Response to Dietary Supplementation of Glutamine in Broiler Chickens Subjected to Transportation Stress

Abstract

The main purpose of this study was to determine effects of glutamine supplementation on performance and blood parameters including Hsp70 and acute phase protein when chicken were subjected to transportation stress. A total of four hundred day-old-male cobb-500 chicks were obtained directly from a local hatchery. The chicks were allotted to two groups as: immediate placement (1 hour after hatching) with access to feed and water and placement after 24h transportation without access to feed and water. The experiment consisted of a factorial arrangement of 2 different diets and 2 different time of placement. Chicks from each placement group were fed either basal diet or basal diet + 1% glutamine from 1 to 21 days of age. The results indicated that dietary glutamine improved the body weight gain and feed conversion ratio significantly when chicks were subjected to delayed or immediate placement. In conclusion, supplementing chicken with glutamine in diet can reduce negative effects of delayed access to feed and water during transportation. Moreover, APP concentration and HSP70 level were positively affected when chicks supplemented with glutamine in the diet.

References

1. Baddeley, A., Gundersen, H.J.G., Cruz‐Orive, L.M., 1986. Estimation of surface area from vertical sections. Journal of Microscopy 142, 259-276.
2. Bancroft, J., Gamble, M., 2002. Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques, Churchill Livingstone, London, UK, pp. 217.
3. Bartell, S., Batal, A., 2007. The effect of supplemental glutamine on growth performance, development of the gastrointestinal tract, and humoral immune response of broilers. Poultry Science 86, 1940-1947.
4. Bergoug, H., Guinebretière, M., Tong, Q., Roulston, N., Romanini, C., Exadaktylos, V., Berckmans, D., Garain, P., Demmers, T., McGonnell, I., 2013. Effect of transportation duration of 1-day-old chicks on postplacement production performances and pododermatitis of broilers up to slaughter age. Poultry science 92, 3300-3309.
5. Bhanja, S., Devi, C.A., Panda, A., Sunder, G.S., 2009. Effect of post hatch feed deprivation on yolk-sac utilization and performance of young broiler chickens. AsianAustralasian Journal of Animal Sciences 22, 1174-1179.
6. Bigot, K., Mignon-Grasteau, S., Picard, M., Tesseraud, S., 2003. Effects of delayed feed intake on body, intestine, and muscle development in neonate broilers. Poultry Science 82, 781-788.
7. Corduk, M., Sarica, S., Yarim, G.F., 2013. Effects of oregano or red pepper essential oil supplementation to diets for broiler chicks with delayed feeding after hatching. 1. Performance and microbial population. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research 22, 738-749.
8. Dai, S., Wang, L., Wen, A., Wang, L., Jin, G., 2009. Dietary glutamine supplementation improves growth performance, meat quality and colour stability of broilers under heat stress. British Poultry Science 50, 333-340.

9. Daşkıran, M., Önol, A.G., Cengiz, Ö., Ünsal, H., Türkyılmaz, S., Tatlı, O., Sevim, Ö., 2012. Influence of dietary probiotic inclusion on growth performance, blood parameters, and intestinal microflora of male broiler chickens exposed to posthatch holding time. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research 21, 612-622.
10. Eckersall, P., Young, F., Nolan, A., Knight, C.H., McComb, C., Waterston, M., Hogarth, C., Scott, E., Fitzpatrick, J., 2006. Acute Phase Proteins in Bovine Milk in an Experimental Model of Staphylococcus aureus Subclinical Mastitis. Journal of Dairy Science 89, 14881501.
11. Gu, X., Hao, Y., Wang, X., 2012. Overexpression of heat shock protein 70 and its relationship to intestine under acute heat stress in broilers: 2. Intestinal oxidative stress. Poultry Science 91, 790-799.
12. Khan, J., Iiboshi, Y., Cui, L., Wasa, M., Sando, K., Takagi, Y., Okada, A., 1999. Alanyl-glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition increases luminal mucus gel and decreases permeability in the rat small intestine. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 23, 24-31.
13. Lavoinne, A., Husson, A., Quillard, M., 1998. Glutamine et cellule hépatique: métabolisme, propriétés et concept de régulation du métabolisme par le gonflement cellulaire. In Annales de Biologie Clinique 5, 557-562. Li, P., Yin, Y.L., Li, D., Woo Kim, S., Wu, G., 2007. Amino acids and immune function. British Journal of Nutrition 98, 237-252.
14. Mancini, G., Carbonara, A.T., Heremans, J., 1965. Immunochemical quantitation of antigens by single radial immunodiffusion. Immunochemistry 2, 235-236. Meisse, D., Claeyssens, S., Husson, A., Lavoinne, A., 1999. Glutamine, a regulator of acute phase protein synthesis. Clinical Nutrition 18, 111-112.
15. Murakami, A., Sakamoto, M., Natali, M., Souza, L., Franco, J., 2007. Supplementation of glutamine and vitamin E on the morphometry of the intestinal mucosa in broiler chickens. Poultry Science 86, 488-495.
16. Murata, H., Shimada, N., Yoshioka, M., 2004. Current research on acute phase proteins in veterinary diagnosis: an overview. The Veterinary Journal 168, 28-40.
17. Newsholme, P., 2001. Why is L-glutamine metabolism important to cells of the immune system in health, postinjury, surgery or infection? The Journal of Nutrition 131, 2515S-2522S.
18. Niewold, T., Toussaint, M., Gruys, E., 2003. Monitoring health by acute phase proteins. In: Animal Welfare and Acute Phase Proteins Proceedings of Fourth European Colloquium on Acute Phase Proteins Segovia, Spain. pp: 57-67.
19. Nir, I., Levanon, M., 1993. Research note: effect of posthatch holding time on performance and on residual yolk and liver composition. Poultry Science 72, 1994-1997. Obled, C., 2003. Amino acid requirements in inflammatory states. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 83, 365373.
20. Oskoueian, E., Abdullah, N., Idrus, Z., Ebrahimi, M., Goh, Y.M., Shakeri, M., Oskoueian A., 2014. Palm kernel cake extract exerts hepatoprotective activity in heatinduced oxidative stress in chicken hepatocytes. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 14, 368-378. Pineiro, M., Pineiro, C., Carpintero, R., Morales, J., Campbell, F.M., Eckersall, P.D., Toussaint, M.J., Lampreave, F., 2007. Characterisation of the pig acute phase protein response to road transport. The Veterinary Journal 173, 669-674.
21. Potturi, P., Patterson, J., Applegate, T., 2005. Effects of delayed placement on intestinal characteristics in turkey poults. Poultry Science 84, 816-824. SAS., 2003. Statistical Analysis Institute (Version 9.1.3). In.: SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
22. Shakeri, M., Zulkifli, I., Soleimani, A., O’Reilly, E., Eckersall, P., Anna, A., Kumari, S., Abdullah, F., 2014. Response to dietary supplementation of L-glutamine and Lglutamate in broiler chickens reared at different Shakeri et al., J. Fac. Vet. Med. Istanbul Univ., 42 (2), 122-131, 2016 stocking densities under hot, humid tropical conditions. Poultry Science 2700-2708.
23. Singleton, K.D., Wischmeyer, P.E., 2006. Effects of HSP70. 1/3 gene knockout on acute respiratory distress syndrome and the inflammatory response following sepsis. American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 290, 956-961.
24. Soleimani, A., Zulkifli, I., Hair-Bejo, M., Omar, A., Raha, A., 2012. The role of heat shock protein 70 in resistance to Salmonella enteritidis in broiler chickens subjected to neonatal feed restriction and thermal stress. Poultry Science 91, 340-345.
25. Soltan, M., 2009. Influence of dietary glutamine supplementation on growth performance, small intestinal morphology, immune response and some blood parameters of broiler chickens. International Journal of Poultry Science 8, 60-68.
26. Sunderman, F.W., Nomoto, S., 1970. Measurement of human serum ceruloplasmin by its p-phenylenediamine oxidase activity. Clinical Chemistry 16, 903-910.
27. Tilg, H., Vannier, E., Vachino, G., Dinarello, C., Mier, J., 1993. Antiinflammatory properties of hepatic acute phase proteins: preferential induction of interleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist over IL-1 beta synthesis by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 178, 1629-1636.
28. Uni, Z., Noy, Y., Sklan, D., 1999. Posthatch development of small intestinal function in the poult. Poultry Science 78, 215-222.
29. Vandesompele, J., De Preter, K., Pattyn, F., Poppe, B., Van Roy, N., De Paepe, A., Speleman, F., 2002. Accurate normalization of real-time quantitative RT-PCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes. Genome Biology 3, research0034.1 - research0034.11. Wells, SM., Kew, S., Yaqoob, P., Wallace, FA., Calder, PC., 1999. Dietary glutamine enhances cytokine production by murine macrophages. Nutrition 15, 881-884.
30. Wu, G., Bazer, F.W., Davis, T.A., Jaeger, L.A., Johnson, G.A., Kim, S.W., Knabe, D.A., Meininger, C.J., Spencer, T.E., Yin, Y.L., 2007. Important roles for the arginine family of amino acids in swine nutrition and production. Livestock Science 112, 8-22.
31. Yarru, L., Settivari, R., Gowda, N., Antoniou, E., Ledoux, D., Rottinghaus, G., 2009. Effects of turmeric (Curcuma longa) on the expression of hepatic genes associated with biotransformation, antioxidant, and immune systems in broiler chicks fed aflatoxin. Poultry Science 88, 2620-2627.
32. Yi, G., Allee, G., Frank, J., Spencer, J., Touchette, K., 2001. Impact of glutamine, menhaden fish meal and spraydried plasma on the growth and intestinal morphology of broilers. Poultry Science 80 (Suppl 1).
33. Yi, G., Carroll, J., Allee, G., Gaines, A., Kendall, D., Usry, J., Toride, Y., Izuru, S., 2005. Effect of glutamine and spray-dried plasma on growth performance, small intestinal morphology, and immune responses of Escherichia coli K88+-challenged weaned pigs. Journal of Animal Science 83, 634-643.
34. Yin, Y., Huang, R., Li, T., Ruan, Z., Xie, M., Deng, Z., Hou, Y., Wu, G., 2010. Amino acid metabolism in the portaldrained viscera of young pigs: effects of dietary supplementation with chitosan and pea hull. Amino Acids 39, 1581-1587.
35. Zhu, Q., Xu, Q.Y., Xu, H., Wang, C.A., Sun, D.J., 2011. Dietary glutamine supplementation improves tissue antioxidant status and serum non-specific immunity of juvenile Hybrid sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii♀ × Huso dauricus♂). Journal of Applied Ichthyology 27, 715720.
36. Zulkifli, I., 1999. Heterophil/lymphocyte response and performance of feed and water restricted broiler chickens under tropical conditions. Asian Australian Journal of Animal Sciences 12, 951-955.