Abstract
Budizm, Manihaizm ve
Hristiyanlık gibi dinleri benimsemiş olan Uygurlar özellikle Budizm ve
Manihaizmin kutsal metinlerini anlayabilmek için yoğun bir tercüme faaliyetinde
bulunmuşlardır. Uygurlar tarafından en çok taraftara sahip din olan Budizmin
kendi içerisinde Buddhalığa erişme yolunda farklı felsefi kavrayışları
bulunmaktadır. Bunların içinde de özellikle Mahāyāna ve Mahāyāna’nın bir kolu
olarak gelişen Vajrayāna veya Tibet Budizmi önemli bir kavrayış olarak
karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın konusunu da teşkil eden Tibet Budizmi kimi
ritüel ve sembollerle birlikte çeşitli meditasyon uygulamalarını barındırması
bakımından diğer Budist kavrayışlarından ayrılmaktadır. Esasen Tantra metinleri
temelinde oluşan Tibet Budizmi, Tibet ve Moğolistan coğrafyasında
yaygınlaşmıştır. Budist Uygur edebiyatının son dönemine ait olduğu düşünülen
Eski Uygurca Tibet Budizmi metinleri bu kavrayışa uygun olarak çeşitli
sembolleri içerisinde barındırmaktadır. Bu sembollerden biri olan mudrālar ise meditasyon esnasında
gerçekleştirilen ve Budizmde kâinatın beş öğesine karşılık gelen parmaklar ve
ellerle yapılmaktadır. Sanskritçe mudrā
sözcüğü esasen “mühür” manasındadır; ancak bir Budist terim olarak mudrā sözcüğünden el pozisyonları, el ve
çeşitli parmaklarla yapılan hareketler anlaşılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Eski
Uygurca metinler aracılığıyla Budist Uygurlar arasında Tibet Budizmine ait bir
sembolün işlenişi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmamızda Eski Uygurca Tibet Budizmi
metinlerinde yer alan mudrāların izi sürülmüş
ve belirlenebildiği kadarıyla sekiz mudrāya
yer verilmiştir.
References
- BEER, Robert, 2003, The Handbook of Tibetan Buddhist Symbols, Shambhala Publications, Boston.
- DAS, Rai Bábu Bahadur Sarat Chandra, 1902, A Tibetan-English Dictionary with Sanskrit Synonyms, The Bengal Secretariat Book Depôt, Calcutta.
- EDGERTON, Franklin, 1953, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary, Volume II: Dictionary, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, New Haven.
- ERDAL, Marcel, 1991, Old Turkic Word Formation. A Functional Approach to the Lexicon, Vol. I-II. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. (Turcologica 7.)
- GETTY, Alice, 1914, The Gods of Northern Buddhism, Their History Iconography and Progressive Evolution Through the Northern Buddhist Countries, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
- GİLES, Herbert A., 1912, A Chinese-English Dictionary, Part I-II. 2. bs., Kelly and Walsh, Shanghai/London.
- HİRSCHİ, Gertrud, 2000, Mudras Yoga in Your Hands, York Beach, Maine.
- Japanese-English Buddhist Dictionary, 1979, Daitō Shuppansha, Tokyo.
- KARA, Georg, Peter ZIEME, 1976, Fragmente tantrischer Werke in uigurischer Übersetzung, Akademie-Verlag, Berlin. (Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR. Zentralinstitut für Alte Geschichte und Archäologie. Schriften zur Geschichte und Kultur des Alten Orients. Berliner Turfantexte VII.)
- MONİER-WİLLİAMS, Monier, 1899, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
- POWERS, John, 2007, Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism, 2. bs., Snow Lion Publications, New York/Colorado.
- SOOTHİLL, William Edward, Lewis HODOUS, 1937, A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms, with Sanskrit and English Equivalents and a Sanskrit-Pali Index, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trunber & Co., London.
- TODARO, Dale, 1985, “The Meaning of the Term Mudrā and a Historical Outline of “Hand Gesture”, Journal of Esoteric Buddhism, Vol. 1985, no. 151, L71-L54.
- ZİEME, Peter, György KARA, 1979, Ein uigurisches Totenbuch, Nāropas Lehre in uigurischer Übersetzung von vier tibetischen Traktaten nach der Sammelhandschrift aus Dunhuang, British Museum Or. 8212 (109), Otto Harrassowitz, Budapest. (Bibliotheca Orientalis Hungarica. 22.) [aynı zamanda Wiesbaden’da yayımlandı (Asiatische Forschungen 63.)]
Abstract
The Uyghurs, who adopted the
various religions such as Buddhism, Manichaeism
and Christianity, were
intensively engaged in translation activities in
order to understand the
religious texts of Buddhism and Manichaeism. Buddhism, which had so many believers among the Uyghurs, has different philosophical understanding in the attainment
of Buddhahood. Among these, Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna or Tibetan Buddhism
developing as a branch of Mahāyāna emerge as an important insight. Tibetan
Buddhism, which constitutes the subject of the paper, differs from the other
Buddhist understandings, because it applies to some rituals, various symbols,
and meditation practices. Tibetan
Buddhism based on the Tantric texts is widespread in Tibet and Mongolia.
Tibetan Buddhism texts in Old Uyghur considered to belong to the last period of
Buddhist Uyghur literature include various symbols in accordance with this
insight. Mudrā, one of the most
popular symbols in Tibetan Buddhism, is realized by the practioners in the
meditation practices and it is applied by hands and fingers, which match up to
the five basic elements of the universe in Buddhism. Mudrā, which means “seal”, is originally in Sanskrit, but it means
hand gestures as a Buddhist term. Through Old Uyghur texts, this paper aims to offer an
analysis of the symbol belonging to Tibetan Buddhism. In this paper, mudrās in Old Uyghur texts were traced,
as far as can be determined, eight mudrās
could be identified.
References
- BEER, Robert, 2003, The Handbook of Tibetan Buddhist Symbols, Shambhala Publications, Boston.
- DAS, Rai Bábu Bahadur Sarat Chandra, 1902, A Tibetan-English Dictionary with Sanskrit Synonyms, The Bengal Secretariat Book Depôt, Calcutta.
- EDGERTON, Franklin, 1953, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary, Volume II: Dictionary, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, New Haven.
- ERDAL, Marcel, 1991, Old Turkic Word Formation. A Functional Approach to the Lexicon, Vol. I-II. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. (Turcologica 7.)
- GETTY, Alice, 1914, The Gods of Northern Buddhism, Their History Iconography and Progressive Evolution Through the Northern Buddhist Countries, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
- GİLES, Herbert A., 1912, A Chinese-English Dictionary, Part I-II. 2. bs., Kelly and Walsh, Shanghai/London.
- HİRSCHİ, Gertrud, 2000, Mudras Yoga in Your Hands, York Beach, Maine.
- Japanese-English Buddhist Dictionary, 1979, Daitō Shuppansha, Tokyo.
- KARA, Georg, Peter ZIEME, 1976, Fragmente tantrischer Werke in uigurischer Übersetzung, Akademie-Verlag, Berlin. (Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR. Zentralinstitut für Alte Geschichte und Archäologie. Schriften zur Geschichte und Kultur des Alten Orients. Berliner Turfantexte VII.)
- MONİER-WİLLİAMS, Monier, 1899, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
- POWERS, John, 2007, Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism, 2. bs., Snow Lion Publications, New York/Colorado.
- SOOTHİLL, William Edward, Lewis HODOUS, 1937, A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms, with Sanskrit and English Equivalents and a Sanskrit-Pali Index, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trunber & Co., London.
- TODARO, Dale, 1985, “The Meaning of the Term Mudrā and a Historical Outline of “Hand Gesture”, Journal of Esoteric Buddhism, Vol. 1985, no. 151, L71-L54.
- ZİEME, Peter, György KARA, 1979, Ein uigurisches Totenbuch, Nāropas Lehre in uigurischer Übersetzung von vier tibetischen Traktaten nach der Sammelhandschrift aus Dunhuang, British Museum Or. 8212 (109), Otto Harrassowitz, Budapest. (Bibliotheca Orientalis Hungarica. 22.) [aynı zamanda Wiesbaden’da yayımlandı (Asiatische Forschungen 63.)]
Details
| Journal Section | ARTICLES |
|---|---|
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | December 27, 2016 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2016 Volume: 26 Issue: 2 |
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