katkó G. The Budjak Tatars on the Polish-Ottoman Borderlands in the 16th and First Half of the 17th Centuries. Journal of Turkology. 2023;33:127–145.
MLA Katkó, Gáspár. “The Budjak Tatars on the Polish-Ottoman Borderlands in the 16th and First Half of the 17th Centuries”. Journal of Turkology, vol. 33, no. 1, 2023, pp. 127-45, doi:10.26650/iuturkiyat.70506.
Vancouver Katkó G. The Budjak Tatars on the Polish-Ottoman Borderlands in the 16th and First Half of the 17th Centuries. Journal of Turkology. 2023;33(1):127-45.