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Identity and Diplomacy: The Construction of Turkish National Identity During the Population Exchange Process Under the Treaty of Lausanne

Year 2025, Volume: 35 Issue: 1, 173 - 195, 23.06.2025

Onur Gürel

https://doi.org/10.26650/iuturkiyat.1607270

Abstract

On January 30, 1923, the ‘Convention and Protocol on the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations’ was signed within the framework of the Treaty of Lausanne, resulting in a compulsory population exchange based on religious beliefs. This agreement stipulated the mutual exchange of Muslim and Orthodox Christian populations between Türkiye and Greece. The Turkish delegation at the Lausanne Conference was headed by İsmet Pasha (İsmet İnönü). Approximately 1.200.000 Orthodox Christian Greeks migrated from Turkey to Greece, while approximately 500.000 Muslim Turks migrated from Greece to Turkey. This process significantly altered the demographic structure of both countries and played a critical role in nation-state building. The research aims to contribute to the existing literature by examining the population exchange process in the context of diplomatic negotiations and international relations. Unlike most existing studies that focus on socio-cultural and historical dimensions, the article emphasizes diplomatic perspectives. Highlighting these perspectives has allowed for a broader evaluation of the population exchange’s impact on national identity construction. Historical research methods and document analysis were used in the study to examine the axis of diplomatic negotiations and international relations.

Keywords

Identity Diplomacy Treaty of Lausanne Population Exchange Turkish National Identity

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Kimlik ve Diplomasi: Lozan Antlaşması ile Nüfus Mübadelesi Sürecinde Türk Ulusal Kimliğinin İnşası

Year 2025, Volume: 35 Issue: 1, 173 - 195, 23.06.2025

Onur Gürel

https://doi.org/10.26650/iuturkiyat.1607270

Abstract

30 Ocak 1923 tarihinde Lozan Barış Antlaşması kapsamında imzalanan “Türk ve Yunan Halklarının Mübadelesine İlişkin Sözleşme ve Protokol” ile dinî inanç temelinde zorunlu bir nüfus değişimi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu anlaşma, Türkiye ile Yunanistan arasında Müslüman ve Ortodoks Hristiyan nüfusların karşılıklı olarak yer değiştirmesini öngörmüştür. Lozan Konferansı’na İsmet Paşa (İsmet İnönü) başkanlığındaki Türk delegasyonu katılmıştır. Yaklaşık 1.200.000 Ortodoks Hristiyan Rum Türkiye’den Yunanistan’a, yaklaşık 500.000 Müslüman Türk ise Yunanistan’dan Türkiye’ye göç etmiştir. Bu süreç her iki ülkenin demografik yapısını önemli ölçüde değiştirmiş ve ulus-devlet inşasında kritik bir rol oynamıştır. Araştırma, diplomatik müzakereler ve uluslararası ilişkiler bağlamında nüfus mübadele sürecini inceleyerek mevcut literatüre önemli katkılar sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Makale, mevcut çalışmaların çoğunlukla sosyo-kültürel ve tarihsel boyutlara odaklanmasından farklı olarak diplomatik perspektiflere vurgu yapmaktadır. Bu perspektiflerin vurgulanması, nüfus mübadelesinin ulusal kimlik inşasına olan etkilerini daha geniş bir bağlamda değerlendirmeyi mümkün kılmıştır. Araştırmada diplomatik müzakereler ve uluslararası ilişkiler ekseninin incelenmesi bağlamında tarihsel araştırma yöntemleri ve doküman analizi kullanılmıştır.

Keywords

Kimlik Diplomasi Lozan Antlaşması Nüfus Mübadelesi Türk Ulusal Kimliği

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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Local History
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Onur Gürel 0000-0002-0007-8567

Publication Date June 23, 2025
Submission Date December 25, 2024
Acceptance Date May 20, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 35 Issue: 1

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APA Gürel, O. (2025). Identity and Diplomacy: The Construction of Turkish National Identity During the Population Exchange Process Under the Treaty of Lausanne. Journal of Turkology, 35(1), 173-195. https://doi.org/10.26650/iuturkiyat.1607270
AMA Gürel O. Identity and Diplomacy: The Construction of Turkish National Identity During the Population Exchange Process Under the Treaty of Lausanne. Journal of Turkology. June 2025;35(1):173-195. doi:10.26650/iuturkiyat.1607270
Chicago Gürel, Onur. “Identity and Diplomacy: The Construction of Turkish National Identity During the Population Exchange Process Under the Treaty of Lausanne”. Journal of Turkology 35, no. 1 (June 2025): 173-95. https://doi.org/10.26650/iuturkiyat.1607270.
EndNote Gürel O (June 1, 2025) Identity and Diplomacy: The Construction of Turkish National Identity During the Population Exchange Process Under the Treaty of Lausanne. Journal of Turkology 35 1 173–195.
IEEE O. Gürel, “Identity and Diplomacy: The Construction of Turkish National Identity During the Population Exchange Process Under the Treaty of Lausanne”, Journal of Turkology, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 173–195, 2025, doi: 10.26650/iuturkiyat.1607270.
ISNAD Gürel, Onur. “Identity and Diplomacy: The Construction of Turkish National Identity During the Population Exchange Process Under the Treaty of Lausanne”. Journal of Turkology 35/1 (June2025), 173-195. https://doi.org/10.26650/iuturkiyat.1607270.
JAMA Gürel O. Identity and Diplomacy: The Construction of Turkish National Identity During the Population Exchange Process Under the Treaty of Lausanne. Journal of Turkology. 2025;35:173–195.
MLA Gürel, Onur. “Identity and Diplomacy: The Construction of Turkish National Identity During the Population Exchange Process Under the Treaty of Lausanne”. Journal of Turkology, vol. 35, no. 1, 2025, pp. 173-95, doi:10.26650/iuturkiyat.1607270.
Vancouver Gürel O. Identity and Diplomacy: The Construction of Turkish National Identity During the Population Exchange Process Under the Treaty of Lausanne. Journal of Turkology. 2025;35(1):173-95.
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