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The Lost Circassia and the Found Circassians: Caucasian Migration to the Ottoman Empire

Year 2022, Volume: 32 Issue: 1, 405 - 431, 30.06.2022

Veronika Tsibenko

Abstract

The article deals with the history of pan-Caucasian (Circassian) nation-building in the context of international relations, which helps to provide a new look at the migration from the North Caucasus to the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century. The author analyses a wide range of materials including archival documents, historiographical works, and the British and French press to show that subjectification of the Caucasus in the international arena and Circassian nation-building were the real triggers of migration. The success of Western (primarily British) diplomacy can be seen in the formulation of the Circassian question and the emergence of a pan-Caucasian national project. However, Russia's military advancement in the Caucasus, and the difference between British and French foreign policy strategies halted the nation-building process. Besides, the efforts of nation-builders were not enough to unite North Caucasians, due to such obstacles as the lack of experience of common statehood, and linguistic and ethnic diversity. Thus, migration was the result of the failure of the British Circassian nation-building project, and it summed up the long period of subjectification of the North Caucasus in the international arena in the 19th century.

Keywords

Ottoman History Caucausus Circassian Question Caucasian Migration International Relations

Supporting Institution

Southern Federal University

References

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  • Barut, Ilgın. “Osmanlı Dönemi’nde Gerçekleşen Göçlerin Kurumsallaşma ve Göç Politikaları Üzerindeki Etkileri”, Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi. 40/2 (2018), 161-190.
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  • Berzhe, Adolf P. “Vyselenie gortsev s Kavkaza”, Russkaya starina, 33 (1882), 161-176.
  • Bilge, Sadık Müfit. Osmanlı Çağında Kafkasya 1454-1829 (Tarih-Toplum-Ekonomi). İstanbul: Kitabevi, 2012. Bliev, Mark M., Degoev Vladimir V. Kavkazskaya voina. Moscow: Roset, 1994.
  • Bolsover, George H. “Lord Ponsonby and the Eastern Question (1833-1839)”, The Slavonic and East European Review, 13/37 (1934), 98-118.
  • Brewda, Joseph, Hoyos Linda de. “David Urquhart’s holy war”, Executive Intelligence Review, 26/36 (1999), 24–27.
  • Brock, Peter. “The Fall of Circassia: A Study in Private Diplomacy”, The English Historical Review, 71/280 (1956), 401-427.
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  • Ahmet Cevdet Pasha. “Opisanie sobytii v Gruzii i Cherkesii po otnosheniyu k Ottomanskoi imperii ot 1192 goda po 1202 god khidzhry (1775 – 1784)”, Russkii arkhiv, 3/3 (1888), 369-392.
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  • Guedalla, Philip. Palmerston. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1937.
  • Güneş-Yağcı, Zübeyde. “Osmanlı Devleti’nin Kuzey Kafkasya Siyaseti: Çerkeslerden Bağlılık Senedi Alınması”, Karadeniz, 2 (2009), 99-112.
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  • Henze, Paul B. “Fire and Sword in the Caucasus: The 19th Century Resistance of the North Caucasian Mountaineers”, Central Asian Survey, 2 (1983), 5-44.
  • Hoffmann, Joachim. “Die Politik der Mächte in der Endphase der Kaukasuskriege”, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas. Neue Folge, 17/2 (1969), 215-258.
  • İbn Kemal. Tevârih-i Âl-i Osman: VII. Defter (Tenkidli Transkripsiyon). Ankara: TTK Yayınları, 1954.
  • Karpat, Kemal H. Ottoman Population 1830-1914. Demographic and Social Characteristics. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin, 1985.
  • Kefeli Ibrahim bin Ali. Tevârîkh-i Tatar ve Dağıstan ve Moskov ve Deşt-i Kıpçak Ölkeleri’nindir. Pazarcık.
  • King, Charles. “Imagining Circassia: David Urquhart and the Making of North Caucasus Nationalism”, Russian Review, 66/2 (2007), 238-255.
  • Kırzıoğlu Fahrettin. Osmanlılar’ın Kafkas Ellerini Fethi (1451-1590). Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi, 1976.
  • Kudaeva, Svetlana G. Ognem i zhelezom: Igni et Ferro. Vynuzhdennoe pereselenie adygov v Osman. imperiyu (20 - 70 gg. XIX v). Maikop: Tip. MGTI, 1998.
  • Kusheva, Ekaterina N. Narody Severnogo Kavkaza i ikh svyazi s Rossiei (vtoraya polovina XVI – 30-e gody XVII veka). Moscow.: Izdatel’stvo Akademii nauk SSSR, 1963.
  • Kutolowski, John F. “English Radicals and the Polish Insurrection of 1863-4”, The Polish Review, 11/3 (1966), 3-28.
  • Lamb, Margaret. “The Making of a Russophobe: David Urquhart – The Formative Years, 1825-1835”, The International History Review, 3/3 (1981), 330-357.
  • Latham, Robert G. Elements of Comparative Philology. London: Walton and Maberly, 1862.
  • Lee, Russell. Stories from Russia, Siberia, Poland and Circassia. London: T. Nelson and Sons, 1853. Lesure, Michel. “La France et le Caucase a l’Epoque de Chamil: a la lumier des depeches des consuls francais”, Cahiers du Monde Russe et Sovietique, 19/1-2 (1978), 5-65.
  • Luxenburg, Norman. “England and the Caucasus during the Crimean War”, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, Neue Folge, 16/4 (1968), 499-504.
  • McCarthy, Justin. Population History of the Middle East and the Balkans. Istanbul: Isis, 2010. Natho, Kadir I. Circassian History. Wayne-New Jersey: Xlibris Corporation, 2009.
  • Özbek (Yediç), Batıray. Çerkes Tarihi Kronolojisi. Ankara: Kafdağı Yayınları, 1991.
  • Pinson, Mark. 1970. “Demographic Warfare: An Aspect of Ottoman and Russian Policy, 1854-1866.” PhD diss., Harvard University.
  • Saydam, Abdullah. Kırım ve Kafkas Göçleri (1856-1876). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1997.
  • Talina, Galina V. “Titul pravoslavnogo samoderzhtsa Moskovskogo tsarstva tret’ei chetverti XVII veka”, Voprosy istorii, 6 (2013), 167-172.
  • Temizkan, Abdullah. “Lehistanlıların İstanbul’da Lobi Faaliyetleri ve Kafkasya’ya Lejyon Gönderme Girişimleri”, Türklük Bilimi Araştırmaları, 28 (2010), 363-393.
  • Tsibenko, Veronika V., Tsibenko, Sergey N. Tekhnologii etnonatsional’noi mobilizatsii. Moscow: Ves’ Mir, 2021. Webster, Charles. “Urquhart, Ponsonby, and Palmerston”, The English Historical Review, 62/244 (1947), 327-351.
  • Yılmaz, Özgür. “An Italian Physician in the Caucasian Migration of 1864: The Mission of Dr. Barozzi in Trabzon and Samsun”, Çağdaş Türkiye Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi – Journal of Modern Turkish History Studies, XIV/28 (2014), 5-44.
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Kayıp Çerkesya ve Bulunan Çerkesler: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'na Kafkas Göçü

Year 2022, Volume: 32 Issue: 1, 405 - 431, 30.06.2022

Veronika Tsibenko

Abstract

Bu araştırma 19. yüzyılda Kuzey Kafkasya'dan Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'na göçe yeni bir bakış sağlamaya yardımcı olan pan-Kafkas (Çerkes) ulus inşasının tarihini uluslararası ilişkiler bağlamında ele almaktadır. Yazar, Kafkasya'nın uluslararası arenada özneleştirilmesinin ve Çerkes ulus inşasının göçün gerçek sebepleri olduğunu göstermek için arşiv belgeleri, tarih yazımı eserleri, İngiliz ve Fransız basını gibi çok çeşitli materyalleri analiz ediyor. Batı (öncelikle İngiliz) diplomasisinin başarısı, Çerkes sorununun formüle edilmesinde ve bir pan-Kafkasya ulusal projesinin ortaya çıkışında görülebilir. Bununla birlikte, Rusya'nın Kafkasya'daki askeri ilerlemesi ve İngiliz ve Fransız dış politika stratejileri arasındaki fark, ulus oluşturma sürecinin duraklamasına neden oldu. Ayrıca, ulus kurucuların çabaları, ortak devletçilik deneyimi eksikliği,dilsel ve etnik çeşitlilik gibi engeller nedeniyle Kuzey Kafkasyalıları birleştirmek için yeterli olmadı. Dolayısıyla göç, İngiltere tarafından gerçekleştirilen Çerkes ulus inşası projesinin başarısızlığının bir sonucuydu ve 19. yüzyılda Kuzey Kafkasya'nın uluslararası arenada uzun süren özneleştirilmesi sürecini özetledi.



Keywords

Osmanlı Tarihi Kafkasya Çerkes Meselesi Kafkas Göçü Uluslararası İlişkileri

References

  • Abdulgaffar Kyrymi. Umdet al-akhbar. Vol. 1: Transkriptsiya, faksimile. Is. 1. Kazan: Institut istorii im. Sh.Mardzhani AN RT, 2014.
  • Avakyan, Arsen G. 2002. “Cherkesy v sisteme gosudarstvennoi vlasti Osmanskoi imperii i Turtsii (vtoraya polovina XIX-pervaya chetvert’ XX vv.).” PhD diss., Moscow State University.
  • Allen-Muratoff. Kafkas Harekatı. 1828─1921 Türk-Kafkas Sınırındaki Harplerin Tarihi. Ankara: Genelkurmay Basımevi, 1966.
  • Aydemir, İzzet. Göç. Kuzey Kafkasya’lıların Göç Tarihi. Ankara: Gelişim Matbaası, 1988.
  • Baddeley, John. The Russian conquest of the Caucasus. London, New-York, Bombey, Calcuta: Longmans, Green and Co, 1908.
  • Barut, Ilgın. “Osmanlı Dönemi’nde Gerçekleşen Göçlerin Kurumsallaşma ve Göç Politikaları Üzerindeki Etkileri”, Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi. 40/2 (2018), 161-190.
  • Bell, James. Journal of a residence in Circassia, during the years 1837, 1838, and 1839. In 2 vol. London: Edward Moxon, 1840.
  • Berzhe, Adolf P. “Vyselenie gortsev s Kavkaza”, Russkaya starina, 33 (1882), 161-176.
  • Bilge, Sadık Müfit. Osmanlı Çağında Kafkasya 1454-1829 (Tarih-Toplum-Ekonomi). İstanbul: Kitabevi, 2012. Bliev, Mark M., Degoev Vladimir V. Kavkazskaya voina. Moscow: Roset, 1994.
  • Bolsover, George H. “Lord Ponsonby and the Eastern Question (1833-1839)”, The Slavonic and East European Review, 13/37 (1934), 98-118.
  • Brewda, Joseph, Hoyos Linda de. “David Urquhart’s holy war”, Executive Intelligence Review, 26/36 (1999), 24–27.
  • Brock, Peter. “The Fall of Circassia: A Study in Private Diplomacy”, The English Historical Review, 71/280 (1956), 401-427.
  • Broocks, Willis. “The Politics of the Conquest of the Caucasus, 1855-1864”, Nationalities Papers, 24/4 (1996), 649-660.
  • Ahmet Cevdet Pasha. “Opisanie sobytii v Gruzii i Cherkesii po otnosheniyu k Ottomanskoi imperii ot 1192 goda po 1202 god khidzhry (1775 – 1784)”, Russkii arkhiv, 3/3 (1888), 369-392.
  • Cuthell, David Cameron. 2005. “The Muhacirin Komisyonu: An Agent in the Transformation of Ottoman Anatolia. 1860-1866.” PhD diss., Columbia University.
  • Degoev, Vladimir V. Bol’shaya igra na Kavkaze: istoriya i sovremennost’. Stat’i, ocherki, esse. Moscow: SPSL-Russkaya panorama, 2003.
  • Degoev, Vladimir V. Kavkaz i velikie derzhavy 1829-1864 gg. Politika, voina, diplomatiya. Moscow: Rubezhi XXI, 2009.
  • Eshba, Elana D. 2014. “Cherkesskii faktor v sisteme mezhdunarodnykh otnoshenii na Kavkaze v XIX – nachale XXI vv.” PhD diss., Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences.
  • Erdem, Ufuk. Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e muhacir komisyonları ve faaliyetleri, 1860-1923. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 2018.
  • Gammer, Moshe. Russian Resistance to the Tsar. Shamil and the Conquest of Chechnia and Daghestan.
  • London: Frank Cass, 1994.
  • Guedalla, Philip. Palmerston. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1937.
  • Güneş-Yağcı, Zübeyde. “Osmanlı Devleti’nin Kuzey Kafkasya Siyaseti: Çerkeslerden Bağlılık Senedi Alınması”, Karadeniz, 2 (2009), 99-112.
  • Halil (Yinanç), Mükrimin. “Millî Tarihimize Dair Eski Bir Vesika”, Türk Tarih Encümeni Mecmuası, 3/80 (1340/1924).
  • Henze, Paul B. “Fire and Sword in the Caucasus: The 19th Century Resistance of the North Caucasian Mountaineers”, Central Asian Survey, 2 (1983), 5-44.
  • Hoffmann, Joachim. “Die Politik der Mächte in der Endphase der Kaukasuskriege”, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas. Neue Folge, 17/2 (1969), 215-258.
  • İbn Kemal. Tevârih-i Âl-i Osman: VII. Defter (Tenkidli Transkripsiyon). Ankara: TTK Yayınları, 1954.
  • Karpat, Kemal H. Ottoman Population 1830-1914. Demographic and Social Characteristics. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin, 1985.
  • Kefeli Ibrahim bin Ali. Tevârîkh-i Tatar ve Dağıstan ve Moskov ve Deşt-i Kıpçak Ölkeleri’nindir. Pazarcık.
  • King, Charles. “Imagining Circassia: David Urquhart and the Making of North Caucasus Nationalism”, Russian Review, 66/2 (2007), 238-255.
  • Kırzıoğlu Fahrettin. Osmanlılar’ın Kafkas Ellerini Fethi (1451-1590). Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi, 1976.
  • Kudaeva, Svetlana G. Ognem i zhelezom: Igni et Ferro. Vynuzhdennoe pereselenie adygov v Osman. imperiyu (20 - 70 gg. XIX v). Maikop: Tip. MGTI, 1998.
  • Kusheva, Ekaterina N. Narody Severnogo Kavkaza i ikh svyazi s Rossiei (vtoraya polovina XVI – 30-e gody XVII veka). Moscow.: Izdatel’stvo Akademii nauk SSSR, 1963.
  • Kutolowski, John F. “English Radicals and the Polish Insurrection of 1863-4”, The Polish Review, 11/3 (1966), 3-28.
  • Lamb, Margaret. “The Making of a Russophobe: David Urquhart – The Formative Years, 1825-1835”, The International History Review, 3/3 (1981), 330-357.
  • Latham, Robert G. Elements of Comparative Philology. London: Walton and Maberly, 1862.
  • Lee, Russell. Stories from Russia, Siberia, Poland and Circassia. London: T. Nelson and Sons, 1853. Lesure, Michel. “La France et le Caucase a l’Epoque de Chamil: a la lumier des depeches des consuls francais”, Cahiers du Monde Russe et Sovietique, 19/1-2 (1978), 5-65.
  • Luxenburg, Norman. “England and the Caucasus during the Crimean War”, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, Neue Folge, 16/4 (1968), 499-504.
  • McCarthy, Justin. Population History of the Middle East and the Balkans. Istanbul: Isis, 2010. Natho, Kadir I. Circassian History. Wayne-New Jersey: Xlibris Corporation, 2009.
  • Özbek (Yediç), Batıray. Çerkes Tarihi Kronolojisi. Ankara: Kafdağı Yayınları, 1991.
  • Pinson, Mark. 1970. “Demographic Warfare: An Aspect of Ottoman and Russian Policy, 1854-1866.” PhD diss., Harvard University.
  • Saydam, Abdullah. Kırım ve Kafkas Göçleri (1856-1876). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1997.
  • Talina, Galina V. “Titul pravoslavnogo samoderzhtsa Moskovskogo tsarstva tret’ei chetverti XVII veka”, Voprosy istorii, 6 (2013), 167-172.
  • Temizkan, Abdullah. “Lehistanlıların İstanbul’da Lobi Faaliyetleri ve Kafkasya’ya Lejyon Gönderme Girişimleri”, Türklük Bilimi Araştırmaları, 28 (2010), 363-393.
  • Tsibenko, Veronika V., Tsibenko, Sergey N. Tekhnologii etnonatsional’noi mobilizatsii. Moscow: Ves’ Mir, 2021. Webster, Charles. “Urquhart, Ponsonby, and Palmerston”, The English Historical Review, 62/244 (1947), 327-351.
  • Yılmaz, Özgür. “An Italian Physician in the Caucasian Migration of 1864: The Mission of Dr. Barozzi in Trabzon and Samsun”, Çağdaş Türkiye Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi – Journal of Modern Turkish History Studies, XIV/28 (2014), 5-44.
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  • Osmanskii reestr zemel’nykh vladenii Yuzhnogo Kryma 1680-kh godov. Is. 1. Ed. By A.V. Efimov. Moscow: Institut Naslediya, 2020.
  • Papers Respecting the Settlement of Circassian Emigrants in Turkey. Presented to the House of Commons by Command of Her Majesty, in pursuance of their Address dated June 6, 1864. London: Harrison and Sons, 1864.
  • Rolland, Stewart E. Circassia: Speech [of Stewart E. Rolland,] [on behalf of the Circassians in their struggle against subjugation by Russia] at a public meeting at Preston held at the Corn Exchange, Preston, October 1, 1862 to receive the deputies from Circassia [in a report of the meeting]. London: Hardwicke, 1862.
  • Sobranie traktatov i konventsii, zaklyuchennykh Rossiei s inostrannymi derzhavami. Vol. VIII. Traktaty s Germaniei. Saint-Petersburg: Tip. Ministerstva Putei Soobshcheniya, 1888.
  • “The Circassians – Question. Vol. 175: debated on Thursday 2 June 1864.” Hansard. UK Parliament. Accessed December 1, 2021. https://hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/1864-06-02/debates/334779d4-d275-4a79-958b- 72ec0bee3fe1/TheCircassians%E2%80%94Question.
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There are 73 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Veronika Tsibenko

Publication Date June 30, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 32 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Tsibenko, V. (2022). The Lost Circassia and the Found Circassians: Caucasian Migration to the Ottoman Empire. Journal of Turkology, 32(1), 405-431.
AMA Tsibenko V. The Lost Circassia and the Found Circassians: Caucasian Migration to the Ottoman Empire. Journal of Turkology. June 2022;32(1):405-431.
Chicago Tsibenko, Veronika. “The Lost Circassia and the Found Circassians: Caucasian Migration to the Ottoman Empire”. Journal of Turkology 32, no. 1 (June 2022): 405-31.
EndNote Tsibenko V (June 1, 2022) The Lost Circassia and the Found Circassians: Caucasian Migration to the Ottoman Empire. Journal of Turkology 32 1 405–431.
IEEE V. Tsibenko, “The Lost Circassia and the Found Circassians: Caucasian Migration to the Ottoman Empire”, Journal of Turkology, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 405–431, 2022.
ISNAD Tsibenko, Veronika. “The Lost Circassia and the Found Circassians: Caucasian Migration to the Ottoman Empire”. Journal of Turkology 32/1 (June 2022), 405-431.
JAMA Tsibenko V. The Lost Circassia and the Found Circassians: Caucasian Migration to the Ottoman Empire. Journal of Turkology. 2022;32:405–431.
MLA Tsibenko, Veronika. “The Lost Circassia and the Found Circassians: Caucasian Migration to the Ottoman Empire”. Journal of Turkology, vol. 32, no. 1, 2022, pp. 405-31.
Vancouver Tsibenko V. The Lost Circassia and the Found Circassians: Caucasian Migration to the Ottoman Empire. Journal of Turkology. 2022;32(1):405-31.
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