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General View of Genetically Modified Organisms

Year 2015, Volume: 41 Issue: 1, 113 - 123, 05.01.2015

Özge Özgen Arun , Karlo Muratoğlu , Funda Yılmaz Eker

Abstract

Genetically modified organisms (GMO) have been one of major discussion topics of consumer and thus researchers. These products have a special importance because they can be applied to any kind of living organism (animal, plant and microorganisms) and because they can affect the public and animal health through consumption of food and feed products. They have received a strong public reaction since they were first developed. Several unions have been developed and lobby activities have been organised to ban GMOs. However, most of these discussions have been run on an unscientific base because of misinformation. As a result of these discussions and uncertainties on the safety of GMOs several countries published legal requirements on environmental release and presence in food and feed chain of GMOs. The aim of this review is to give general information on GMO reality. For this general introduction, the size of their production and trade, informed advantages and potential hazards related to them, legal requirements for GMOs, consumer reactions, and information on detection methods in food and feed are given.

Keywords

GMO GM food detection methods consurmer reaction legislation

References

  • Ahmed, F.E., 2002. Detection of genetically modified organisms in foods. Trends in Biotechnology 20, 215- 223.
  • Anonim, 2009. T.C. Tarım ve Köy İşleri Bakanlığı’nın “Gıda ve Yem amaçlı Genetik Yapısı Değiştirilmiş Organizmalar ve Ürünlerin İthalatı, İhracatı, Kontrol ve Denetimine Dair Yönetmeliği; 26.10.2009 tarih ve 27388 sayılı Resmi Gazete.
  • Anonim, 2010a. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Biyogüvenlik Kanunu: Kanun Numarası 5977. 26.03.2010 tarih ve 27533 sayılı Resmi Gazete.
  • Anonim, 2010b. T.C. Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı’nın Genetik Yapısı Değiştirilmiş Organizmalar ve Ürünleri Yönetmeliği; 13.08.2010 tarih ve 27671 sayılı Resmi Gazete.
  • Asensio, L., González, I., García, T., Martin, R., 2008. Determination of food authenticity by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Food Control 19, 1-8.
  • Aydın, G., 2004. Detection and quantification of genetically modified maize via polymerase chain reaction (Doctoral Dissertation, Middle East Technical University).
  • Bauer, T., Weller, P., Hammes, W.P., Hertel, C., 2003. The effect of processing parameters on DNA degradation in food. European Food Research Technology 217, 338-343.
  • Bawa, A.S., Anilakumar, K.R., 2013. Genetically modified foods: safety, risks and public concerns-a review. Journal of Food Science and Technology 50, 1035- 1046.
  • Berg, P., Baltimore, D., Brenner, S., Roblin, R.O., Singer, M.F., 1975. Summary statement of the asilomar conference on recombinant DNA molecules. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 72, 1981-1984.
  • Bertheau, Y., Davison. J., 2004. The theory and practice of European traceability regulations for genetically modified food and feed." International Traceability Symposium (RDA) pp. 23.
  • Bostan, A., Gün, S., 2013. Türkiye'de genetiği değiştirilmiş gıda ve yem konusunda mevzuat uygulamaları ve denetimler. Journal of Tekirdağ Agricultural Faculty 10, 90-98.
  • Bredahl, L., Grunert, K.G., Frewer, L.J., 1998. Consumer attitudes and decision-making with regard to genetically engineered food products – a review of the literature and a presentation of models for future research. Journal of Consumer Policy 21, 251-277.
  • Chaouachi, M., Bérard, A., Said, K., 2013. Relative quantification in seed GMO analysis: state of art and bottlenecks. Transgenic Research 22, 461-476.
  • Curtis, K.R., McCluskey, J.J., Wahl, T.I., 2004. Consumer acceptance of genetically modified food products in the Agrobiotechnology Management & Economics 7, 70- 75. The Journal of
  • Çelik, V., Turgut Balık, D., 2007. Genetiği değiştirlmiş Organizmalar (GDO). Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 23, 13-23.
  • Davison, J., Bertheau, Y., 2007. EU regulations on the traceability and detection of GMOs: difficulties in interpretation, implementation and compliance. CAB reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources 2, 14.
  • Devos, Y., Maeseele, P., Reheul, D., Speybroeck, L.V., De Waele, D., 2008. Ethics in the societal debate on genetically modified organisms: a (re)quest for sense and sensibility. Environmental Ethics 21, 29-61.
  • Di Pinto, A., Alfano, F., Giordano, A., Capuano, F., Valentina Tantillo, G. 2008. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for the presence of genetically- modified maize in breaded “ready-to-cook” food products. Food Control 19, 1002-1005.
  • FAO/WHO, 1991. Strategies for assessing the safety of foods produced by Biotechnology Report of Joint FAO/WHO Consultation World Health Organization Geneva.
  • Frewer, L., Lassen, J., Kettlitz, B., Scholderer, J., Beekman, V., Berdal, K.G., 2004. Societal aspects of genetically modiŞed foods. Food and Chemical Toxicology 42, 1181-1193.
  • Gachet, E., Martin, G.G., Vigneau, F., Meyer, G., 1998. Detection of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) by PCR: a brief review of methodologies available. Trends in Food Science & Technology 9, 380-388.
  • Greiner, R., Konietzny, U., 2008. Presence of genetically modified maize and soy in food products sold commercially in Brazil from 2000 to 2005. Food Control 19, 499-505.
  • Gryson, N., 2010. Effect of food processing on plant DNA degradation and PCR based GMO analysis: A review. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 396, 2003- 2022.
  • Gülbay, D., Özçelik, B., Kahveci, D., 2006. Türk Tüketicisinin Genetiği Değiştirilmiş Gıdalar Hakkındaki Görüşleri. In: Türkiye 9. Gıda Kongresi (24-26 Mayıs 2006) Bildiriler Kitabı, Bolu, Türkiye, pp. 845-848.
  • Günşen, U., Aydın, A., Ovalı, B.B., Coşkun, Y., 2006. Çiğ et ve ısı işlemi görmüş et ürünlerinde ELISA tekniği ile tür tespiti. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 32, 45-52.
  • Gürakan, G.C., Aydın, G., Yılmaz, R., 2011. Qualitative detection GM maize (Bt11) in food and feed commercially sold in Turkey by PCR based methods. Indian Journal of Biotechnology 10, 143-146.
  • Harlander, S.K., 2002. Safety assessments and public concern for genetically modified food products: the american view. Society of Toxicologic Pathology 30, 132-134.
  • Heffernan, J.W., Hillers, V.N., 2002. Attitudes of consumers living in Washington regarding food biotechnology. Journal of American Dietetic Association 102, 85-89.
  • http://www.isaaa.org/gmapprovaldatabase/default.asp. (Erişim. 20.05.2014).
  • http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/default. asp. James, C. Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 1997-2013. (Erişim. 29.05.2014).
  • Hübner, P., Studer, E., Häfliger, D., Stadler, M., Wolf, C., Looser, M., 1999. Detection of genetically modified organisms in food: critical points for quality assurance. Accreditation and Quality Assurance 4, 292-298.
  • ISO 24276, 2006. Foodstuffs: Methods of analysis for the detection of genetically modified organisms and derived products -- General requirements and definitions. Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Kaynar, P., 2009. Genetik olarak değiştirilmiş organizmalar (GDO)’a genel bir bakış. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 66, 177-185.
  • Maclean, N., 2003. Genetically modified fish and their effects on food quality and human health and nutrition. Trends in Food Science & Technology 14, 242-252.
  • Matoba, N., Doyama, N., Yamada, Y., Maruyama, N., Utsumi, S., Yoshikawa, M., 2001. Design and production of genetically modifed soybean protein with anti- hypertensive activity by incorporating potent analogue ofovokinin (2-7). FEBS Letters 497, 50-54.
  • Mcgarvey, P.B., Hammond, J., Dienelt, M.M., Hooper, D.C., Fu, Z.F., Dietzschold, B., Koprowski, H., Michaels, F.H., 1995. Expression of the rabies virus glycoprotein in transgenic tomatoes. Biotechnology (NY) 13, 1484- 1487.
  • McHughen, A., Smyth, S., 2008. US regulatory system for genetically modified [genetically modified organism (GMO), rDNA or transgenic] crop cultivars. Plant Biotechnology Journal 6, 2-12.
  • Mishra, N., Gupta, P.N., Khatri, K., Goyal, A.K., Vyas, S.P., 2008. Edible Vaccines: A new approach to oral immunization. Indian Journal of Biotechnology 7, 283- 294.
  • Nordlee, J.A., Taylo, S.L., Townsend, J.A., Thomas, L.A., Bush, R.K., 1996. Identification of a Brazilian nut allergen in transgenic soybeans. The New England Journal of Medicine 344, 688-392.
  • OECD, 1993. Safety Evaluation of Foods Derived by Modern Biotechnology: Concepts and Principles. Paris.
  • Omobowale, E.B., Singer, P.A., Daar, A.S., 2009. The three main monotheistic religions and GM food technology: an overview of perspectives. BMC International Helath and Human Rights 9, 1-8.
  • Özdemir, O., Duran, M., 2010. Biyoteknolojik uygulamalara ve genetiği değiştirilmiş organizmalara (GDO) ilişkin tüketici davranışları. Akademik Gıda 8, 20-28.
  • Özer, B.C., Duman, G., Çabuk, B., 2009. Turkish preschool staff’s opinions about hormones, additives and genetically modified foods. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 1, 1734-1743.
  • Özgen Arun, Ö., Garrett, S., 2009b. İşlenmiş Ürünlerde Düşük Miktardaki Genetiği Değiştirilmiş Organizma Protein ve DNA’sinin Tespit Edilme Olanakları. 3. Ulusal Veteriner Gıda Hijyeni Kongresi, Bursa, 14‐16 Mayıs 2009, pp.226
  • Özgen Arun, Ö., Yılmaz, F., Muratoğlu, K. 2014. The effect of heat processing and pH on PCR detection of genetically modified (GM) soy in meat products. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 20, 765-771.
  • Özgen Arun, Ö., Yılmaz, F., Muratoğlu, K., 2013a. PCR detection of genetically modified maize and soy in mildly and highly processed foods. Food Control 32, 525-531.
  • Özgen Arun, Ö., Yilmaz, F., Muratoğlu, K. 2013b. Gıdaların İşlenmesinin Genetiği Değiştirilmiş Soyanin ELISA İle Tespiti Üzerine Etkisi. 5. Ulusal Veteriner Gıda Hijyeni Kongresi, Antalya, 3‐6 Nisan 2013, pp.83‐8.
  • Özgen-Arun Ö., Garrett S., 2009a. GMO detection in commercial heat processed food products. 3. Ulusal Veteriner Gıda Hijyeni Kongresi, Bursa, 14‐16 Mayıs 2009, pp.87.
  • Regulation (EC) No 1830/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 concerning the traceability and labeling of genetically modified organisms and the traceability of food and feed products produced from genetically modified organisms and amending Directive 2001/18/EC. Official Journal L 268, 18/10/2003, 0024 – 0028.
  • Rissler, J., Mellon, M., 1996. The ecological risks of engineered crops. Union of Concerned Scientists. Cambridge, MA. The MIT Press.
  • Rowe, G., 2004. How can genetically modiŞed foods be made publicly acceptable? Trends in Biotechnology 22, 107- 109.
  • Sang, H., 2003. 6. Genetically modified livestock and poultry and their potential effects on human health and nutrition. Trends in Food Science & Technology 14 253-263.
  • Sezer, Ç., Aksoy, A., Vatansever, L., Bilge, N., 2014. Kars ilinde satışa sunulan dondurmalarda aflatoksin M1 varlığının belirlenmesi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 40, 90-94.
  • Sieradzki, Z., Walczak, M., Kwiatek, K., 2006. Occurence of genetically modified maize and soy bean in animal feedingstuffs. The Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 51, 567-570.
  • Taski-Ajdukovic, K., Nikolic, Z., Vujakovic, M., Milosevic, M., Ignjatov, M., Petrovic, D., 2009. Detection of genetically modified organisms in processed meat products on the Serbian food market. Meat Science 81, 230-232.
  • Ujhelyi, G., Vajda, B., Béki, E., Neszlényi, K., Jakab, J., Jánosi, A., Némedi, E., Gelencsér, E., 2008. Surveying the RR soy content of commercially available food products in Hungary. Food Control 19, 967-973.
  • Uzogara, S.G., 2000. The impact of genetic modification of human foods in the 21st century: A review. Biotechnology Advences 18, 179-206.
  • Weighardt, F., 2007. GMO quantification in processed food and feed. Nature biotechnology 25, 1213-1214.
  • Wu, Y.Z., Li, J.T., Mou, Z.R., Fei, L., Ni, B., Geng, M., Jia, Z.C., Zhou, W., Zou, L.Y., Tang, Y., 2003. Oral immunization with rotavirus VP7 expressed in transgenic potatoes induced high titers of mucosal neutralizing IgA. Virology 313, 337-42.

Genetiği Değiştirilmiş Organizmalar Kavramına Genel Bakış

Year 2015, Volume: 41 Issue: 1, 113 - 123, 05.01.2015

Özge Özgen Arun , Karlo Muratoğlu , Funda Yılmaz Eker

Abstract

Genetiği değiştirilmiş organizmalar (GDO) uzun yıllardır tüketicilerin dolayısıyla da bilim adamlarının önemli tartışma konularından birini oluşturmuştur. Bu ürünler her tür canlı (hayvan, bitki ve mikroorganizma) üzerinde uygulanabilir olmaları ve gerek hayvan yemi gerekse gıda olarak hayvan ve insan sağlığını etkileme potansiyelleri sebebiyle oldukça önemlidirler. Ancak ilk üretilmeye başladıklarından beri çok yaygın bir tüketici reaksiyonuna maruz kalmışlardır. GDO’ların engellenmesi için aktif çalışan birçok dernek kurulmuş ve lobi faaliyeti yürütülmüştür. Buna karşın meydana gelen tartışmaların çoğu yanlış bilgilenme dolayısıyla bilimsel tabandan uzak kalmaktadır. Bu tartışmalar ve GDO’ların güvenilirliğine yönelik belirsizlikler dolayısıyla birçok ülkede bu ürünlerin gıda ve yem zincirinde yer almaları ve doğaya salınımlarına yönelik yasal kısıtlamalar getirilmiştir. Bu derleme ile GDO gerçeğine yönelik bir özet bilgi verilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bunun için GDO’ların genel tanımlaması, üretim ve ticaretlerinin boyutları, bildirilen avantaj ve zararları, bunlarla ilgili yasal mevzuatlar, tüketici reaksiyonları, gıdalarda mevcudiyetlerinin belirlenmesine yönelik metotlar açıklanmıştır.

Keywords

GDO GD gıda tespit metotları tüketici tepkisi yasal mevzuat

References

  • Ahmed, F.E., 2002. Detection of genetically modified organisms in foods. Trends in Biotechnology 20, 215- 223.
  • Anonim, 2009. T.C. Tarım ve Köy İşleri Bakanlığı’nın “Gıda ve Yem amaçlı Genetik Yapısı Değiştirilmiş Organizmalar ve Ürünlerin İthalatı, İhracatı, Kontrol ve Denetimine Dair Yönetmeliği; 26.10.2009 tarih ve 27388 sayılı Resmi Gazete.
  • Anonim, 2010a. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Biyogüvenlik Kanunu: Kanun Numarası 5977. 26.03.2010 tarih ve 27533 sayılı Resmi Gazete.
  • Anonim, 2010b. T.C. Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı’nın Genetik Yapısı Değiştirilmiş Organizmalar ve Ürünleri Yönetmeliği; 13.08.2010 tarih ve 27671 sayılı Resmi Gazete.
  • Asensio, L., González, I., García, T., Martin, R., 2008. Determination of food authenticity by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Food Control 19, 1-8.
  • Aydın, G., 2004. Detection and quantification of genetically modified maize via polymerase chain reaction (Doctoral Dissertation, Middle East Technical University).
  • Bauer, T., Weller, P., Hammes, W.P., Hertel, C., 2003. The effect of processing parameters on DNA degradation in food. European Food Research Technology 217, 338-343.
  • Bawa, A.S., Anilakumar, K.R., 2013. Genetically modified foods: safety, risks and public concerns-a review. Journal of Food Science and Technology 50, 1035- 1046.
  • Berg, P., Baltimore, D., Brenner, S., Roblin, R.O., Singer, M.F., 1975. Summary statement of the asilomar conference on recombinant DNA molecules. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 72, 1981-1984.
  • Bertheau, Y., Davison. J., 2004. The theory and practice of European traceability regulations for genetically modified food and feed." International Traceability Symposium (RDA) pp. 23.
  • Bostan, A., Gün, S., 2013. Türkiye'de genetiği değiştirilmiş gıda ve yem konusunda mevzuat uygulamaları ve denetimler. Journal of Tekirdağ Agricultural Faculty 10, 90-98.
  • Bredahl, L., Grunert, K.G., Frewer, L.J., 1998. Consumer attitudes and decision-making with regard to genetically engineered food products – a review of the literature and a presentation of models for future research. Journal of Consumer Policy 21, 251-277.
  • Chaouachi, M., Bérard, A., Said, K., 2013. Relative quantification in seed GMO analysis: state of art and bottlenecks. Transgenic Research 22, 461-476.
  • Curtis, K.R., McCluskey, J.J., Wahl, T.I., 2004. Consumer acceptance of genetically modified food products in the Agrobiotechnology Management & Economics 7, 70- 75. The Journal of
  • Çelik, V., Turgut Balık, D., 2007. Genetiği değiştirlmiş Organizmalar (GDO). Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 23, 13-23.
  • Davison, J., Bertheau, Y., 2007. EU regulations on the traceability and detection of GMOs: difficulties in interpretation, implementation and compliance. CAB reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources 2, 14.
  • Devos, Y., Maeseele, P., Reheul, D., Speybroeck, L.V., De Waele, D., 2008. Ethics in the societal debate on genetically modified organisms: a (re)quest for sense and sensibility. Environmental Ethics 21, 29-61.
  • Di Pinto, A., Alfano, F., Giordano, A., Capuano, F., Valentina Tantillo, G. 2008. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for the presence of genetically- modified maize in breaded “ready-to-cook” food products. Food Control 19, 1002-1005.
  • FAO/WHO, 1991. Strategies for assessing the safety of foods produced by Biotechnology Report of Joint FAO/WHO Consultation World Health Organization Geneva.
  • Frewer, L., Lassen, J., Kettlitz, B., Scholderer, J., Beekman, V., Berdal, K.G., 2004. Societal aspects of genetically modiŞed foods. Food and Chemical Toxicology 42, 1181-1193.
  • Gachet, E., Martin, G.G., Vigneau, F., Meyer, G., 1998. Detection of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) by PCR: a brief review of methodologies available. Trends in Food Science & Technology 9, 380-388.
  • Greiner, R., Konietzny, U., 2008. Presence of genetically modified maize and soy in food products sold commercially in Brazil from 2000 to 2005. Food Control 19, 499-505.
  • Gryson, N., 2010. Effect of food processing on plant DNA degradation and PCR based GMO analysis: A review. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 396, 2003- 2022.
  • Gülbay, D., Özçelik, B., Kahveci, D., 2006. Türk Tüketicisinin Genetiği Değiştirilmiş Gıdalar Hakkındaki Görüşleri. In: Türkiye 9. Gıda Kongresi (24-26 Mayıs 2006) Bildiriler Kitabı, Bolu, Türkiye, pp. 845-848.
  • Günşen, U., Aydın, A., Ovalı, B.B., Coşkun, Y., 2006. Çiğ et ve ısı işlemi görmüş et ürünlerinde ELISA tekniği ile tür tespiti. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 32, 45-52.
  • Gürakan, G.C., Aydın, G., Yılmaz, R., 2011. Qualitative detection GM maize (Bt11) in food and feed commercially sold in Turkey by PCR based methods. Indian Journal of Biotechnology 10, 143-146.
  • Harlander, S.K., 2002. Safety assessments and public concern for genetically modified food products: the american view. Society of Toxicologic Pathology 30, 132-134.
  • Heffernan, J.W., Hillers, V.N., 2002. Attitudes of consumers living in Washington regarding food biotechnology. Journal of American Dietetic Association 102, 85-89.
  • http://www.isaaa.org/gmapprovaldatabase/default.asp. (Erişim. 20.05.2014).
  • http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/default. asp. James, C. Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 1997-2013. (Erişim. 29.05.2014).
  • Hübner, P., Studer, E., Häfliger, D., Stadler, M., Wolf, C., Looser, M., 1999. Detection of genetically modified organisms in food: critical points for quality assurance. Accreditation and Quality Assurance 4, 292-298.
  • ISO 24276, 2006. Foodstuffs: Methods of analysis for the detection of genetically modified organisms and derived products -- General requirements and definitions. Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Kaynar, P., 2009. Genetik olarak değiştirilmiş organizmalar (GDO)’a genel bir bakış. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 66, 177-185.
  • Maclean, N., 2003. Genetically modified fish and their effects on food quality and human health and nutrition. Trends in Food Science & Technology 14, 242-252.
  • Matoba, N., Doyama, N., Yamada, Y., Maruyama, N., Utsumi, S., Yoshikawa, M., 2001. Design and production of genetically modifed soybean protein with anti- hypertensive activity by incorporating potent analogue ofovokinin (2-7). FEBS Letters 497, 50-54.
  • Mcgarvey, P.B., Hammond, J., Dienelt, M.M., Hooper, D.C., Fu, Z.F., Dietzschold, B., Koprowski, H., Michaels, F.H., 1995. Expression of the rabies virus glycoprotein in transgenic tomatoes. Biotechnology (NY) 13, 1484- 1487.
  • McHughen, A., Smyth, S., 2008. US regulatory system for genetically modified [genetically modified organism (GMO), rDNA or transgenic] crop cultivars. Plant Biotechnology Journal 6, 2-12.
  • Mishra, N., Gupta, P.N., Khatri, K., Goyal, A.K., Vyas, S.P., 2008. Edible Vaccines: A new approach to oral immunization. Indian Journal of Biotechnology 7, 283- 294.
  • Nordlee, J.A., Taylo, S.L., Townsend, J.A., Thomas, L.A., Bush, R.K., 1996. Identification of a Brazilian nut allergen in transgenic soybeans. The New England Journal of Medicine 344, 688-392.
  • OECD, 1993. Safety Evaluation of Foods Derived by Modern Biotechnology: Concepts and Principles. Paris.
  • Omobowale, E.B., Singer, P.A., Daar, A.S., 2009. The three main monotheistic religions and GM food technology: an overview of perspectives. BMC International Helath and Human Rights 9, 1-8.
  • Özdemir, O., Duran, M., 2010. Biyoteknolojik uygulamalara ve genetiği değiştirilmiş organizmalara (GDO) ilişkin tüketici davranışları. Akademik Gıda 8, 20-28.
  • Özer, B.C., Duman, G., Çabuk, B., 2009. Turkish preschool staff’s opinions about hormones, additives and genetically modified foods. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 1, 1734-1743.
  • Özgen Arun, Ö., Garrett, S., 2009b. İşlenmiş Ürünlerde Düşük Miktardaki Genetiği Değiştirilmiş Organizma Protein ve DNA’sinin Tespit Edilme Olanakları. 3. Ulusal Veteriner Gıda Hijyeni Kongresi, Bursa, 14‐16 Mayıs 2009, pp.226
  • Özgen Arun, Ö., Yılmaz, F., Muratoğlu, K. 2014. The effect of heat processing and pH on PCR detection of genetically modified (GM) soy in meat products. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 20, 765-771.
  • Özgen Arun, Ö., Yılmaz, F., Muratoğlu, K., 2013a. PCR detection of genetically modified maize and soy in mildly and highly processed foods. Food Control 32, 525-531.
  • Özgen Arun, Ö., Yilmaz, F., Muratoğlu, K. 2013b. Gıdaların İşlenmesinin Genetiği Değiştirilmiş Soyanin ELISA İle Tespiti Üzerine Etkisi. 5. Ulusal Veteriner Gıda Hijyeni Kongresi, Antalya, 3‐6 Nisan 2013, pp.83‐8.
  • Özgen-Arun Ö., Garrett S., 2009a. GMO detection in commercial heat processed food products. 3. Ulusal Veteriner Gıda Hijyeni Kongresi, Bursa, 14‐16 Mayıs 2009, pp.87.
  • Regulation (EC) No 1830/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 concerning the traceability and labeling of genetically modified organisms and the traceability of food and feed products produced from genetically modified organisms and amending Directive 2001/18/EC. Official Journal L 268, 18/10/2003, 0024 – 0028.
  • Rissler, J., Mellon, M., 1996. The ecological risks of engineered crops. Union of Concerned Scientists. Cambridge, MA. The MIT Press.
  • Rowe, G., 2004. How can genetically modiŞed foods be made publicly acceptable? Trends in Biotechnology 22, 107- 109.
  • Sang, H., 2003. 6. Genetically modified livestock and poultry and their potential effects on human health and nutrition. Trends in Food Science & Technology 14 253-263.
  • Sezer, Ç., Aksoy, A., Vatansever, L., Bilge, N., 2014. Kars ilinde satışa sunulan dondurmalarda aflatoksin M1 varlığının belirlenmesi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 40, 90-94.
  • Sieradzki, Z., Walczak, M., Kwiatek, K., 2006. Occurence of genetically modified maize and soy bean in animal feedingstuffs. The Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 51, 567-570.
  • Taski-Ajdukovic, K., Nikolic, Z., Vujakovic, M., Milosevic, M., Ignjatov, M., Petrovic, D., 2009. Detection of genetically modified organisms in processed meat products on the Serbian food market. Meat Science 81, 230-232.
  • Ujhelyi, G., Vajda, B., Béki, E., Neszlényi, K., Jakab, J., Jánosi, A., Némedi, E., Gelencsér, E., 2008. Surveying the RR soy content of commercially available food products in Hungary. Food Control 19, 967-973.
  • Uzogara, S.G., 2000. The impact of genetic modification of human foods in the 21st century: A review. Biotechnology Advences 18, 179-206.
  • Weighardt, F., 2007. GMO quantification in processed food and feed. Nature biotechnology 25, 1213-1214.
  • Wu, Y.Z., Li, J.T., Mou, Z.R., Fei, L., Ni, B., Geng, M., Jia, Z.C., Zhou, W., Zou, L.Y., Tang, Y., 2003. Oral immunization with rotavirus VP7 expressed in transgenic potatoes induced high titers of mucosal neutralizing IgA. Virology 313, 337-42.
There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Review
Authors

Özge Özgen Arun

Karlo Muratoğlu

Funda Yılmaz Eker

Publication Date January 5, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 41 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Özgen Arun, Ö., Muratoğlu, K., & Yılmaz Eker, F. (2015). Genetiği Değiştirilmiş Organizmalar Kavramına Genel Bakış. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 41(1), 113-123. https://doi.org/10.16988/iuvfd.2015.03790
AMA Özgen Arun Ö, Muratoğlu K, Yılmaz Eker F. Genetiği Değiştirilmiş Organizmalar Kavramına Genel Bakış. iuvfd. January 2015;41(1):113-123. doi:10.16988/iuvfd.2015.03790
Chicago Özgen Arun, Özge, Karlo Muratoğlu, and Funda Yılmaz Eker. “Genetiği Değiştirilmiş Organizmalar Kavramına Genel Bakış”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 41, no. 1 (January 2015): 113-23. https://doi.org/10.16988/iuvfd.2015.03790.
EndNote Özgen Arun Ö, Muratoğlu K, Yılmaz Eker F (January 1, 2015) Genetiği Değiştirilmiş Organizmalar Kavramına Genel Bakış. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 41 1 113–123.
IEEE Ö. Özgen Arun, K. Muratoğlu, and F. Yılmaz Eker, “Genetiği Değiştirilmiş Organizmalar Kavramına Genel Bakış”, iuvfd, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 113–123, 2015, doi: 10.16988/iuvfd.2015.03790.
ISNAD Özgen Arun, Özge et al. “Genetiği Değiştirilmiş Organizmalar Kavramına Genel Bakış”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 41/1 (January 2015), 113-123. https://doi.org/10.16988/iuvfd.2015.03790.
JAMA Özgen Arun Ö, Muratoğlu K, Yılmaz Eker F. Genetiği Değiştirilmiş Organizmalar Kavramına Genel Bakış. iuvfd. 2015;41:113–123.
MLA Özgen Arun, Özge et al. “Genetiği Değiştirilmiş Organizmalar Kavramına Genel Bakış”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 41, no. 1, 2015, pp. 113-2, doi:10.16988/iuvfd.2015.03790.
Vancouver Özgen Arun Ö, Muratoğlu K, Yılmaz Eker F. Genetiği Değiştirilmiş Organizmalar Kavramına Genel Bakış. iuvfd. 2015;41(1):113-2.
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